British Standard

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Akin Koksal
Licensed Copy: Akin Koksal, Bechtel Ltd, 10 December 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

10 December 2002

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 BRITISH STANDARD |
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Pavements constructed |
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or concrete pavers |
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Part 3. Code of practice for laying precast |
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concrete paving blocks and clay pavers |
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for flexible pavements |
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Licensed Copy: Akin Koksal, Bechtel Ltd, 10 December 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

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ICS 93.080.20 |
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NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
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 BS 7533 : Part 3 : 1997

Committees responsible for this

British Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee
B/507, Paving units and kerbs, upon which the following bodies were represented:

Brick Development Association

British Cement Association
British Ceramic Research Ltd.
British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd.
Cementitious Slag Makers' Association
County Surveyors' Society
Department of Transport (Highways Agency)
Institution of Civil Engineers
Institution of Highways and Transportation
Interlay, the Association of Block Paving Contractors
Interpave the Concrete Block Paving Association
Landscape Institute
Society of Chemical Industry
Stone Federation
Licensed Copy: Akin Koksal, Bechtel Ltd, 10 December 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard, through
subcommittees and panels:

British Civil Engineering Test Equipment Manufacturers' Association

Institution of Structural Engineers
National Federation of Clay Industries Ltd.
National Paving and Kerb Association

This British Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of the Sector Board for
Buiding and Civil Engineering,
was published under the
authority of the Standards Board
and comes into effect on
15 May 1997

 BSI 1997
Amendments issued since publication
Amd. No. Date Text affected

The following BSI references

relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference B/507
Draft for comment 95/106259 DC

ISBN 0 580 27071 8

 BS 7533 : Part 3 : 1997

Contents

Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
Code of practice
1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
3 Definitions 1
4 Construction of pavement 1
5 Construction in inclement weather 4
6 Additional work after early trafficking 4
Annexes
A (normative) Reinstatement 5
B (normative) Tolerance of the surfacing 6
C (informative) Typical restraint details 7
D (normative) Grading and application for laying course sand 10
E (informative) Laying patterns 12
F (normative) Compactor details 14
Licensed Copy: Akin Koksal, Bechtel Ltd, 10 December 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Tables
B.1 Tolerance of surface levels 6
B.2 Tolerance of laying course thickness 6
B.3 Surface regularity 6
D.1 Laying course application 10
D.2 Grading for laying course sand 10
D.3 Grading for jointing sand 11
F.1 Compactor details 14
Figures
C.1 Typical restraint details 7
C.2 Detail at ironwork 8
C.3 Typical detail around drainage channels 9
E.1 Laying patterns 12
E.2 Laying patterns at edges 13
List of references Inside back cover

 BSI 1997 i
 BS 7533 : Part 3 :1997

Foreword

This Part of BS 7533 has been prepared by Technical Committee B/507. It supersedes
BS 6677 : Part 3 : 1986 and BS 6717 : Part 3 : 1989, which are withdrawn.
Technical Committee B/507 intends to revise BS 7533 in the following Parts.

Part 1 Guide for the structural design of heavy duty pavements constructed of
clay pavers or precast concrete
Part 2 Guide for the structural design of lightly trafficked pavements
constructed of clay pavers or precast concrete paving blocks
Part 3 Code of practice for laying precast concrete paving blocks and clay
pavers for flexible pavements
Part 4 Code of practice for the construction of pavements of precast concrete
flags and natural stone slabs
Part 5 Guide for the design of pavements (other than structural aspects)
Part 6 Code of practice for the construction of pavements Ð Kerbs, channels
and edgings
Part 7 Code of practice for the construction of pavements of natural stone setts
Part 8 Guide for the structural design of lightly trafficked pavements
constructed of precast concrete flags or natural stone slabs

BS 7533 : 1992 will be withdrawn on the publication of Parts 1 and 2.

Licensed Copy: Akin Koksal, Bechtel Ltd, 10 December 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

As a code of practice, this British Standard takes the form of guidance and
recommendations. It should not be quoted as if it were a specification and particular
care should be taken to ensure that claims of compliance are not misleading.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1
to 15, an inside back cover and a back cover.

ii  BSI 1997

Code of practice
1 Scope
This Part of BS 7533 gives recommendations for the
laying of precast concrete paving blocks conforming
to BS 6717 : Part 1 and for clay pavers conforming to
BS 6677 : Part 1 intended for flexible pavements for
roads, industrial areas and other paved surfaces
subjected to all categories of static and vehicular
loading and pedestrian traffic. Recommendations for
repairs and reinstatement are given in annex A.
The principles given apply to all shapes and sizes of
paving units covered by BS 6717 : Part 1 and
BS 6677 : Part 1, although the figures in this code of
practice all show rectangular paving units.
2 Normative references
This incorporates, by dated or undated reference,
provisions from other publications. These normative
references are made at the appropriate places in the
text and the cited publications are listed on the
Licensed Copy: Akin Koksal, Bechtel Ltd, 10 December 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
inside back cover. For dated references, only the
edition cited applies; any subsequent amendments to
or revisions of the cited publication apply to this
Part of BS 7533 only when incorporated in the
reference by amendment or revision. For undated
references, the latest edition of the cited publication
applies, together with any amendments.
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this Part of BS 7533, the
definitions given in BS 6717 : Part 1, BS 6677 :
Part 1 and BS 6100 : Part 2 apply, together with the
following.
3.1 paving unit
Either a concrete paving block or a clay paver.
3.2 creep
Horizontal movement of units, resulting from the
action of braking, accelerating or cornering forces
imposed principally by vehicular traffic.
3.3 edge restraint
Device that serves to prevent lateral movement of
paving units and to prevent loss of the laying course
material.
3.4 intermediate restraint
Device that is used to provide restraint of paving
units at intervals of the paving surface.
3.5 interlock
Effect of frictional forces between paving units
which prevents them moving vertically in relation to
each other.
3.6 laying course
Layer of sand on which paving units are bedded.
3.7 laying face
Working edge of the surface course to which paving
units are being placed.
 BSI 1997
BS 7533 : Part 3 : 1997
3.8 roadbase
One or more layers of material placed above the
sub-base that constitutes a structural element of a
flexible or composite pavement.
3.9 sub-base
One or more layers of material placed immediately
above the subgrade.
3.10 subgrade
Part of the soil, natural or constructed, that supports
the loads transmitted by the overlying pavement.
3.11 capping layer
Layer of granular or treated material at the top of
the subgrade to provide a working surface and an
improved foundation for the pavement, and to
provide a wearing platform during construction.
3.12 surface course
Layer of interlocked paving units that acts as a
wearing surface and forms part of the structure of
the pavement.
3.13 inboard cuts
Cut unit to break a bond to allow the cut at the edge
to be greater than one quarter of a paving unit.
3.14 laying pattern
Arrangement of paving units to form specific
patterns or bond either for structural requirements
or for visual effects.
3.15 jointing sand
Sand applied to fill the joints between paving units.
3.16 joint width
Distance between adjacent paving units or units and
restraint.
4 Construction of pavement
4.1 Subgrade, sub-base and roadbase
Construction of the subgrade, sub-base and
roadbase, including compaction, should generally be
in accordance with relevant current practice as
described in the Specification for Highway Works [1]
except for reinstatements where reference should be
made to annex A.
The subgrade, sub-base and roadbase, if present,
should be presented so that:
a) the surface levels are within the tolerances
given in annex B;
b) the longitudinal falls and the crossfalls of the
completed pavement allow the water to run off,
thus avoiding ponding.
NOTE 1. A minimum longitudinal fall of 1.25 % and a minimum
crossfall of 2.5 % are recommended for carriageways using
paving units as a channel. For other areas a 1 % longitudinal
and 1.25 % crossfall are recommended and for carriageways
using proprietary drainage systems a 2.5 % crossfall is
recommended with a longitudinal fall as recommended by the
supplier.
1
 BS 7533 : Part 3 : 1997
c) the surface is tight and dense enough to prevent
laying course material being lost into it during
construction and use;
d) provision is made to prevent migration of the
laying course material into the drainage system,
e.g. by using a geotextile;
e) the extent of the site preparation includes
enough room to provide adequate foundations and
backing for any edge restraint.
NOTE 2. Consideration should be given to the drainage of the
laying course if there is a risk of a significant hydraulic head of
water developing within this layer.
4.2 Restraint
4.2.1 Edge restraints
Edge restraints need to be sufficiently robust to
withstand override by the anticipated traffic, to
withstand thermal expansion and to prevent loss of
the laying course material from beneath the surface
course.
Licensed Copy: Akin Koksal, Bechtel Ltd, 10 December 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
The edge restraint should present a vertical face
down to the level of the underside of the laying
course.
The surface course should not be vibrated until the
edge restraint, together with any bedding or concrete
haunching, has gained sufficient strength. It is
essential that edge restraints are adequately secured.
NOTE 1. Examples are shown in annex C.
At the intersection of different materials, for example
paver/bitumen bound material, an edge restraint
should be used.
NOTE 2. Typical examples are kerbs, channels, established
structures or rigid abutments such as securely fixed paving
blocks.
4.2.2 Intermediate restraint
In certain applications, particularly on steep slopes,
intermediate restraints might be required. An
example is shown in annex C.
NOTE. Experience suggests that these should be at not greater
than 15 m centres, depending upon the loadings, traffic, etc.
4.2.3 Temporary restraint
Temporary restraints should be used to prevent
paving units moving during construction and are
particularly important if a partially completed
pavement is to be trafficked or when it is necessary
to preserve the integrity of the laying face at the end
of the working period.
4.3 Laying course
4.3.1 Material
Naturally occurring sand from the quaternary
geological series or sea-dredged sands selected and
graded according to use as given in table D.2 should
be used. Other material and crushed rock fines
should only be used for category IV applications.
NOTE. The laying course should contain no cementitious material
which may detract from the flexible nature of the pavement.
2  BSI 1997
4.3.2 Moisture content
The moisture content of the laying course should be
uniform. The material needs to be moist without
being saturated.
When the sand is squeezed in the hand and the
pressure released, the sand should show no free
water and should bind together.
If the prepared laying course becomes saturated
prior to laying the paving units, it may be removed
and replaced, or allowed to dry to an acceptable
moisture content. To control the moisture content of
a stockpile, covers may be used.
4.3.3 Preparation of laying course
When laying on a sub-base, the target laying course
thickness after final compaction should be 50 mm.
When laying on a roadbase, the target laying course
thickness after final compaction should be 30 mm.
For laying course tolerances, see table B.1. The
laying course material should not be used as a
regulating course or to achieve falls and should be
uniform in thickness.
One of the following methods of screeding the laying
course should be used for concrete block paving.
a) Pre-compaction. Spread the material in one
layer, compact this layer using a plate vibrator
making allowances for the reduction in thickness
achieved during compaction, and level the surface
by screeding.
b) Partial pre-compaction. Spread the material in
a loose uncompacted layer to about the required
depth below the surface profile. Compact this
layer using a plate compactor (see 4.4.4). Spread a
further layer of material about 15 mm in thickness
and screed it to create a loose surface on which
paving blocks can be placed.
c) Compaction after laying blocks. Spread the
material loose in a uniform layer, and screed it to
a thickness required to give the specified design
thickness after the paving blocks have been laid
and vibrated into place.
For clay pavers, the recommended method of
screeding the laying course is method a).
NOTE 1. Where previous experience of a particular material is
lacking, a small trial area will be needed to determine the
allowance for the sand surcharge.
If any disturbance of the laying course material by
pedestrian or wheeled traffic occurs prior to placing
paving units, areas of laying course material should
be rescreeded or recompacted to achieve uniformity
of compaction.
After the careful removal of the screeding rails, the
disturbed area should be filled and re-screeded with
laying course material using a float and manual
compaction.
NOTE 2. During breaks in laying, it can be useful to leave an area
of laying course ahead of the laying face.

The area of laying course prepared should generally
be such that at the end of a working day, its
boundary is not less than 1 m ahead of the laying
face.
All areas of prepared laying course material should
be protected and not left exposed overnight. (see
4.3.2.)
NOTE 3. If the tolerances given in annex D are exceeded, this may
affect the performance of the pavement.
4.4 Installation of wearing course
4.4.1 Laying pattern
Details of the laying pattern should be specified
before commencement of laying. Typical laying
patterns are shown in annex E.
Where rectangular units are being used in areas
subjected to vehicular traffic, herringbone pattern
should be used to minimize creep and to ensure
better distribution of imposed wheel loads. Basket
weave bond pattern should only be used in
Licensed Copy: Akin Koksal, Bechtel Ltd, 10 December 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
pedestrian areas. Running bond pattern is usually
confined to pedestrian areas but has been
successfully used in areas subject to occasional light
vehicular traffic.
NOTE. Shaped blocks determine the pattern in which they can be
laid.
4.4.2 Laying paving units.
Paving units should be placed on the prepared laying
course so that the surface levels are within the
tolerances given in table B.1 after completion of the
final vibration operation. Any minor adjustments
necessary to maintain the laying pattern should then
be made. The purpose of the spacer nibs is not to
establish the joint width but to minimize any
potential damage to the paving units during the
construction process. A string line may be used to
check the bond pattern.
An order of laying which maintains an open laying
face should be followed. The first row of paving
units should be aligned against a straight section of
the edge restraint, intermediate or temporary
restraint or by using a straight edge or string line.
The alignment of paving units should be checked
periodically for all bond patterns, e.g. by using string
lines, and adjustments made where necessary.
The achievement of straight joint lines, particularly
with mechanical laying methods, might not be
possible, owing to permitted manufacturing
tolerances and variations in the surface profile of the
pavement.
Paving units should be laid with a joint width
typically within the range of 2 mm to 5 mm. The joint
width will be influenced by the paving unit shape
and the laying pattern. The width of the joint should
not include the chamfer dimension (if any).
 BSI 1997
BS 7533 : Part 3 : 1997
4.4.3 Cutting and trimming
4.4.3.1 General
The paved area should be covered with full-sized
paving units. Where paving units need to be trimmed,
sizes smaller than a quarter of the original plan size
of the unit should be avoided. To assist the accuracy
of cutting paving units against a vertical face, typical
details are shown in E.2.
Whole paving units should be laid first, followed by
paving units cut around obstructions and adjacent to
the edge restraint. This can be achieved by inboard
cutting where necessary or complementary fittings
can be used to complete the pavement.
NOTE 1. To achieve a straight cut face, concrete paving blocks
are usually cut using a hydraulic or mechanical block-splitter. Clay
pavers should preferably be cut using a multi-bladed mechanical
paver splitter or a bench mounted water cooled power saw with
an appropriate blade.
The accuracy of cutting the unit should be such that
the joint between the cut unit and the full unit or the
edge restraint should be not more than 5 mm.
NOTE 2. The herringbone bond naturally rakes back on either side
of the face, allowing the workers to operate on both leading
edges.
NOTE 3. Against curved edges, it might not always be possible to
maintain a 5 mm joint.
Cut paving units or complementary fittings should be
incorporated into curved lengths of running bond
pattern to prevent cross joints coinciding and to
re-establish the correct pattern.
NOTE 4. Paving units and complementary fittings are available to
assist with the formation of boundaries and with changes in
direction.
4.4.3.2 Trimming and laying around obstructions
The paving units should be trimmed to fit after
laying full paving units around any obstruction with
joints between ironwork and paving units not
exceeding 5 mm. Where this is not possible, surround
the obstruction with C35 air entrained concrete
conforming to BS 5328 or equivalent, with maximum
aggregate size of 10 mm, to form a regular shape of
sufficient dimension. The thickness should be not
less than the total depth of the paving unit and
laying course down to the ironwork, and the width
not less than 100 mm to provide structural integrity.
Wherever possible, when new ironwork is being used
in conjunction with paving units, careful choice of
shape and size of these products should be made to
ensure minimum cutting (see figure C.2). If ironwork
has protrusions which prevent the use of a unit of
full thickness, a concrete surround should be used.
Paving units should not be reduced in thickness.
NOTE 1. Careful selection of raw materials should be made to
achieve an adequate colour match. Proper curing of the concrete
is essential. The use of bitumen sprays, curing agents, wet
material or plastic sheeting held in place has been found effective.
Care should be taken to avoid damaging the finished face of the
units with cementitious material.
3
 BS 7533 : Part 3 : 1997

NOTE 2. Concrete should be mixed and laid as dry as possible in
order to achieve the desired surface finish and should be
compacted in place to reduce any air bubbles and voids. Rapid
setting cementitious mortar may be used in accordance with
manufacturer's instructions.
NOTE. Vacuum sweepers should not be used on the wearing
course for at least three months after laying in order to reduce the
risk of jointing sand being lost. Joint sealant may be used to
stabilize the sand in joints where vacuum sweepers are likely to
be used.

4.4.4 Compaction and joint filling

4.4.4.1 Plate compactor
A plate compactor should be used for compaction.
Plate compactors as described in annex F have been
found suitable for compacting the laying course and
the surface.
NOTE. Some manufacturers recommend the use of a compactor
with a neoprene sole plate to protect special surfaces.
4.4.4.2 Concrete block paving
The surface course should be fully compacted using
a plate compactor in order to achieve the required
compaction of the laying course. Joints should be
refilled as necessary and the paving revibrated with
two or more passes.
4.4.4.3 Clay pavers
Licensed Copy: Akin Koksal, Bechtel Ltd, 10 December 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
5 Construction in inclement weather
In adverse weather conditions, the units should not
be laid on saturated laying course material. The
filling of joints is not possible in damp conditions. In
such conditions, sufficient sand should be brushed
into the joints as to allow site traffic to deliver the
units for laying to continue. The joints should be
topped up at the earliest opportunity.
6 Additional work after early
trafficking
The surface course should be inspected soon after
completion and at regular intervals thereafter.
Additional jointing sand should be brushed in where

necessary.
Before compaction, jointing sand conforming to the
requirements of table D.3 should be brushed over the In time, detritus will accumulate in the joints,
surface and into the joints until the joints are full. tending to seal them. Until this has occurred, the
Surplus sand should be removed. The surface course paving should only be brushed by hand. Mechanical
should be compacted using a plate compactor fitted sweepers, in particular sweepers with high suction
with a neoprene sole plate, making two or more forces, should not be used or used only with care in
passes. This process should be repeated as order to avoid the risk of losing the jointing sand
necessary. from between the paving units, thus adversely
affecting the performance of the pavement.
4.4.4.4 Joint filling NOTE. When the jointing sand needs to be stabilized,
Filling the joints between paving units is essential. It surface-applied elastomeric sealers may be applied in strict
is recommended that dried free-flowing silica sand is accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. This treatment
impedes the unwanted removal of the sand by suction cleaners
used. Materials conforming to the grading in and at the same time reduces the ingress of water during the early
table B.3 should be used. Sand which might stain the life of the pavement. This treatment might have an effect on the
pavement surfaces should not be used. colour of the paving unit and its initial slip/skid resistance and
could require continual maintenance.
4.4.4.5 Completion of compaction
The compaction should be carried out as soon as
possible after laying but not within 1 m of any laying
face. Apart from this edge strip, areas of paving
should not be left uncompacted at the completion of
the day's work.
The finished surface levels should be checked for the
tolerances given in table B.1.
The surface course should be compacted to ensure
complete filling of the unit-to-unit joint by the
surface-applied jointing sand. Where necessary,
further sand should be added and the paving
revibrated. Joint filling and final compaction should
be completed as soon as practicable after laying
(see clause 4.4.4.4). The process of joint topping up
should be repeated, when necessary, by brushing in
further joint filling sand until the integrity of the
pavement is established. This is particularly relevant
during the initial period of the pavement life.
After final compaction of the surface course, and
wherever possible, a thin layer of jointing sand
should be left on the surface to help ensure that the
joints remain filled in the short term.

4  BSI 1997

Annexes
Annex A (normative)
Reinstatement
A.1 General
Where reinstatement is required as a result of statutory
undertaker's work, the design and construction of the
reinstatement should satisfy the requirements of the
Highway Authorities and Utilities Committee (HAUC)
Specification for the Reinstatement of Openings in
Highways [2].
NOTE. In certain cases, the use of Type 1 sub-base material and
foamed concrete is not permitted and specific reference should be
made to that document.
A.2 Opening up the pavement
Paving units which have been laid and trafficked for
any length of time are tightly locked together and it
could be difficult to remove the first few units without
breakage. One method for opening up an area for
access is to break up and remove two or three paving
units and then carefully lift others to expose the
Licensed Copy: Akin Koksal, Bechtel Ltd, 10 December 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
working area. This has the disadvantage of requiring
replacement paving units for those which have to be
broken. Alternatively, the method of A.3 and A.4
should permit the salvaging of the whole units without
breakage.
A.3 Removal of the first unit
A.3.1 As much sand as possible should be removed
from the joints surrounding the unit using a
bricklayer's small trowel or other suitable tool.
A.3.2 The unit should be levered out using suitable
levers or with a proprietary `paving unit extractor', or
one unit should be broken out.
A.4 Removal of subsequent units
Once the first unit is removed, subsequent units should
be lifted clear.
Passing a vibrating plate over the surface of the units
adjacent to the opening might assist in breaking the
interlock, or units adjacent to the area being loosened
may be tapped down with the shaft of a hammer or
other suitable tool to achieve the same. This method
should be continued until an area of paving has been
removed, at least two rows beyond the excavation
area.
The units should then be cleaned with a stiff brush and
stacked in a position which will be convenient for
reinstatement.
 BSI 1997
BS 7533 : Part 3 : 1997
A.5 Reinstatement
A.5.1 Conventional reinstatement
Replace the granular material and sub-base and
thoroughly compact.
NOTE. Owing to the variable nature of excavated material and the
difficulties associated with its replacement, it is recommended
that new Department of Transport DoT Type 1 granular sub-base
material conforming to the specification for Highway Works [1] is
used for this purpose.
Compaction should be carried out by back filling in
compatible layers with the compaction plant. Each
layer should be thoroughly compacted with a plate or
trench vibrator of an output which satisfies the
requirement of the HAUC Specification [2]. The
existing pavement materials should be replaced with
equivalent depths of new material.
DoT Type 1 granular sub-base material and, if needed,
roadbase materials should be reinstated to replace
missing layers.
When complete, the top of the reinstatement should be
compacted level with the existing sub-base or roadbase
construction.
A.5.2 Foamed concrete reinstatement (where
permitted)
With this method, all excavated material should be
removed from site because no other materials are
required except for any surrounds to services, the
foamed concrete and laying course sand. The
excavated material should be replaced with foamed
concrete up to the underside of the laying course.
NOTE. Foamed concrete is either delivered to site in a
truck-mounted mixer or produced at the site by trailer-mounted
equipment.
The material is self levelling and flows to fill the
excavation above the newly exposed or installed
utilities. The concrete should be placed up to the top
of the sub-base or roadbase (whichever is higher) and
screeded level. Sand and paving units should not be
compacted until the foamed concrete has attained
sufficient strength to allow adequate compaction of the
laying course.
A.6 Reinstatement of pavement surfacing after
trenchwork
During the operations, it is likely that the edge units
and underlying sand will be disturbed and these layers
should be removed.
At least a further two rows of units beyond each edge
of the excavation should be removed, cleaned and
stacked. The adhering jointing sand from the edges of
exposed paving units should be scraped away. Fresh
laying course to approximately two thirds of the
finished thickness should be added and fully
compacted with a plate compactor, if possible, to a
level which is below the adjacent compacted sand.
Sand should then be spread over the area and
screeded to stand slightly proud of the laying course
material.
5
 BS 7533 : Part 3 : 1997 Annex A

A notched screeding board may be used to achieve a Annex B (normative)

slightly cambered profile over the width of the trench.
Alternatively the same profile can be achieved by
Tolerance of the surfacing
setting three screed rails into the sand, down the Recommended tolerances are given in tables B.1,
length of the trench (suitable lengths of narrow B.2 and B.3.
diameter pipe may be used). The central rail should be NOTE. Certain applications e.g. aircraft pavements, may require
positioned higher than the two at each edge so that the stricter tolerances, particularly for the surface course.
finished level will be higher by approximately 6 mm at
its edges and 12 mm at its centre. The original cleaned Table B.1 Tolerance of surface levels
units should then be relaid tightly, as far as possible Layers of pavement Maximum
maintaining the bond. permissible
After completion and vibration of the units the deviation from the
design level
cambered surface should be left proud by mm
approximately 2 mm at its edges and 5 mm in the
Sub-layer Sub-base +20
centre. With trafficking during subsequent months, this 215
camber normally compacts to a level surface. 0
Road-base
A rubber hammer may be used to tap the final unit 212
into place. Surface course Overall +6
26
Once the units have been relaid and bonded into the
existing pavement each side of the trench, compaction
Licensed Copy: Akin Koksal, Bechtel Ltd, 10 December 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

and joint filling of the paving units should be carried Table B.2 Tolerance of laying course thickness
out. Thickness Tolerance
If it is not possible to complete the reinstatement with mm mm
whole units, a stretcher course should be included and 50 +15
units cut to fit to this. 220
If the original pavement has been sealed, the replaced 30 +12
0
area should be resealed.

Table B.3 Surface regularity

Flatness 10 mm under a 3 mm straight edge
Level 2 mm between adjacent units

The surface course should be between 5 mm

and 10 mm above adjacent gullies and between 3 mm
and 6 mm above surface drainage channels and outlets.
It is important to avoid ponding at these locations

6  BSI 1997
 Annex C BS 7533 : Part 3 : 1997

Annex C (informative)
Typical restraint details

,,,,
,,,,
Mortar bed

,,,,
,,,, Paving units

,,,,
Laying course

Concrete Sub-base

NOTE: Not applicable to clay paving

a)

,,,,
,,,
,,,,
Paving units
Licensed Copy: Akin Koksal, Bechtel Ltd, 10 December 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Laying course

,,,,
Mortar bed
Sub-base
Concrete

b)

,,,,
,,,, Paving units

,,,,
Laying course

,,,,


,,
Concrete Sub-base

c)

,,


 
,,,
,,
d)
,,
Mortar bed

Figure C.1 Typical restraint details

 BSI 1997

,,,
,,
,,,
,, Concrete

7
 BS 7533 : Part 3 : 1997 Annex C

,,,
,,, ,,,
,,,
a)

,,, ,,,
Stretcher course

,,, ,,,
Licensed Copy: Akin Koksal, Bechtel Ltd, 10 December 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

b)



,,
,,,
,,,,,
,,
,,,
Concrete surround

,,, ,,
,,
,,
c)
,,,
Figure C.2 Detail at ironwork

8  BSI 1997
 Annex C BS 7533 : Part 3 : 1997

,,,






,,,
Set in wet concrete

,,,
,,,






,,,
Laying
course



Sub base

Cement & sand

,,,,




mortar bed

In-situ concrete foundation

a)

,,,
,,,,






Licensed Copy: Akin Koksal, Bechtel Ltd, 10 December 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

,,,


Laying
course

Sub base

Cement & sand

In-situ concrete foundation mortar bed

b)

,,,,
,, ,,,
,,,,
,, ,,,
,,,,
In-situ concrete foundation
Laying
course

c)
Figure C.3 Typical detail around drainage channels

 BSI 1997 9
 BS 7533 : Part 3 : 1997 Annex D

Annex D (normative)
Grading and application for laying course
sand

Table D.1 Laying course application

Sand category Application
IA Pavements receiving severely channelized traffic, aircraft pavements and bus stations
IB Industrial pavements
Loading bays
II Adopted highways and other roads
Petrol station forecourts
Pedestrianization projects regular heavy trafficking
Car parks receiving some heavy traffic
Footways regularly overridden by vehicular traffic
III Pedestrianization projects receiving only occasional heavy traffic
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Car parks receiving no heavy vehicles

IV Private drives
Areas receiving pedestrian traffic only
Footways likely to be overridden by no more than occasional vehicular traffic

Table D.2 Grading for laying course sand

Sieve size Percentage passing each sieve
%

Category IA Category IB Category II Category III Category IV

5 mm 90Ð100 90Ð100 90Ð100 89Ð100 89Ð100

2.36 mm 75Ð100 75Ð100 75Ð100 65Ð100 65Ð100
1.18 mm 55Ð90 55Ð90 55Ð90 45Ð100 45Ð100
600 mm 35Ð65 35Ð65 35Ð65 25Ð80 25Ð80
300 mm 10Ð45 10Ð45 10Ð45 5Ð48 5Ð48
150 mm 0Ð10 0Ð10 0Ð10 0Ð15 0Ð15
75 mm 0.3 max. 0Ð0.5 0Ð1.5 0Ð3 0Ð5

10  BSI 1997
 Annex D BS 7533 : Part 3 : 1997

Table D.3 Grading for jointing sand

Sieve size Percentage passing
%
2.36 mm 100
1.18 mm 95Ð100
600 mm 50Ð100
300 mm 15Ð60
150 mm 0Ð15
75 mm 0Ð3

The test method used for determining the grading for

laying course sand and jointing material should be the
washing and sieving method described in BS 812 :
Section 103.1. For category 1 sands, the test should be
carried out on five sub-samples, each not less
than 1000 g, and the mean taken of the results.
Licensed Copy: Akin Koksal, Bechtel Ltd, 10 December 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

 BSI 1997 11
 BS 7533 : Part 3 : 1997 Annex E

Annex E (informative)
Laying patterns

a) 45° Herringbone
Licensed Copy: Akin Koksal, Bechtel Ltd, 10 December 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

b) 90° Herringbone

c) Running bond

d) Basket weave
Figure E.1 Laying patterns

12  BSI 1997
 Annex E BS 7533 : Part 3 : 1997

a) Single stretcher course

Licensed Copy: Akin Koksal, Bechtel Ltd, 10 December 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

b) Double stretcher course

c) Soldier course
Figure E.2 Laying patterns at edges

 BSI 1997 13
 BS 7533 : Part 3 : 1997 Annex F

Annex F (normative)
Compactor details

Table F.1 Compactor details

Site category Min. plate area Min. effective force per Frequency Min. mass
unit area of plate
m2 kN/m2 Hz kg

I and II 0.25 75 65Ð100 200

III and IV 0.2 60 75Ð100 80
Licensed Copy: Akin Koksal, Bechtel Ltd, 10 December 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

14  BSI 1997
 BS 7533 : Part 3 : 1997

List of references (see clause 2)

Normative references

BSI publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London

BS 812 Testing aggregates

BS 812 : Part 103 Method for determination of particle size distribution
BS 812 : Section 103.1 : 1985 Sieve tests
BS 5328 Concrete
BS 6100 Glossary of building and civil engineering terms
BS 6100 : Part 2 Civil engineering
BS 6677 Clay and calcium silicate pavers for flexible pavements
BS 6677 : Part 1 : 1986 Specification for pavers
BS 6717 Precast concrete paving blocks
BS 6717 : Part 1 : 1993 Specification for paving blocks
Licensed Copy: Akin Koksal, Bechtel Ltd, 10 December 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Other publications
[1] GREAT BRITAIN. Specification for Highway Works 1993. London: HMSO (incorporating amendments)
[2] GREAT BRITAIN. Highways Authorities and Utilities Committee (HAUC) Specification for the Reinstatement of
Openings in Highways 1992. London: HMSO (incorporating amendments)
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