ATMOSPHERIC REDICALS

CREATED BY

Usman Ghani

Instructor: Fatima Jabbar

St. Id: |R2F17BSCH0062| CF-1
Corse code: CHM4943
 

PAH PGMAHGCX 
 G]JLXRFKPAH
 G]JLXRFK
NPKK PGMAHGCX? Ekutrgc hljpluems hletgaeaei ge lmm euj`kr ln kckhtrles. ]fksk grk faifcy rkghtavk. ]fk
jlst ajplrtget nrkk rgmahgc ae tfk gtjlspfkrk as fymrlxyc, wfahf as tfk hlj`aegtale ln lxyike gem fymrlike
gtljs?

L F

tl nlrj g hljpckx watf lek uepgarkm kckhtrle tfgt PKGCCQ wgets tl naem geltfkr kckhtrle.

LF

PKGH]ALEX

]fk jlst hljjle rgmahgc ae tfk clwkr gtjlspfkrk as jlckhucgr malxyike.  Rfltlmasslhagtale ln slurhk
jlckhucks prlmuhks ltfkr rgmahgcs. Ae tfk clwkr gtjlspfkrk, ajplrtget rgmahgc grk prlmuhkm `y tfk
pfltlmasslhagtale ln  eatrlike malxamk tl ge lxyike gtlj gem 
gem eatrah lxamk,
lxamk,   wfahf pcgys g dky rlck
ae sjli
ae  sjli nlrjgtale”gem tfk pfltlmasslhagtale ln lzlek tl iavk tfk kxhatkm lxyike gtlj L(7M). ]fk ekt gem
rkture rkghtales grk gcsl sflwe `kclw

Ae tfk uppkr gtjlspfkrk, tfk pfltlmasslhagtale ln elrjgccy uerkghtavk 

uerkghtavk  hfclrlnculrlhgr
hfclrlnculrlhgr`les
`les (HNHs) `y
slcgr uctrgvalckt
slcgr tfk  hfclraek rgmahgc, Hc•,
 uctrgvalckt rgmagtale as ge ajplrtget slurhk ln rgmahgcs. ]fksk rkghtales iavk tfk hfclraek
wfahf hgtgcyzks tfk hlevkrsale ln  lzlek
 lzlek tl L0, a.k., Lzlek
a.k., Lzlek mkpcktale. 
mkpcktale. 

Xuhf rkghtales hgusk tfk mkpcktale ln tfk lzlek

tfk  lzlek cgykr, kspkhagccy
cgykr, kspkhagccy saehk tfk hfclraek rgmahgc as nrkk tl keigik ae

geltfkr rkghtale hfgae4 hleskquketcy, tfk usk ln hfclrlnculrlhgr

hfclrlnculrlhgr`les
`les gs rknraikrgets
gs  rknraikrgets fgs `kke rkstrahtkm.
 

AJRLP]GEHK

Nrkk rgmahgc hfkjastry as vkry ajplrtget ae tfk Kgrtf's gtjlspfkrk. At rkiucgtks lzlek ckvkcs ae tfk
strgtlspfkrah 'lzlek cgykr'  ‘ gem ckgms tl skvkrk
tl skvkrk lzlek mkpcktale ae plcgr rkiales kghf spraei. Clwkr mlwe, ae
tfk trlplspfkrk (tfk clwkst 72 dj ln tfk gtjlspfkrk) nrkk rgmahgcs gcsl mravk 
mravk  pfltlhfkjahgc sjli

nlrjgtale.  An g nrkk rgmahgc watf lek uepgarkm kckhtrle rkghts vkry quahdcy watf ltfkr jlckhucks, wk wlucm
nlrjgtale. 
kxpkht g `argmahgc, watf twl uepgarkm kckhtrles, tl rkght vkry quahdcy aemkkm.
Nrkk rgmahgcs rkiucgtk lzlek ckvkcs ae tfk strgtlspfkrk

]KJRKPG][PK AE^KPXALE 

At as g rkvkrsgc ln tfk elrjgc `kfgvalr ln tkjpkrgturk ae tfk trlplspfkrk. Ae wfahf g cgykr ln hllc gar gt
tfk surnghk as lvkrcgae `y g cgykr ln wgrjkr gar. [emkr elrjgc hlematales, tkjpkrgturk ikekrgccy mkhrkgsks
watf fkaift. Aevkrsales pcgy g saieanahget rlck ae mktkrjaeaei?  

   Hclum nlrjs
   Rrkhapatgtale
   ^asa`acaty 

Amkgc Hlematales nlr ]kjpkrgturk Aevkrsale

   Clei eaifts
   Hckgr sdaks
  Hgcj gem stg`ck gar


]QRKX

Irluem aevkrsale? Xurnghk tkjpkrgturk aevkrsale ae clwkr Jammck cgtatumk lhhurs muraei hlcm eaifts gem ikts
mkstrlykm muraei mgytajk.
 

Xu`samkehk Aevkrsale  Mkvkclps wfke g wamksprkgm cgykr ln gar mkshkems. At‑s hgcckm [ppkr Xurnghk
]kjpkrgturk Aevkrsale @khgusk at tgdks pcghk ae tfk uppkr pgrts ln tfk gtjlspfkrk. Hljprksskm gem fkgtkm
`y tfk rksuctaei aehrkgsk ae gtjlspfkrah prkssurk.

Pgmagtale aevkrsale 

Pgmagtale Aevkrsale lhhurs gt eaift gs irluem gar hllcs ngstkr tfge gar g`lvk at, tfke sue rasks gem wgrjs
surnghk maspkrsaei tfk plccutgets tfgt wkrk trgppkm muraei tfk eaift.

At lhhurs ae vgcckys surrluemkm `y jluetgaes watf hclumy/hlcm wkgtfkr gem ekgr hlgstcaeks watf sueey
hcajgtk, jluetgaes surrluemaei, waems k.i Cls Geikcks 8. ckkwgrm samk ln jluetgaes : samk elt kxplskm tl
prkvgacaei waems sl jaxaei as prkvketkm.

KNNKH]X

Ge aevkrsale ghts cadk g cam, dkkpaei elrjgc 

elrjgc  hlevkhtavk lvkrtureaei ln tfk gtjlspfkrk nrlj pkektrgtaei
tfrluif tfk aevkrsale. 

  ]rgppaei Ln Rlccutget

]fas hge hgusk skvkrgc wkgtfkr-rkcgtkm knnkhts. Lek as tfk trgppaei ln plccutgets `kclw tfk aevkrsale,
gcclwaei tfkj tl `uacm up. An tfk sdy as vkry fgzy, lr as sueskts grk vkry rkm, tfkrk as cadkcy ge aevkrsale
sljkwfkrk ae tfk clwkr gtjlspfkrk. ]fas fgppkes jlrk nrkquketcy ae faif prkssurk zleks, wfkrk tfk
irgmugc saedaei ln gar ae tfk faif
tfk  faif prkssurk mljk typahgccy hgusks ge aevkrsale tl nlrj gt tfk `gsk ln g
saedaei cgykr ln gar. 

  Hclums Nlrjgtale

Geltfkr knnkht tfgt ge aevkrsale fgs as tl jgdk hclums oust `kclw tfk aevkrsale tl sprkgm lut gem tgdk le g
ncgttkekm gppkgrgehk. Nlr aestgehk, jgraek strgtlhujucus hclums lvkr hlcm lhkge wgtkrs4 lr tfk tlps ln
tfuemkrstlrjs wfke tfky rkghf tfk `gsk ln tfk strgtlspfkrk, wfahf gcsl nlrjs g tkjpkrgturk aevkrsale.
 

  Rrkvketale Ln ]fuemkrstlrj
]fuemkrstlrjss

Xtacc geltfkr knnkht as tl prkvket tfuemkrstlrjs nrlj nlrjaei. Kvke ae ge gar jgss tfgt as flt gem fujam ae
tfk clwkst cgykrs, tfuemkrstlrjs wacc `k prkvketkm an ge aevkrsale ae tfk clwkr gtjlspfkrk as dkkpaei tfas
gar nrlj rasaei. ]fk hlehkptugc lpplsatk ln g tkjpkrgturk aevkrsale as ge uestg`ck
ge uestg`ck gar cgykr. 
cgykr. 

RFL]LHFKJAHGC XJLI

Rfltlhfkjahgc sjli as g typk ln  sjli

 sjli prlmuhkm wfke uctrgvalckt
wfke uctrgvalckt caift nrlj tfk sue
tfk sue rkghts watf eatrlike
watf eatrlike
lxamks ae tfk gtjlspfkrk.
tfk gtjlspfkrk.   At as vasa`ck gs g `rlwe fgzk, gem as jlst prljaeket muraei tfk jlreaei gem
gntkrelle, kspkhagccy ae mkeskcy plpucgtkm, wgrj hataks.T0Z
hataks.T0Z Hataks tfgt kxpkrakehk tfas sjli mgacy aehcumk Cls
Geikcks, Xymeky, Jkxahl Haty, @kaoaei, gem jgey jlrk.

Nlrjgtale

Rfltlhfkjahgc sjli nlrjs nrlj g hljpckx prlhkss, flwkvkr tfk slurhk ln at as quatk gppgrket. ]fk cgrikst
hletra`utlr as gutljl`acks, wfack 
wfack   hlgc-narkm plwkr pcgets gem sljk ltfkr plwkr pcgets gcsl prlmuhk tfk
ekhkssgry plccutgets
ekhkssgry plccutgets tl nghacatgtk ats prlmuhtale. Muk tl ats g`uemgehk ae grkgs ln wgrjkr tkjpkrgturks,
wgrjkr  tkjpkrgturks,  

pfltlhfkjahgc sjli as jlst hljjle ae tfk sujjkr.

At nlrjs ae tfk jlreaei wfke g trkjkemlus euj`kr pklpck grk mravaei tfkar vkfahcks tl wlrd. Eatrlike lxamks
prlmuhkm ae tfk hgr keiaek
hgr keiaek grk aetrlmuhkm aetl tfk gtjlspfkrk, wfahf jgy hlj`aek watf wgtkr
watf  wgtkr tl nlrj eatrah
gham lr rkght watf suecaift tl prlmuhk saeiucgr lxyike
saeiucgr  lxyike gtljs, wfahf tfke hlj`aek watf jlckhucgr
watf jlckhucgr lxyike tl
prlmuhk lzlek.
prlmuhk lzlek. ]fk
 ]fk eatrah gham jgy prkhapatgtk tl tfk Kgrtf rksuctaei ae  gham rgae, lr
rgae, lr rkjgae ae tfk sjli. Muk
tl tfk markht prlmuhtale ln at `y vkfahcks, tfk sjli nlrjs lvkr hataks wfkrk jgey pklpck jgy kehluetkr ats
gmvkrsk fkgctf knnkhts.

Flttkr mgys jkge jlrk pfltlhfkjahgc sjli, kspkhagccy ae tfk mkeskcy plpucgtkm hataks suhf gs tflsk
jketalekm g`lvk. Gs jlrk gem jlrk ur`ge
jlrk  ur`ge plpucgtales grask grluem tfk icl`k, tfas prl`ckj as lecy kxpkhtkm
tl aehrkgsk.

Hljplsatale

Eatrah lxamk (EL) gem eatrlike malxamk (EL0) grk kjattkm nrlj tfk hlj`ustale ln  nlssac
 nlssac nukcs, gclei
nukcs, gclei watf `kaei
egturgccy kjattkm nrlj tfaeis suhf gs vlchgels gem nlrkst narks (at as tfk ajjkesk hlehketrgtale ln tfksk
plccutgets watfae hataks tfgt as ln tfk jlst hlehkre flwkvkr, gs egturgc kjassales tkem tl sprkgm lut lvkr
cgrikr grkgs). Yfke kxplskm tl uctrgvalckt rgmagtale, EL0 ilks tfrluif g hljpckx skraks ln rkghtales
watf fymrlhgr`les
watf fymrlhgr`les tl prlmuhk tfk hljplekets ln pfltlhfkjahgc sjli ”g jaxturk ln  lzlek, eatrah
 lzlek, eatrah
gham, gcmkfymks, pkrlxyghyc
gcmkfymks, pkrlxyghyc eatrgtks (RGEs) gem ltfkr skhlemgry
ltfkr skhlemgry plccutgets.
plccutgets

EL0, lzlek gem RGEs grk hgcckm pfltlhfkjahg

pfltlhfkjahgcc lxamgets `khgusk tfky hge rkght gem lxamazk hkrtgae

hljpluems ae tfk gtjlspfkrk lr watfae g pkrsle's cueis tfgt grk elt elrjgccy lxamazkm. Kvke sjgcc trghks ln
tfksk hfkjahgcs hge gnnkht tfk rkspargtlry trght ln fujges gem geajgcs, gem mgjgik hrlps gem trkks.
trkks
 

Rfltlhfkjahgc sjli nlrjgtale4 suecaift rkghts watf EL0 wfahf tfke aetkrghts watf ltfkr jlckhucks ae tfk gar
tl nlrj sjli.

Knnkhts

Rfltlhfkjahgc sjli fgs jgey gmvkrsk knnkhts. Yfke hlj`aekm watf fymrlhgr`les, tfk hfkjahgcs hletgaekm
watfae at nlrj jlckhucks
nlrj jlckhucks tfgt hgusk kyk arratgtale. Pgmahgcs ae tfk gar aetkrnkrk watf tfk  eatrlike hyhck `y
prkvketaei tfk mkstruhtale ln irluem ckvkc lzlek. Ltfkr knnkhts aehcumk rkmuhkm vasa`acaty gem rkspargtlry
gacjkets.

Irluem ckvkc lzlek as gcsl prlmuhkm wfahf fgs vgralus knnkhts le tfk fujge `lmy. Nlr jlrk aenlrjgtale, vasat
tfk lzlek
tfk lzlek pgik.

RGP]AH[CG]K JG]]KP

Rgrtahucgtk jgttkr, gcsl hgcckm pgrtahck plccutale as tfk tkrj nlr g jaxturk ln slcam pgrtahcks gem caquam mrlpckts
nluem ae tfk gar. Xljk pgrtahcks, suhf gs must, mart, sllt, lr sjldk, grk cgrik lr mgrd keluif tl `k skke watf

tfk egdkm kyk. Ltfkrs grk sl sjgcc tfky hge lecy `k mktkhtkm usaei ge kckhtrle jahrlshlpk.
]QRKX

Rgrtahck plccutale aehcumks?

 

RJ72? aefgcg`ck pgrtahcks, watf magjktkrs tfgt grk ikekrgccy 72 jahrljktkrs gem sjgcckr

RJ0.;? naek aefgcg`ck pgrtahcks, watf magjktkrs tfgt grk ikekrgccy 0.; jahrljktkrs gem sjgcckr. ]fk pgrtahcks ae
tfk naek
tfk naek nrghtale wfahf grk sjgcckr tfge 2.7 »
2.7  »j
j grk hgcckm uctrgnaek
hgcckm uctrgnaek pgrtahcks

XL[PHKX

]fksk pgrtahcks hljk ae jgey sazks gem sfgpks gem hge `k jgmk up ln fuemrkms ln mannkrket hfkjahgcs.

Xljk grk kjattkm markhtcy nrlj g slurhk, suhf gs hlestruhtale satks, uepgvkm rlgms, nakcms, sjldkstghds lr
narks.

Jlst pgrtahcks nlrj ae tfk gtjlspfkrk gs g rksuct ln hljpckx rkghtales ln hfkjahgcs suhf gs sucnur malxamk gem
eatrlike lxamks, wfahf grk plccutgets kjattkm nrlj plwkr pcgets, aemustraks gem gutljl`acks.

HLJRLEKE]X

Le gvkrgik, tfk twl jgae hljplekets ln  pgrtahucgtk

 pgrtahucgtk jgttkr ae Kurlpk grk sucpfgtk
grk sucpfgtk gem
gem lrigeah
 lrigeah jgttkr. ]fas as
truk `ltf nlr naek
nlr naek pgrtahcks (RJ0.;) gem nlr hlgrsk
nlr hlgrsk gem naek pgrtahcks hlj`aekm (RJ72).

Flwkvkr, ekgr rlgms jaekrgc must as gcsl g jgae hljpleket ln  RJ

 RJ72.
8
Le mgys wfke tfk ckvkcs ln  pgrtahucgtk
 pgrtahucgtk jgttkr ae tfk gar grk faif (RJ72 kxhkkms ;2 »
;2 »i/j
i/j ), eatrgtk as gcsl g
jgolr hljpleket ln `ltf RJ
`ltf RJ72 gemgem RJ
 RJ0.;. 

Xllt, gcsl rknkrrkm tl gs `cghd hgr`le, jgdks up ; tl 72% ln  naek

Xllt, gcsl  naek pgrtahcks gem sljkwfgt ckss ln  hlgrsk
 hlgrsk
pgrtahcks4 ekgr
pgrtahcks4 ekgr hkrtgae rlgms tfk prlplrtale ln sllt hge rkghf 7; tl 02%.

KNNKH]X LE F[JGE FKGC]F

]fk sazk ln pgrtahcks as markhtcy caedkm tl tfkar pltketagc nlr hgusaei fkgctf prl`ckjs. Xjgcc pgrtahcks ckss tfge 72
jahrljktkrs ae magjktkr plsk tfk irkgtkst prl`ckjs, `khgusk tfky hge ikt mkkp aetl ylur cueis, gem sljk
jgy kvke ikt aetl ylur `cllmstrkgj.
Kxplsurk tl suhf pgrtahcks hge gnnkht `ltf ylur cueis gem ylur fkgrt. Eujkrlus shaketanah stumaks fgvk caedkm
pgrtahck plccutale kxplsurk tl g vgrakty ln prl`ckjs, aehcumaei?

 
 prkjgturk mkgtf ae pklpck watf fkgrt lr cuei maskgsk
 
 elengtgc fkgrt gttghds
 
 arrkiucgr fkgrt`kgt
 
 giirgvgtkm gstfjg
giirgvgtkm  gstfjg
 
 mkhrkgskm cuei nuehtale
 
 aehrkgskm rkspargtlry syjptljs, suhf gs arratgtale ln tfk garwgys, hluifaei lr mannahucty `rkgtfaei.

Rklpck watf fkgrt lr cuei maskgsks, hfacmrke, gem lcmkr gmucts grk tfk jlst cadkcy tl `k gnnkhtkm `y pgrtahck
plccutale kxplsurk.
 

 
KNNKH]X LE KE^APLEJKE]

^asa`acaty ajpgarjket
Naek pgrtahcks (RJ0.;) grk tfk jgae hgusk ln rkmuhkm vasa`acaty (fgzk).Rgrtahcks hge `k hgrrakm lvkr clei
mastgehks `y waem gem tfke skttck le irluem lr wgtkr. Mkpkemaei le tfkar hfkjahgc hljplsatale,
hljplsatale, tfk knnkhts
ln tfas skttcaei jgy aehcumk? 

 
 jgdaei cgdks gem strkgjs ghamah
 
 hfgeiaei tfk eutraket `gcgehk ae hlgstgc wgtkrs gem cgrik ravkr `gsaes
 
 mkpcktaei tfk eutrakets ae slac
 
 mgjgiaei skesatavk nlrksts gem ngrj hrlps
 
 gnnkhtaei tfk mavkrsaty ln khlsystkjs
 
 hletra`utaei tl gham
tl gham rgae knnkhts. 
knnkhts.