Designing A Timber Beam Using AS 1720.1:2010 (Amdt 3)

Designing a Timber Beam Using
AS 1720.1:2010 (Amdt 3)
Understanding the complete design process and the
key differences with AS 1720.3 or AS 1684
Brooks H. Smith, CPEng, PE, MIEAust, NER

brooks.smith@clearcalcs.com
Outline
• Introduction
• Differences to AS 1720.3 / AS 1684
• Designing a Timber Beam
• Characteristic Properties
• Modification Factors
• Flexural Capacity
• Shear Capacity
• Bearing Capacity
• Deflection
• Example Beam Calculations
• Conclusion & Questions https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wood-framed_house.jpg
10 March 2020 ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 2

Introduction – About the Presenter
Brooks H. Smith
• Chartered Professional Engineer
• MCivE, MIEAust, NER, P.E. (USA)
• Currently the Engineering Development Lead for ClearCalcs
• Timber beam is our longest-standing calculator
• 8 years of previous experience in:
• Structural engineering R&D consulting, specialising in cold-formed steel
• Research fellowship in system behaviour of thin-walled steel
• Forensic structural engineering, specialising in reinforced and PT concrete

About ClearCalcs.com
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without compromise by bringing Design more accurately with
together powerful FEA analysis with easy unrestricted and accessible FEA
to use design tools for concrete, steel, analysis
cold-formed steel and timber.
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Intro Video Hyperlink
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 4

Introduction – Today’s Goals
• To be able to design a timber beam to AS 1720.1:2010 (Amdt 3)
• Rectangular cross-section
• Beam is not plywood
• Beam is neither notched nor tapered
• Detailing will only be broadly addressed
• We’ll distribute this slide deck and video after the webinar
• Please ask quick questions as I go – best to answer while on the topic
• Please ask using the “Q&A” feature, NOT the chat/messaging feature
• I’ll save involved questions until the end
• Note: Everything today is based on the standards
• We are not on the AS 1720.1 committee, and are not speaking for them or
communicating any special knowledge

Outline
• Introduction
• Shear Capacity
• Deflection

Differences to AS 1684.1 and AS 1720.3
• First, AS 1684.1:1999 is a defunct standard
• It was replaced by AS 1720.3:2016
• AS 1684.2-4 still exist, but they’re only construction standards, not design
“[AS 1720.3 is] an interpretation of the

AS/NZS 1170 series, AS 4055 and AS 1720.1 … [applicable when] using
the conventional timber framing system described in AS 1684.2-4”
AS 1720.3, Cl 1.4.1

Scope of AS 1720.3 vs AS 1720.1
AS 1720.3 AS 1720.1
Class 1 or 10 buildings,
Structure Type Any structure
constructed per AS 1684.2-4
Types of Timber Only standard grades (Almost) any timber product
Gravity Loads Self-contained Calculated via AS 1170.1,3
Lateral Loads Wind only, self-contained Calculated via AS 4055 or AS 1170.2,4
Load Cases Self-contained Refer to AS 1170.0
Roof Types Skillion, gable, or hip ≤ 35° Any roof
≤ 2 stories,
Building Size ≤ 3m wall height, Any size
≤ 16m length or width

Why Use AS 1720.3?
• It’s pretty restrictive, but it is:
• Easier to use
• Requires simpler hand calculations
• Self-contained – no need to buy any other standards
• It’s also a good reference for typical loads and restraint configurations
for different types of beams
• Even if you aren’t designing to AS 1720.3, builders are often used to
constructing houses based on it, so it’s best to use the same restraints, etc.

Outline
• Introduction
• Shear Capacity
• Deflection

Designing a Timber Beam
• Calculate your demands by AS1170
• Find your characteristic properties
• Calculate your modification factors
• Limit states which must be checked:
• Flexural capacity
• Shear capacity
• Bearing capacity
• Deflection

Characteristic Properties (Cl 2.2)
• Every grade / species of timber has its own “characteristic properties”
• These do not change based on design conditions
• Some are defined by various parts of the standard, some by manufacturers
• Strengths denoted by a prime (’), include the following:
Characteristic Strength in:
𝑓′! Bending
𝑓′" Shear May differ for major axis vs minor axis
𝑓′# Bearing Perpendicular to Grain
𝑓′$ Compression Parallel to Grain
Characteristic Average:
𝑓′% Tension Parallel to Grain
𝐸 Modulus of Elasticity (Short-Duration)
𝑓′& Bearing Parallel to Grain
𝐺 Modulus of Rigidity (Short-Duration)
𝑓′"' Shear at Joint Details
𝑤 Design Density (for Dead Load)
𝑓′%# Tension Perpendicular to Grain

Char. Prop.: MGP & A17 Grades (Cl H3)
• Straight lookup in a single table (Table H3.1)
• Interpolate for intermediate dimensions

Char. Prop.: F-Grades (Cl H2.2)
• Most characteristic properties are dependent on grade:
• If 𝑑 > 300𝑚𝑚:
• multiply 𝑓′! ∗ 300⁄𝑑 ".$%&
• If 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 𝑑 > 150𝑚𝑚:
• multiply 𝑓′' ∗ 150⁄max(𝑏, 𝑑) ".$%&
• Round timber modifications defined in Clause 6

Char. Prop.: F-Grades Bearing, etc (Cl H2.3)
• Bearing, density, shear at joint details, and tension perpendicular to
grain are dependent upon the species:
(1) Look up the species Strength Group: (2) Look up the characteristic strengths:

Char. Prop.: Glulam / GL-grades (Cl 7)
• As for F-grades, most values are dependent upon grade:
• multiply 𝑓′' ∗ 150⁄max(𝑏, 𝑑) ".$%&
• But bearing, density, shear at joint details, and tension perpendicular

to grain are still all dependent upon species
• And use the same tables as F-grades (Tables H2.3 & H2.2)

Char. Prop.: LVL Timber, etc. (Cl 8.3)
• LVL: “Characteristic values…shall be obtained from the manufacturer”
• Plywood: defined in Clause 5
• Some of the engineered timbers, such as CLT, not defined in any AS!
• multiply 𝑓′' ∗ 150⁄max(𝑏, 𝑑) ".$%&

Outline
• Introduction
• Shear Capacity
• Deflection

Modification Factors: Strength (Cl 2.4)
• Multiply characteristic property by modification factors for final value:
Capacity Duration Moisture L & x of Strength Volume Char. Geom.
Design Capacity Factor of Load Condition Temp. Bearing Sharing Effect Stability Prop. Property
𝝓 𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟒 𝒌𝟔 𝒌𝟕 𝒌𝟗 𝒌𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝟏𝟐 * 𝒇′𝒙
Bending 𝑴𝒅 = 𝜙 𝑘0 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3 𝑘04 𝒇′𝒃 𝒁
Shear 𝑽𝒅 = 𝜙 𝑘0 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝒇′𝒔 𝑨𝒔
Bearing ⟂ 𝑵𝒅,𝒑 = 𝜙 𝑘0 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘9 𝒇′𝒑 𝑨𝒑
Bearing ∥ 𝑵𝒅,𝒍 = 𝜙 𝑘0 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝒇′𝒍 𝑨𝒍
Compression 𝑵𝒅,𝒄 = 𝜙 𝑘0 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘04 𝒇′𝒄 𝑨𝒄
Tension 𝑵𝒅,𝒕 = 𝜙 𝑘0 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝒇′𝒕 𝑨𝒕
Tension ⟂ 𝑵𝒅,𝒕𝒑 = 𝜙 𝑘0 𝑘00 𝒇′𝒕𝒑 𝑨𝒕𝒑
Note:
* 𝑘$( is really two different modification factors; differs for bending or compression

Mod. Fact.: Capacity (Cl 2.1)
• Dependent upon structural category and timber type
• Usually in houses, bearers are Category 2 and everything else is Category 1

Mod. Fact.: Duration of Load 𝒌𝟏 (Cl 2.4.1)
• Applies a penalty to longer-term loads
• For each load case, 𝒌𝟏 is based
upon the shortest-duration load
• Long list of notes and tables
based on durations in Cl 2.4.1
• But can also just go straight to
Table G1, in Appendix G:
Snow actions
Standard’s table excludes snow load case, (a) Alpine areas 1.2G + Su + ψcQ 0.80 0.69
but it would appear like this: (b) Sub-alpine areas 0.94 0.77

Mod. Factors: Duration of Load 𝒌𝟏 (Cl 2.4.1)
• Really important note - this makes timber unique among materials!

• In steel, concrete, or CFS:
• Calculate one capacity, compare all demands from every load case to that one capacity
• In timber:
• Calculate different capacities for each and every load case
• Your highest demands do not necessarily govern the design!

Mod. Fact.: Moisture Condition 𝒌𝟒 (Cl 2.4.2)
• Applies a penalty to seasoned timber in moist conditions, or a benefit
to small unseasoned timber that’s allowed to dry
• Unseasoned Timber (excluding LVL):
• 𝑘! = 1.0
• Unless beam will not be fully loaded until it has partially seasoned to below 25%
moisture content – in which case use Table 2.5:
• For example: if it will dry a lot during construction

Mod. Fact.: Moisture Condition 𝒌𝟒 (Cl 2.4.2)
• Seasoned Timber (excluding LVL):
• 𝑘! = 1.0
• Unless beam’s average (Equilibrium) Moisture Content for a 12-month period (its 𝐸𝑀𝐶)
may exceed 15% – in which case calculate as the greater of:
• For example: unprotected from rain, subject to ocean spray,
or exposed timber in a bathroom
• LVL Timber:
• 𝑘! = 1.0
• Unless beam’s average (Equilibrium) Moisture Content for a 12-month period (its 𝐸𝑀𝐶)
may exceed 15% – in which case calculate as per Table 8.1:
This row is mathematically identical

to Seasoned Timber above:

Mod. Fact.: Temperature 𝒌𝟔 (Cl 2.4.3)
• For most of Australia: 𝑘! = 0.9
• 𝒌𝟔 = 1.0 𝑘! = 0.9
𝑘! = 1.0
• For seasoned timber, north of 16°S latitude:

• 𝒌𝟔 = 0.9
• Cities: Darwin
• For seasoned timber, in coastal regions of Queensland north of 25°S:
• 𝒌𝟔 = 0.9
• Cities: Cairns, Townsville, Mackay, Rockhampton, Gladstone, Bundaberg

Mod. Fact.: L & x of Bearing 𝒌𝟕 (Cl 2.4.4)
• Makes small, interior bearing areas less disadvantageous
• Accounts for load spreading within the beam
• For end bearing < 75mm from the end of the timber:
• 𝑘) = 1.0
• For interior bearing ≥ 75mm from the end of the timber:
• “Length of bearing” is measured parallel to the grain

• Or equal to the diameter for round bearing areas

Mod. Fact.: Strength Sharing 𝒌𝟗 (Cl 2.4.5)
• For glulam, plywood, or LVL timbers:
• 𝑘* = 1.0 always
• Gives benefit for F-grades, MGP grades, A17 grades in which either:
1. “Combined parallel systems” (fastener-laminated):
• 𝑛)*+ ≥ 2
• All elements constrained to the same deformation under load
2. “Discrete parallel systems” (repetitive framing):

• 𝑛+,+ ≥ 3
• Must have overlying set of members
and/or sheathing fastened above

Mod. Fact.: Strength Sharing 𝒌𝟗 (Cl 2.4.5)
• First, look up values for factors 𝑔=> and 𝑔=? :
• Then, plug into Eq 2.4.5.3:
• 𝑠 = centre-to-centre spacing
• 𝐿 = effective span length (not necessarily the same as total length!)

Modification Factors: Serviceability (Cl 2.4)
• For each service load case:
Creep in Bending, Creep in Moisture
Design Value Compression, or Shear Tension Content Raw Value
𝒋𝟐 𝒋𝟑 𝒋𝟔
Short-term Deflection 𝜹𝒔 = 𝑗2 𝜹𝑬𝑰
Long-term Deflection 𝜹𝒍 = 𝑗4 𝑗2 𝜹𝑬𝑰
Short-term Extension in
𝑗2 𝜺𝑬𝑨
Compression (Shrinking) 𝜺𝒔,𝒄 =
Long-term Extension in
𝑗4 𝑗2 𝜺𝑬𝑨
Compression (Shrinking) 𝜺𝒍,𝒄 =
Short-term Extension in
𝑗2 𝜺𝑬𝑨
Tension (Stretching) 𝜺𝒔,𝒕 =
Long-term Extension in
𝑗A 𝑗2 𝜺𝑬𝑨
Tension (Stretching) 𝜺𝒍,𝒕 =

Mod. Fact.: Creep 𝒋𝟐 and 𝒋𝟑 (Cl 2.4.1.2)
• Amplifies long-term deformations
• Between 1 day and 1 year:

• Interpolate based on log(duration)
• Between 15% and 25% moisture:
• Interpolate linearly
• Very precise calculation, but…

Mod. Fact.: Creep 𝒋𝟐 and 𝒋𝟑 (Cl 2.4.1.2)
• Notes:
• While calculation is very precise, the inputs are vague:
• In other words, the durations used for calculating 𝑘$ aren’t intended for 𝑗( and 𝑗-
• But no alternative guidance is given
• It should always be conservative to use durations defined for 𝑘" calculation
• “May be unconservative for collapse-susceptible, unseasoned hardwoods”
• Though no alternative method for these is given

Mod. Fact.: Moisture Content 𝒋𝟔 (Cl 8.4.3)
• Penalises LVL members which are not protected from moisture
• For LVL timbers:
• Reminder: 𝐸𝑀𝐶 = “Equilibrium Moisture Content”, or the average moisture
content over a 12-month period that the beam may experience
• For all other timbers:

• 𝑗+ = 1.0

Outline
• Introduction
• Shear Capacity
• Deflection

Bending: General (Cl 3.2.1-4)
• Bending capacity requires a multi-step calculation
• Because of that 𝑘,- “modification factor”
1. Calculate material constant 𝜌A
• Relates to timber grade’s susceptibility to buckling
2. Calculate slenderness coefficients 𝑆> and/or 𝑆?
• Relates to lateral restraint effectiveness about major and/or minor axes
3. Calculate stability factor 𝑘>?
• Relates to overall lateral-torsional buckling
4. Calculate bending capacity 𝑀B

Bending: Material Constant 𝝆𝒃 (Cl 3.2.4)
• Lengthy and highly-precise calculations possible per Appendix E
• Are dependent upon 𝑟 = ratio of “temporary” demands to total demands
• Which can vary not only by load case, but also along length of beam
• But it only makes about a 5% difference
• Or Table 3.1 & 7.2(A) conservatively
assume 𝑟 = 0.25:
• For LVLs:
• Can conservatively assume 𝑟 = 0.25

Bending: Slenderness 𝑺𝟏 (Cl 3.2.3)
• Several cases:
1. Discrete restraints, loaded on compression edge:
• Where 𝐿./ = centre-to-centre spacing of restraints
2. Discrete restraints, loaded on tension edge:

3. Continuous restraint along compression edge:
• Where “continuous” means:
• 𝑆$ = 0.0
4. Continuous restraint along tension edge:

5. Continuous restraint along tension edge,
with discrete torsional restraints,
loaded along tension edge:
6. Bending about minor axis:
• Alternatively, there are more general, but much more complex equations in
Appendix E6

Bending: Stability Factor 𝒌𝟏𝟐 (Cl 3.2.4)
• Three possible equations, dependent upon 𝜌A 𝑆> value:
• 𝑘,- = 1.0 for bending about the minor axis

• For those familiar with steel design, these equations are akin to
compact, non-compact, and slender conditions, respectively

Bending Strength (Cl 3.2.1)
• Now bending strength can finally be calculated:
• 𝑍 = 𝐼 ⁄𝑐
$ 1
• For rectangular beams about major axis: 𝐼0 = 𝑏𝑑 - and 𝑐 =
$( (
$ !
• For rectangular beams about minor axis: 𝐼/ = 𝑑𝑏 - and 𝑐 =
$( (
• If bending about both axes simultaneously:

• Calculate 𝑀. individually about both axes, and plug into the following:

Outline
• Introduction
• Shear Capacity
• Deflection

Shear Strength (Cl 3.2.5)
• Straightforward calculation:
-
• 𝐴/ = 0
𝑏𝑑 (for rectangular members)
• Allowed to ignore loads that are within a distance of 1.5𝑑 from the
face of a support
• But shear controls so rarely that it may not be worth doing that math

Bearing Strength: Perpendicular (Cl 3.2.6.1)
• Usually, bearing is purely perpendicular to the grain
• A support or load at a 90 degree angle to the beam
• 𝐴1 = the area of bearing (gross area)

• Note that 𝑘) may be different for different supports
or point loads
• Bearing is not relevant for all types of connections
• Such as brackets which attach to sides of beam
• In which crushing checks are done in connection design

Bearing: Non-Perpendicular (Cl 3.2.6.2-3)
• Bearing may also occur parallel (𝑁B,I )
or at an angle to the grain (𝑁B,J )
𝐴#
• Parallel:
𝐴$
• Note that 𝑘) is NOT included

• Angled:
• Be careful about bearing areas for each direction (𝐴1 and 𝐴2 differ)!

Deflection (Appendix B)
• Bending stiffness = 𝐸 ∗ 𝐼
• Calculate deflections by your preferred method (FEA, beam theory, etc)
• Short-term deflections multiplied by 𝑗K :
• 𝛿/ = 𝑗+ ∗ 𝛿45
• Long-term deflections multiplied by 𝑗K and appropriate 𝑗? :
• 𝛿2 = 𝑗- ∗ 𝑗+ ∗ 𝛿45
• Note that 𝑗( is specific to each load type, so should do this before factoring load cases
• However, it is conservative, and easier, to simply multiply the whole load case by the
maximum 𝑗% (for ≥ 1 year)

Outline
• Introduction
• Shear Capacity
• Deflection

Example Beam #1 – Simply Supported
LVL
G = 0.9 kPa 300 x 35 – e-beam (Wesbeam®)
Q = 0.25 kPa
300 mm
3800 mm
• Residential house roof bearer

→ AS1170.1, R2 roof (Q = 0.25 kPa)
→ Category 2 member 35 mm
• Tile roof (G = 0.9 kPa)
• Restrained by 600mm o.c. trusses
→ discrete at compression edge Showing methods and formulas
• 2000 mm load width using ClearCalcs’s steel calculator
• 90 mm bearing lengths at supports

Example Beam #2 – Complex Beam
Ex #1 Beam @ 1500 mm
G = 0.5 kPa
Q = 1.5 kPa
3000 mm 5500 mm 1500 mm

Custom Beam
3-ply 250x45 Radiata Pine
• 10 m total length
• Residential house floor bearer
→ Category 2 member
• Load width of 2000 mm 250 mm
• Restrained by 450mm o.c. joists
→ discrete at compression edge
• 90mm bearing length
3 x 45 mm
Outline
• Introduction
• Shear Capacity
• Deflection

Summing It Up
• AS1720.3 is a self-contained interpretation of timber & load standards
• Replaced AS 1684.1, for conventional residential timber framing
• Limited to standard timbers, ≤ 2 stories, ≤ 3m walls, ≤ 16m length or width
• Beam design checks at all sections include:
• Characteristic Properties: Table lookups from standard or manufacturer
• Modification Factors: 𝑘, varies by load case; 𝑘!, 𝑘+, 𝑘), 𝑘*
• Flexure: Material 𝜌7 → Slenderness 𝑆, → Stability 𝑘,- → 𝑀. multiplication
• Shear: 𝑉. multiplication
• Bearing: Usually 𝑁.,1 multiplication, could be parallel or angled too
• Deflection: Short-term (without 𝑗-), and long-term (with 𝑗-)
• We performed examples with simply supported and complex beams

Questions?
Explore our broad range of calculations
at clearcalcs.com
Already available:
- Timber
- Steel
- Cold-formed steel
- Concrete
- Connections
- Footings
- Cantilever retaining walls
In development:
- Custom sections
- Advanced connections
- Advanced foundations
- Other retaining walls
And watch for more free webinars

upcoming on designing other types of
members and connections!
Appendix
About ClearCalcs
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Designing a Timber Beam Using

Brooks H. Smith, CPEng, PE, MIEAust, NER

10 March 2020 ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 2

10 March 2020 ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 3

ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 4

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10 March 2020 ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 6

“[AS 1720.3 is] an interpretation of the

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ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 9

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• Round timber modifications defined in Clause 6

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• But bearing, density, shear at joint details, and tension perpendicular

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• Really important note - this makes timber unique among materials!

ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 22

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This row is mathematically identical

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• For seasoned timber, north of 16°S latitude:

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• “Length of bearing” is measured parallel to the grain

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2. “Discrete parallel systems” (repetitive framing):

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• Then, plug into Eq 2.4.5.3:

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• Between 1 day and 1 year:

• Very precise calculation, but…

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• For all other timbers:

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• Can conservatively assume 𝑟 = 0.25

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• Where 𝐿./ = centre-to-centre spacing of restraints

2. Discrete restraints, loaded on tension edge:

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4. Continuous restraint along tension edge:

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6. Bending about minor axis:

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• 𝑘,- = 1.0 for bending about the minor axis

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