leqcia #1

qimizaciis mniSvneloba saqarTvelos miwaTmowmedebaSi. agroqimiis sagani,

meTodi da amocanebi, ganviTarebis istoria

soflis meurneobis qimizacia sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis mosavlianobisa da mecxoveleobis

produqtiulobis Egadidebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi RoniZiebaa, radgan igi soflis meurneobis
intensifikaciis iafi saSualebaa. dadgenilia praqtikiT warmoebis pirobeSi memcenareobisaTvis
mineraluri sasuqebis gamoyenebisas daxarjuli yoveli lari iZleva 2.5-5 laramde Rirebulebis sasoflo-
sameurneo produqcias, aRniSnuli kanonzomiereba teqnikuri da subtropikuli kulturebisaTvis
gacilebiT maRali.
mcenaris kvebis regulirebis saSualebas warmoadgens sasuqebi. maTi moqmedebiT izrdeba
niadagis nayofiereba, mcenarisaTvis saWiro sakveb nivTierebaTa raodenoba, umjobesdeba
mikroorganizmebis cxovelmyofelobis pirobebi. cvlis mcenareSi organuli nivTierebis warmoqmnis
intensivobas, aqve isic unda iTqvas rom Warbi raodenobiT Setanili azotiani sasuqebi uaryofiTad
moqmedebs sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis mosavalze. radgan Warbi nitratebi grovdeba mcenareSi
e.i. mcenare ver aswrebs mis SeTvisebas da rCeba mosavalSi, romlis gamoyeneba rogorc
adamianisaTvis ise cxovelebisaTvis momwamvlelia. aqedan gamomdinare saWiroa mkacrad
davicvaT sasuqebis normebi, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia moqmedi agrowesebiT.
ukanasknel periodSi adgili aqvs soflis meurneobis warmoebaSi azotovani sasuqebis
gamoyenebis teqnoloogiis darRvevas, rac gamoixateba sasuqebis normebis, niadagSi Setanis
vadebis da wesebis SeusruleblobaSi, ramac gamoiwvia sasoflo-sameurneo produqtTa nitratebiT
daWuWyianeba, risTvisac saWiro gaxdeba kontrolis SemoReba sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebSi
nitratebisa da mZime metalebis dagrovebis Sesaxeb. amisaTvis dRes saqarTvelos yvela savaWro
centrebSi SemoRebulia sasoflo-sameurneo produqtTa laboratoriuli Semowmeba., romelic yvela
momxmareblisaTvis cnobilia.
msoflioSi mineraluri sasuqebis warmoeba dReisaTvis gazrdilia 2.5-jer moqmed sakveb
nivTierebaze gadaangariSebiT. maT Soris azotianisa 3-jer, fosforianis 2.1 da kaliumiani 2.5-jer.
msoflio agroqimiuri sazogadoebis (ФАО) prognoziT 2012 wlisaTvis msoflioSi mineralur
sasuqebze moTxovnileba iyo 200 ml tonamde, azotianis 70 ml tonamde P2O5 da 60 ml. tona K2O
calkeul qveynebSi erT sul mosaxleze gadaangariSebiT ganviTarebuli mrewvelobis qveynebSi
Seadgens 55-145 kg-mde, xolo ganviTarebad qveynebSi ki 7-25 kg-mde. mineraluri sasuqebis
gamoyenebis mizanSewonilad gazrda aqvs adgili evropis qveynebSi da aSS-Si.
mineraluri sasuqebis gamoyenebis didi gamocdileba dagrovilia Cveni qveynis im raionebSi,
sadac mohyavT teqnikuri da subtropikuli kulturebi. magaliTad 45 wlis manZilze mineraluri
sasuqebis sistematiuri gamoyenebiT Cais mwvane foTlis mosavali 500-600 kg/ha-dan saSualod

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gaizarda 6000-7000 kg-mde, xolo calkeul farTobebze ufro metic aris miRebuli 10-12 aTasi kg,
aseve erTiorad gaizarda citrusebis mosavali.
sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis mosavlianobis gadidebaSi mravali faqtori monawileobs,
magram didi xvedriTi wona aqvs sasuqebs, romlis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva qveynebSi mecnierTa
Sefaseba aseTia. magaliTad amerikeli mecnierebis SefasebiT mas 41 % ekuTvnis, germeneli
specialistebisa ki mosavlis nametis naxevars miaweren, xolo frangebi ki 59-70% mineralur
sasuqebs saerTod da maT Soris azotiani sasuqebis gamoyenebas.
msoflio praqtika gviCvenebs rom N, P2O5 da K2O TiToeuli kg mineraluri sasuqi Tu
wesierad Seitaneba da daculi iqneba samive elements Soris optimaluri Tanafardoba saSualod iZleva
10 kg damatebiT mosavals an eqvivalenturi raodenobiT soflis meurneobis sxva produqts. azotis
moqmedeba kidev ufro zrdis mosavals Tu igi gamoiyeneba damatebiTi gamokvebis saxiT.
maSasadame sasuqebis gamoyeneba ara marto adidebs soflis meurneobis kulturebis
mosavlianobas aramed did ekonoomikur efeqtsac iZleva.
agroqimiuri samsaxuris Semdgomi srulyofa iTvaliswinebs sasuqebis, qimiuri meliorantebis,
soflis meurneobis qimizaciis sxva saSualebaTa racionalurad gamoyenebisaTvis garkveuli
yuradReba unda miqces ukve Seqmnili agroqimiuri samsaxurebis funqcionirebas. aRniSnuli
samsaxurebi did daxmarebas uwevda arsebul kolmeurneobebsa da meurneobebs. dRes aucilebeli
gaxdeba am samsaxurebis amoqmedeba, radgan momavali saqarTvelos fermeruli meurneobebi,
xelmZRvanelebi dainteresdebian amiT. amis Tqmis saSualebas miscems rogorc niadagi aseve
mcenare. UTu aRniSnul sakiTxs garkveuli yuradReba ar mieqca arc kerZo pirebidan da arc
saxelmwifo struqturebidan albaT uaxloes momavalSi mravali sasoflo-sameurneo savarguli gamova
wyobidan.

agronomiuli qimiis sagani da meTodebi

agronomiuli qimia swavlobs sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis kvebis procesSi mcenaris,
niadagis da sasuqebis urTierTdamokidebulebas, misi mTavar amocanas rogorc akademikosi
prianiSnikovi ganmartavs warmoadgens nivTierebaTa wrebrunvis Seswavla miwaTmoqmedebaSi,
aseve man Seiswavla mcenareSi mimdinare qimiuri procesebi romelsac SeuZli gaadidos mosavali,
an Secvalos misi Sedgeniloba. aRniSnul wrebrunvaSi adamianis Carevis ukeTesi saSualebaa
sasuqebis gamoyeneba. maSasadame mineraluri sasuqebis SetaniT SegviZlia meurneobis an
kolmeurneobis wrebrunvaSi SevitanoT damatebiT axali sakvebi elementebi, xolo rac Seexeba
nakelsa da sxva anarCenebis gamoyenebas sasuqad maSin xdeba ganmeorebiTi Setana im sakvebi
elementebisa rac gasul wels iyo aRebuli farTobze, amis Sedegad saSualeba iqmneba aRvadginoT
niadagidan mosavlis mier gamotanili sakvebi elementebi da agreTve maTi arasawarmoo

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danakargebi, romelic SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos qaris, wylismieri eroziiT, niadagis gamofitvis da
atmosferoSi aorTqlebiT.
agroqimiis kvlevis sami obieqtis (mcenare, niadagi da sasuqi) urTierTdamokidebulebis
Seswavlis gareSe agroqimia arafers ar warmoadgens. kvlevis pirveli obieqti aris mcenare, misi
kvebis Seswavlisas sasuqebis gamoyenebis regulirebis dros saWiroa kulturebis biologiuri
Taviseburebebis da maTi movlis agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebis gaTvaliswineba. yovelive amis gamo
agroqimia mWidro kavSirSia memcenareobasa da miwaTmoqmedebasTan.
agroqimiis meore obiaetia niadagi. niadagSi sakvebi elementebis dinamika, maTi
gardaqmna da mikrobiologiuri procesebi amtkicebs rom agroqimia warmoudgenelia
niadagmcodneobisa da mikrobiologiis gareSe.
agroqimiis mesame obieqtia sasuqebi, romelTa Sedgenilobis Tvisebebis da efeqturobis
SeswavliT agroqimia dakavSirebulia qimiur mrewvelobasTan.
amrigad sami ZiriTadi obieqti romelsac swavlobs agroqimia aris mcenare, niadagi da
sasuqebi romlebic erTmaneTTan dialeqtikur urTierTkavSirSi imyofebian da zemoqmedebas
axdenen urTierTze. aRniSnuli agroqimiis sami obieqti prianiSnikovma ubralod samkuTxedis
formiT warmogvidgina, romlis mwvervalebze aRniSnulia mcenare, niadagi da sasuqebi, xolo
ormagi isrebi niSnavs rom erT-erTi maTgani gavlenas axdens danarCen obieqtebze.
agroqimia aseve kavSirSia mcenareTa fiziologiasTan da bioqimiasTan, radgan igi swavlobs
mcenareSi mimdinare procesebze sasuqebis moqmedebas, misi mTavari amocana ara marto sakvebi
elementebis gadidebaa niadagSi, aramed mcenarisaTvis misawvdom formaSi unda iyos ZiriTadi
sakvebi elementebi, agreTve unda aregulirebdes niadagis ares reaqcias, radgan es ukanaskneli
gavlenas axdens niadagis tenis, aeraciis da siTbos reJimze, agreTve mcenareebsa da
mikroorganizmebis Sesabamis ionebis SeTvisebaze.
agroqimia garda mineraluri sasuqebis gavlenisa da maTi balansis cvlilebebisa swavlobs
organuli da baqteriuli sasuqebis moqmedebas mcenareebze da niadagze.
organuli sasuqis SetaniT Cven niadagSi Segvaqvs ara marto mineraluri elementebi, aramed
mikroorganizmebis didi raodenobac, riTac Zlierdeba mikrobiologiuri procesebi. amasTan erTad
nakelis gaxrwnis Sedegad gamoiyofa CO2 da amdidrebs niadags, romelic xels uwyob mcenareTa
fotosinTezs. garda amisa nakelis gamoyenebiT umjobesdeba niadagis struqtura, buferoba, sustdeba
mJavianoba da sxva.
sasuqebis bunebis sesaxeb prianiSnikovi miuTiTebda rom sasuqi unda Seicavdes
mcenarisaTvis sakvebs, aZlierebdes masSi sasicocxlo procesebs da cvlides niadagis Tvisebebs.
imis mixedviT Tu ra mizans emsaxureba agroqimia, Sesabamisad arsebobs kvlevis 4 meTodi:
1. laboratoriuli, mcenareuli, niadagis da sasuqebis analizi;
2. mcenaris aRzrdis fiziologiuri eqsperimentebi specialur pavilionebSi (savegetacio saxlebsa
da saTburebSi);

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 3. mindvris cdebis Catareba sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis mimarT sxvadasxva klimatur da
niadagur zonaSi;
4. sawarmoo cdebis Catareba did farTobebze, miRebuli Sedegis ekonomikuri
SefasebisaTvis.
ukanaskneli sami meTodi miekuTvneba biologiuri jgufis sakiTxebs, romlebsac swavlobs
agroqimia SeiZleba daviyvanoT oTx saxis problemamde: mcenareTa fesvuri kveba, niadagis
nayofierebis qimizmi, miwaTmoqmedebaSi nivTierebaTa wrebrunva da sasuqebis racionalurad
gamoyeneba.

agronomiuli qimiis ganviTarebis istoria

agroqimiis ganviTarebis istoria uSualod aris dakavSirebuli Cven codnasTan mcenaris
kvebis Sesaxeb. saerTod adamiani sasuqebis (nakeli, nacari, kiri da sxva) ufro adre iyenebda vidre
SemuSavebuli iqneboda mcenaris kvebis Teoria. antikur xanaSi mcenareTa ganoyierebis sistemas
empiriuli saxe hqonda, magram zogierTi debuleba imdenad swori iyo, rom dResac ar daukargavs
Tavisi mniSvneloba. magaliTad romaelebisaTvis cnobili iyo ara marto nakelis gamoyeneba aramed
mineraluri sasuqebisac. faraonebis droindel egvipteSi SemuSavebuli iqna mwvane sasuqebis
gamoyeneba, risTvisac Tesavdnen parkosan mcenareebs, magram maT ar icodnen, rom es
mcenareebi niadagSi agrovebdnen atmosferoSi arsebul Tavisufal azots. yovelive am aRniSnuli
RnisZiebebis Sesaxeb miwaTmoqmedni ver xsnidnen Teoriulad e.i. ar icodnen misi dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi mxare. amdenad sasuqebis farTe gamoyenebas gza hqonda daketili.
pirveli mecnieruli eqsperimenti gviCvenes pristlim da senebiem. maT daadgines rom
mcenaris mwvane foTlebi haeridan iTviseben CO2-s misgan gamoyofs O2-s, naxSirbads ki itovebs
mcenaris qsovilis SenebisaTvis, ase aRmoaCines mcenareTa fotosinTezi (timiriazevma).
Svedi mecnieris valeriusis mier iqna gamoTqmuli kvebis humusovani Teoria 1761 wels. am
Teoriis gavrcelebas xeli Seuwyo XIX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi Teerma, igi Tvlida rom niadagis
humusi erTaderTi wyaroa mcenaris kvebisa, xolo rac Seexeba mineralur nivTierebas isini xels
uwyoben humusis gadasvlas mcenaris SesaTvisebel formaSi. miuxedavad am Teoriis bediswerisa
im periodSi Teeris winaaRmdeg gailaSqra frangma mecnierma busengom, man wamoayena Teoria
mcenaris azotovani kvebis Sesaxeb. is miuTiTebda rom azoti aris pirvelxarisxovani
miwaTmoqmedebaSi, rac man daasabuTa Catarebuli cdebis safuZvelze, kerZod samyuras
TeslbrunvaSi SeyvaniT.
Teeriis Teoriam ibatona 19 saukunis 40-ian wlebamde, romelsac gza gadauRoba germaneli
swavlulis libixis mier gamocemulma wignma ,,qimiis gamoyeneba miwaTmoqmedebaSi da
fiziologiaSi". am wignSi mkveTrad gaakritika mcenaris humusovani kvebis Teoria da
Camoayaliba mineraluri kvebis Teoria, romelic dafuZnebuli iyo niadagidan gatanili sakvebi
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elementebis dabrunebis Sesaxeb. igi pirvel adgilze ayenebda nacris elementebidan P da Tvlida rom
azots mcenare atmosferodan iTvisebso amoniakis saxiT.
1873 wels liozma mindvris cdebiT uaryo libixis mcdari Sexeduleba. evropasa da amerkaSi
daiwyo ukve gvarjilisa da superfosfatebis gamoyeneba.
agroqimiis Semdgom ganviTarebas soflis meurneobis sasuqebis gamoyenebis praqtikaSi
didi roli iTamaSa cdebma mcenaris unayofo areSi virusebis aRzrdam.
XIX saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi cnobili gaxda, rom mcenarem fesvebidan unda SeiTvisoss
elementebi: azoti, fosfori, gogirdi, kaliumi, kalciumi, rkina da magniumi. XX saukuneSi ki gairkva,
rom garda am elementebisa mcenares mcire raodenobiT esaWiroeba mikroelementebic: bori,
manganumi, TuTia, spilenZi, molobdeni da sxva.
ruseTis sinamdvileSi agroqimiis fuZemdeblad iTvleba mendeleevi, romelmac mTeli Tavisi
sicocxlis manZilze mravali siaxle Seitana soflis meurneobis dargebSi. gansakuTrebiT mcenareTa
kvebis sakiTxebis SeswavlaSi. man pirvelma Caatara mindvris cdebi 68 guberniaSi da miRebuli
Sedegebis safuZvelze gaakeTa mTeli rigi daskvnebi, romelic safuZvlad daedo soflis meurneobis
qimizacias. am periodSi ruseTSi moRvaweobdnen mTeli rigi mecnierebi engelgardti, kostieviCi,
kosoviCi, vinogradski da sxvebi, romelTac didi damsaxureba miuZRviT mcenareTa kvebis
sakiTxebSi.
timiriazevma daiwyo mendeleevis mier wamoyenebuli saqmis gagrZeleba da didi wvlili
Seitana mcenaris kvebisa da sasuqebis gamoyenebis sakiTxebSi. man pirvelma moawyo
savegetacio saxli sadac tardeboda mniSvnelovani cdebi da exlac tardeba mcenareTa kvebis
Sesaxeb.
timiriazevis mowafe priniaSnikovi, romelic ruseTis agroqimiuri skolis fuZemdeblad
iTvleba, mraval mis mowafeebTan erTad damuSavebulma Sromebma agroqimias msoflio saxeli
moupova. misi Sromebi garda agroqimiisa exeba bioqimias. am Sromebze dResac izrdebian
momavali agroqimikosebi.
ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos v. gedroicis damsaxureba agroqimiaSi, radgan man didi muSaoba
Caatara niadagis STanTqmiTi unarianobis Seswavlis mxriv. am dargSi mogvca dasrulebuli
saxelmZRvanelo, romelic niadagis qimiuri melioraciis Teoriul safuZvlad iqca.
agroqimiis istoriis ganviTarebaSi didi wvlili miuZRviT qarTvel mecnierebebs,
gansakuTrebiT p.g. meliqiSvils, romelmac dagvitova mniSvnelovani Sormebi agroqimiaSi. igi
pirveli universitetSi kiTxulobda agronomiul qimias, erTi sityviT am dargis fuZemdeblad iTvleba
saqarTveloSi.
aqve minda avRniSno S.r. cincaZis damsaxureba. mis mier momzadebuli sakvebi narevebi
dResac aris cnobili. igi iyo universitetis analizuri qimiis kaTedris gamge da qimiis fakultetis dekani.
aqve SeiZleba CamovTvaloT Semdegi qarTveli mecnierebi agroqimiaSi: menaRariSvili, sariSvili,

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nakaiZe, abesaZe, goleTiani, zardaliSvili, marSania, oniani, canava. yvela maT Sesaxeb SeiZleba
isaubro.
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