UNIT 3

Moods
Mood is the attitude a verb conveys in a sentence. Changing the verb’s mood will
change the tone of the sentence. Verb moods indicate a state of being or reality.

There are five moods which are:

 Indicative: Expresses an assertion, facts, or opinions; the “normal” verb form.

 Imperative: Expresses command, prohibition, entreaty or advice. This mood

is used to give orders or make requests. Often the subject is implied rather
than stated.

 Interrogative: Expresses a state of questioning. You will often notice inversion

in the order of subject and verb.

 Conditional: Indicates a conditional state that will cause something else

to happen. Often uses the words might, could, or would.

 Subjunctive: It expresses doubt or something contrary to fact. Something is not

factual, but probable, unlikely, hoped for, or feared. These are the clauses that
often start with “If,” “I wish that, ” “I hope that,” or “I desire that.” In the
indicative, we would say “I was,” but in the hypothetical subjective, we would
use the verb form “were.” Keep in mind that not all clauses that begin with “If”
are contrary to fact.

Indicative She is happy.

Imperative Smile!
(Note: The subject “you” is implied rather than stated.)
Interrogative Is she happy?
(Note: The subject follows the verb.)
Conditional She could be happy.

Subjunctive If she won the lottery, she would be

nd
happy. (Note: the 2 clause is
 Learn About It…

The mood of a verb refers to the manner in which the verb is expressed.

Most verbs are indicative and are used to express statements of fact or opinion. The imperative

mood is used to give orders and make requests.

The interrogative mood asks questions.

The conditional mood expresses a condition or a hypothetical situation. The subjunctive mood can

express wishes, doubt, or contradictions.

A shift in the verb mood occurs when more than one mood is used in the same sentence.
Unnecessary shifts should be avoided.

Verb Moods
Mood Sentence Explanation
Indicative This book is three hundred pages A statement of fact is
long expressed.
Imperative Sit in your seat. A command is given.

Interrogative Did you hear a noise? A question is asked.

Conditional If I study hard, I will do well on the The sentence expresses

test. a hypothetical situation.
Subjunctive If I were taller, I would play The subject gives a
basketball . statement that is contrary to
I wish I were taller. fact or wishes for something.
Shift in verb Raise your hand, and then can you Raise is imperative, while
mood ask your question? can you ask is interrogative.

*MOOD: It refers the gramatical manifestations of the way the speaker views
the reality the sentence.This means English has two moods ,Indicative And
Imperative , used by all the speakers , and a third rather marginal mood used
by some speakers the Subjunctive
Tense Time Aspect

 TENSE:
Is a linguistic concept.It is the correspondence between the
form of the verb and our concept of time.

 TIME: Is a universal, non -linguistic concept with three divisions :

 Past , Present and Future.

 ASPECT: It concerns the manner in which the verbal action is

experienced or regarded , for example , completed on progress.

Regular And Irregular Verb

A regular verb is any verb whose conjugation follows the typical pattern, or one
of the typical patterns, of the language to which it belongs. A verb whose
conjugation follows a different pattern is called an irregular verb.
An English verb can be regular or irregular. Regular verbs form their past and
past participle forms by adding –ed. For example:

Infinitive Past Past Participle

Walk walked walked

Dance danced danced
Paint painted painted
Work worked worked

Irregular verbs form their past and past participle forms in different ways.

There are mainly three types of irregular verbs.

Verbs in which all the three forms are the same (e.g. put – put – put)
Verbs in which two of the three forms are the same (e.g. sit – sat – sat)
Verbs in which all three forms are different (e.g. drink – drank – drunk)

Some verbs can be both regular and irregular. Some of this examples are:

 Burn – burnt – burnt (irregular)

Burn – burned – burned (regular)

 Dream – dreamt – dreamt (irregular)

Dream – dreamed – dreamed (regular)

 Lean – lent – lent (irregular)

Lean – leaned – leaned (regular)

 Learn – learnt – learnt (irregular)

Learn – learned – learned (regular)
  Leap – leapt – leapt (irregular)

 Leap – leaped – leaped (regular)

 Smell – smelt – smelt (irregular)

Smell – smelled – smelled (regular)

 Spill – spilt – spilt (irregular)

Spill – spilled – spilled (regular)

 Spoil – spoilt – spoilt (irregular)

Spoil – spoiled – spoiled (regular)

Finite And Non-finite

Verbs which have the past or the present form are called FINITE verbs. Verbs in any
other form (infinitive, -ing, or -ed) are called NON FINITE verbs. This means that verbs
with tense are finite, and verbs without tense are nonfinite. The distinction between
finite and nonfinite verbs is a very important one in grammar, since it affects how
verbs behave in sentences. For example :
 
 
  Tense Finite or Nonfinite?
David plays the piano Present Finite
My sister spoke French on
Past Finite
holiday
It took courage NONE -- the verb has
Non finite
to continue after the accident the infinitive form
Leaving home can be very NONE -- the verb has
Non finite
traumatic the -ing form
Leave immediately when you NONE -- the verb has
Non finite
are asked to do so the -ed form

The meaning Of the tenses

The tense is a  noun , which is also a verb-based method used to indicate the
time, and sometimes is the continuation or completeness, of an action or state in
relation to the time of speaking. It’s origin became from Latin which means
tempus ("time"). So ,the concept of tense in English is a method that we use or apply
to refer to time - past, present and future.
Stative And Non-Stative Verbs

Some English verbs, which we call state, non-continuous or stative verbs,

aren't used in continuous tenses (like the present continuous, or the future
continuous). These verbs often describe states that last for some time. Here is a list
of some common ones:

Stative (or State) Verb List

like know belong

love realise fit
hate suppose contain
want mean consist
need understand seem
prefer believe depend
agree remember matter
mind recognise see
own appear look (=seem)
sound taste smell
hear astonish deny
disagree please impress
satisfy promise surprise
doubt think (=have an opinion) feel (=have an opinion)
wish imagine concern
dislike be have
deserve involve include
lack measure (=have length etc) possess
weigh (=have weight)
owe

A verb which isn't stative is called a dynamic verb, and is usually an action.

Some verbs can be both stative and dynamic:

Be
Be is usually a stative verb, but when it is used in the continuous it means 'behaving'
or 'acting'.

You are stupid = it's part of your personality

You are being stupid = only now, not usually

Think
Think (stative) = have an opinion
I think that coffee is great
Think (dynamic) = consider, have in my head
What are you thinking about? I'm thinking about my next holiday

Have
Have (stative) = own
I have a car
Have (dynamic) = part of an expression
I'm having a party / a picnic / a bath / a good time / a break

See
See (stative) = see with your eyes / understand
I see what you mean
I see her now, she's just coming along the road
see (dynamic) = meet / have a relationship with
I've been seeing my boyfriend for three years
I'm seeing Robert tomorrow

Taste
Taste (stative) = has a certain taste
This soup tastes great
The coffee tastes really bitter
Taste (dynamic) = the action of tasting
The chef is tasting the soup

('Taste' is the same as other similar verbs such as 'smell')

Conditional with “ Unless”

 The word unless basically means the same thing as if ... not. For example,
"Unless you study, you will fail" means the same thing as "If you do not study, you
will fail."

Unless is often used in conditional sentences. It can be used with the first,
second, or third conditional. Here are some examples.

First Conditional:
"You'll be unhappy unless you break up with her" = "You'll be unhappy if you do not
break up with her."

Second Conditional:
"I wouldn't ask her out unless you told me it was OK" = "I wouldn't ask her out if you
told me it was not OK."

Third Conditional:
"They wouldn't have come over unless we'd invited them" = "They wouldn't have
come over if we had not invited them."

First Conditional
The first conditional is used to discuss things that will probably happen in the
future as the result of something else that happens in the present.

The first conditional consists of two clauses, one with If + simple present verb
and the second with simple future verb, as in, "If you do something bad, something
bad will happen to you."

We can also use the first conditional to make predictions about the future. For
example, we can predict that "If my brother crashes the car tonight, my mother will
be angry."
Second Conditional
We use the second conditional (also sometimes called the "present unreal
conditional") to talk about a situation that is not real or is unlikely to happen and
what might happen as a result.
 For example, I might say, "If I had a million dollars, I would go on a trip around
the world." I don't have a million dollars. That situation is unreal. But if I did have a
million dollars, an around-the-world trip might happen.

The second conditional is formed with two clauses. The first clause consists of if
+ subject + past tense verb, as in "If I loved her...." The second clause is formed with
"subject + would + verb, as in "...I would marry her." All together, the sentence looks
like this: "If I loved her, I would marry her."

We can also use should, could, or might instead of would with the second
conditional.
The Second Conditional Progressive
The second conditional progressive expresses an unfinished or continuing
action or situation, which is the probable result of an unreal condition. This form is
composed of two elements: the present conditional of the verb "to be" (would be) +
the present participle of the main verb +ing.

For example, "I would be working in Italy if I spoke Italian." But I don't speak
Italian, so I'm not working in Italy. Or "She would be living with Jack if she wasn't
living with her parents." But she is living with her parents, so she's not living with
Jack.

To form the negative, change would to wouldn't or would not. For example, "I
wouldn't be eating this if I wasn't extremely hungry." But I am hungry, so I am eating
this. Or "You wouldn't be smiling if you knew what happened." But you are smiling,
so you don't know what happened.
CONDITIONALS
The Unreal Past

The unreal past is used to talk about imaginary situations in the past. You can
describe what you would have done differently or how something could have
happened differently if circumstances had been different.
 We use wish + past simple to talk about things we would like to be different in
the present. For example, "I wish (that) I were famous."

We use wish + past perfect to talk about things that happened in the past that
we wish hadn't happened. For example, "I wish I had asked her out before she
moved away."

We use if only for emphasis, or to emphasize something. For example, "If only I
had paid my bill on time. Now I owe more money!"

We use wish + would to talk about things we want to stop because we find
them annoying. For example, "I wish the dog would stop barking!".
Third Conditional

We use the third conditional (also known as the "past unreal conditional") to
talk about situations in the past that didn’t happen and their hypothetical
consequences.

The third conditional consists of two clauses. One is formed with If + subject +
past perfect verb ("If I had studied"). The second is formed with subject + would
have + past participle ("I would have passed the test"). So all together, the sentence
looks like this: "If I had studied, I would have passed the test."

In the past, I didn't study. But by using this type of conditional, I can speculate
about how things would have been different, if I had been a better student.
Zero Conditional

The zero conditional is used to talk about general truths, or things that are
almost always true under certain conditions. For example, it's pretty much always
true that if it rains, stuff gets wet.

Zero conditional is easy to form because all the verbs are in present tense.
You just use two clauses, one with If + simple present verb and the other with
another simple present verb, as in, "If students miss an exam, the professor fails
them." Or you can reverse the order of the clauses. You can say, "The professor fails
students if they miss an exam."

Finally, this form can also be used for giving instructions about what to do
under certain conditions. For example, "If I'm late for dinner, start eating without
me."

CONDITIONALS
 Tenses

Simple Present
We use the simple present tense to talk about regular or habitual actions. It
describes facts or things that always happen.

With the pronouns I/you/we/they, regular verbs use the base form in the
simple present tense. For example, "I play basketball," or, "We love watching
movies."

With the pronouns he/she/it, most regular verbs use the base form with an –s
ending, as in, "Devan hates the holidays." When the verb ends with -ch, -sh or –ss,
add –es, as in "She watches a lot of TV," or, "He misses his mom."

And remember, you can use "always" in front of a simple present verb to show
that something happens all the time.
Present Progressive or Present Continuous

The present progressive tense (also sometimes called the "present

continuous") is formed with the present tense of the verb to be + a main verb + -ing,
as in, "He is constantly calling me," or, "The neighbours are playing their music really
loudly."

To make a question in the present progressive tense, use the form to be +

subject + main verb + -ing, as in, "Is she coming to the party?" or, "Are they feeling
OK?"

We use the present progressive tense to 1) describe an action that’s continually

repeated, 2) talk about an on-going action that’s happening right now, or 3) talk
about an event in the near future.

Words like "always," "constantly," or "continuously" are often used with the
present progressive to describe actions that are repeated, while phrases like "right
now" or "at the moment" often indicate that an action is currently in progress.
 Simple Past
The simple past tense is used to talk about a completed action or state that
was in the past. For regular verbs, we make this tense by adding -ed to the end of
the verb. For example, the past tense of "to walk" is walked. Use the simple past
whenever you say that something happened in the past. For example, "I talked to her
yesterday."

There are also many irregular verbs in the simple past tense. For example, the
past tense of "to have" is had. The past tense of "to do" is did. "To be" is extra
difficult because we say I/he/she/it was and you/we/they were.

To make the negative in the simple past tense, we put did not before the base
form of the main verb, as in, "I did not see a movie last night." We usually speak the
contraction didn't instead of did not. With the verb "to be," we use was
not or wasn’t, as in, "I wasn’t happy with the film."

Past Progressive Or Continuous

The past progressive tense (also sometimes called "past continuous") is formed
by using was/were + main verb + ing, as in, "We were eating dinner when the phone
rang."
We use the past progressive tense to talk about actions that were already in
progress when another action took place in the past. (At the moment the phone
rang, we were already in the process of eating dinner.)

It's also common to use this tense to talk about two on-going actions that were
happening at the same time in the past, as in, "While Justin Timberlake was
finishing his new album, his fans were waiting for the chance to hear it."

Finally, we can also use this tense to talk about actions in the past that took
place over time, as in, "I couldn't sleep last night because dogs were barking the
whole night."

Present Perfect
The present perfect tense is formed with have/has + a past participle. There
are several situations in which we use this tense:
To talk about something that was true in the past and is still true in the
present, as in, "I have been married for five years."
To talk about something that happened at an unspecified time in the past, as
in, "Becky has visited China several times already."
 To talk about something that happened during a period of time that has not yet
ended, as in, "I have gone to three parties so far this month."
When used with "just," to talk about something that happened very recently,
as in, "My mother has just arrived."
Present Perfect Progressive
We form the present perfect progressive (sometimes called the "present
perfect continuous") with have/has been + main verb + ing. We use this tense to talk
about an on-going action that began in the past, is still in progress, and may continue
into the future.
For example, you might say, "I have been thinking about getting a new car for
weeks." You first thought of getting a new car weeks ago, you're currently thinking of
getting one, and unless you buy one or decide not to buy one right now, you'll
continue thinking about it.
To ask someone if they have gone somewhere and returned or if they have
done something, as in, "Have you been to the new restaurant?" In this case, it is
formed with have/has + subject + a past participle.

When you see words like for, since, ever, already, and so far in a sentence, it
often means that you need to use the present perfect tense.

Past Perfect
The past perfect tense in English is composed of two parts: the past tense of
the verb to have (had) + the past participle of the main verb. For example, "We had
decided…," "She had given…," or, "I hadn't asked…"

The past perfect refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used to make it

clear that one event happened before another in the past. For example, "John had
gone out when I arrived in the office," or, "He was very tired because he hadn't slept
well."

Just is used with the past perfect to refer to an event that was only a short time
earlier than before now. For instance, "She had just left the room when the police
arrived," or, "We had just started the picnic when it began to rain."

Past Perfect Progressive

 We form the past perfect progressive (sometimes called the "past perfect
continuous") with had been + main verb + ing. We use this tense to talk about an on-
going process that happened in the past before something else in the past.

For example, we might say, "She had been waiting for two hours when the bus
finally arrived." The bus arrived in the past, and before that, she had been in the on-
going process of waiting for it to come.
Simple Future
We use the simple future tense to talk about things that will happen at a time
later than now.
Using be going to is one way to form the simple future tense, as in, "I am going
to watch a movie tonight." Another way to form the simple future tense is with will,
as in, "I will see you soon."
In some situations, like when you're making a prediction about the future, you
can use either be going to or will. But to talk about something that's already planned
or decided, it's best to use be going to, as in, "I'm going to watch a movie later. Want
to watch it with me?".
Future Progressive Tense
The future progressive tense is used to talk about something that is definitely
happening in the future. It is formed with will be + main verb + ing, as in, "I will be
staying with my parents over the summer." This form doesn't change regardless of
the subject. It is the same for I, you, he, she, it, we, and they. For instance, you can
say, "He will be staying with his parents over the summer," or, "We will be
staying with our parents over the summer."
The negative form of this tense is won't be + main verb + ing, as in, "She won't
be coming tonight." You can form a question like this: "Will she be coming tonight?"
or "Will they be staying with their parents over the summer?".
Often the future progressive can be used in the same way as simple future
tense. You can say, "When will you be leaving for Paris?" or "When will you leave for
Paris?" Both of these sentences are correct.

Future Perfect Tense

 The future perfect tense is formed with will have + past participle, as in, "I will
have left by tomorrow" or "They will have been friends for a long time." The form
stays the same no matter what subject you use.

We use the future perfect tense to talk about an action that will be completed
sometime in the future. Usually this action will be completed before something else
happens or by a certain time in the future. For example, we can say, "I will have
graduated by the time I turn 18." This means that I will turn 18 in the future, and at
some point before then, I will graduate in the future.
 For example :
He will have left by the time you get to his house.
Clarissa won't have finished getting her hair done by noon.
Future In the Past
Future in the past is used when you want to discuss something in the past that
you thought would happen in the future. It doesn’t matter whether the thing actually
ended up happening. You use future in the past to discuss a plan or a promise from
the past.

There are two ways to form the future in the past. One way is to use was/were
going to + verb, as in, “He was going to go to the movies last Friday night.” At some
point in the past, he had a plan to go to the movies last Friday night. “Last Friday
night” is sometime between the moment when he made the plan and now.

We can also use would to form future in the past. Use would + verb when you

are talking about something in the past that someone promised or volunteered to
do. For example, you might say, “He said he would call when he arrived.” If the call
happened, it happened after he said he would.

Active And Passive Voice

Sometimes you say things like, "My bike was stolen," or, "The boy was given a
gift." But who stole my bike? Who gave the boy a gift? You aren’t sure. That’s why
you use the passive voice, which emphasizes the person or thing an action was done
to, not the one who did the action.

Passive voice is normally formed with to be + a past participle, as in, "Chris was
hired yesterday." You can use the passive voice in any tense by changing the form of
'to be.' For instance, you can say, "My cookie was eaten" (past tense) or, "My cookie
is being eaten" (present progressive tense).

When you want to include the one who performed the action in a passive voice
sentence, you use the word 'by' after the verb. For instance, "Danny will be picked
up by his mother today."
Sometimes, the verb 'to get' is used instead of 'to be,' as in "My sister got sick
last night."
Active Voice vs. Passive Voice
 In active voice sentences, the subject does the action. Sentence structure:
subject + action verb + object receiving the action. Dogs bury bones. Sandy takes
cupcakes each Monday.

In passive voice sentences, the subject receives the action. Sentence structure:
subject + (auxiliary verb + past participle) + object doing the action. Bones are buried
by dogs. Cupcakes are taken by Sandy each Monday.

Causatives

Passive Causative

Causative verbs are used when one person is causing another to do

something. The passive is used when the focus is on the thing instead of the person.
When we combine them together, the sentence structure expresses a service that
have done (by someone) usually by a third person. There are two verbs generally
used in the passive causative form, they are Have and Get. In addition, there is
usually no agent in this form. It is not like in active form which has the agent. The
action verb is in the past participle, and the object comes before it.

1. Get

Get is the casual passive form. Instead of the problem was solved, we can say the
problem got solved. Get also has causative meaning. We can say I got someone to do
something. With the meaning of cause or force. However, because it’s not a true
causative verb, the base verb is not used, and an infinitive verb is used instead
(which is the normal case for a second verb in a sentence after an object)
The meaning of get changes slightly when followed by a past participle,
indicating action done to someone or something, rather than compelling that person
to perform an action. For example:

 “I get the car washed before the wedding.”

 “You’ll get your dinner cooked by me”

2. Have

Have can also be followed by a past participle, but its meaning changes very
slightly. For example:

 “We’re having the house painted this week.”

  “My mother had the car cleaned after our soccer practice.”

According to the examples, instead of indicating that someone is compelled or

instructed to do something, have + past participle is used to indicate when you have
something done to someone or something.

Modality
Modals Auxiliaries
Modals And Past Time

Modal verbs are a kind of auxiliary verb. They facilitate the main verb for
suggesting potential, expectation, permission, ability, possibility, and obligation.

When used with the main verb, modal verbs do not end with -s for the third-
person singular.  Modal auxiliary verbs never change form, but they have a different
form for past tense.

The modal auxiliaries include:

Present Tense Past Tense

Will Would (used to)

Can Could
Must (have to)
May (Had to)
Should (ought to) (had better)
Might
Should (ought to)

The words in parentheses ( ) are semi-modals. They have the same meaning, but
they are different grammatically.

Will – Would

Will indicates a ‘willingness’ to do something in the future. The negative form

of will – will not (won’t) indicates an ‘unwillingness’ (refusal, reluctance) to do
something.

Example:

o I will give you another opportunity.

o I will play tomorrow.

o They will arrive at 10 AM.

o She won’t come today.

Would indicates general or repeated willingness in the past. It also indicates

preference in the present.  

Example:

o If you did not leave, I would still be taking care of you.

o Whenever I had to go there, they would throw a party.

o We thought that people would buy this book.

o If I were you, I would not do it.

o I would like to make a toast.

 We used to sometimes replaces would but sometimes it would be

grammatically incorrect if we use used to in place of would.  

Example:

o When I was in school, I used to make sketches.

o He often used to cry at night without reason.

o I used to take a break at this time of the year.

Can – Could – May – Might

These modals express possibility and ability.

Can indicates ability. Could indicates ability with an option.

Example:

o I can do it. (The subject ‘I’ is sure about his/her ability)

o I could do it. (The subject ‘I’ is not sure about his/her ability)

o They cannot do it. (present)

o They could not do it. (past)

Can & could also indicate possibility.

Example:

o The temperature can rise this month.

o They can’t go too far by now.

o It could rain later.

May and might both indicate possibility but might can suggest that there is less

possibility than may.  

Example:

o It may rain later.

o It might rain later.

o They may come back.

o They might come back.

Must
Must indicates necessity.

Example:

o I must leave now.

o He must study hard.

o Alex must go home by 6.00 pm.

Have to has the similar meaning to must but implies less urgency.  

Example:

o I have to leave now.

o He has to study hard.

o Alex has to go by 6.00 pm.

o I had to leave then. (past)

o He had to study hard to pass the exam. (past)

Should

Should indicates obligation and probability.

Example:

o You should come home early.

o You should not smoke at all.

o I should visit my parents more often.

o There should be an extra key for the lock in the drawer. (probability).

o He should have reached by now. (probability).

o I should have done that. (obligation in the past).

Ought to and had better sometimes replaces should.

Example:

o You ought to come home early.

o We ought to have taken a taxi. (Past).

o We had better leave. (Had better  is generally used in spoken English.).

o I think parents ought to give children more freedom. (Had better won’t be

appropriate here.

Meaning Of Modal Verbs

 Modal verbs come before and modify the main verb in a sentence and help
explain ideas like possibility, necessity, or obligation. Here are several modal verbs
and their functions:

Might expresses uncertainty about the present or future, as in, "I might quit my
job next month," or, "It might be cold out, so bring a jacket."

Can expresses ability or possibility, as in, "I can speak French and Spanish," or,
"Students can get cheaper tickets at the movies." It also asks permission or makes a
request, as in, "Can you come over tonight?"

Should expresses obligation, as in, "I should study for my math test," or
probability, as in, "The package should arrive tomorrow, since I sent it last week." It
also gives advice, as in, "I think you should go out with Jesse."
Must expresses necessity or obligation, as in, "I must go see my grandmother
this weekend." It also gives strong advice, as in, "You must quit smoking now that
you're pregnant."
Other modal verbs and modal verb phrases include: will, may, could, would,
have to, need to, ought to, and be able to.