LOG

TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL DATA

06 INTERFACES AND MODEMS

Once we have encoded our information into a format

that can be transmitted, the next step is to investigate
the transmission process itself

Equipment from different manufacturers must be

established by several standards
LOG

1 Digital Data Transmission

Data transmission

Data transmission

Parallel Serial

Synchronous Asynchronous
LOG

1 Digital Data Transmission

Parallel Transmission

The eight bits are sent together

0
1
1
0
Sender 0
Receiver
0
1
0
LOG

1 Digital Data Transmission

Serial Transmission

The eight bits are sent

0 one after another 0
1 1
1 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
Sender Receiver
0 0
0 0
1 We need only 1
0 one line (wire) 0

Parallel/serial
Serial/parallel
converter
converter
LOG

1 Digital Data Transmission

Asynchronous Transmission

 Start bit ‘0’, stop bit ‘1’

 LSB is transmitted first

 May include a parity checking bit

 Transmission effectiveness is low

LOG

1 Digital Data Transmission

Synchronous Transmission

Direction of flow

Sender 10100011 11111011 11110110 11110111 00010000 110 Receiver

- The bit stream is combined into longer

“frames”
- No gap between bytes
LOG

2 Interface

Characteristics
Mechanical specifications (how many wires are
used)
 Electrical specifications (the frequency,
amplitude, and phase of the expected signal)
 Functional specifications
LOG

2 DCE-DTE Interface

Network

DCE DCE
DTE DTE
 DTE (Data Terminal Equipment): Generates the
data and passes them.
 DCE (Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment):
Digital-to-Analog conversion or vice versa.
LOG

2 DCE-DTE Interface

 Standards: EIA and ITU-T has developed many

DTE-DCE interface

 EIA Interfaces: EIA-232 EIA-449, EIA-485, EIA-

530

The ITU-T standards: the V series and the X

series
LOG

2 DCE-DTE Interface

EIA-232 Interface

Mechanical specification: 25-wire cable with a

male and female DB-25 pin connector, its length
may not exceed 15 meters (50 feet); DB-9 pin
connector uses 9-wire cable instead

 Electrical specification: Defines the voltages

level and the type of signal to be transmitted
LOG

2 DCE-DTE Interface

Volt
1 0 1 0
+15
Allowable area
+3
Underfined area
0 Time
-3 Underfined area
Allowable area
-15
NRZ-L encoding

- Using NRZ-L encoding

- Maximum bit rate of 20 Kbps
LOG

2 DCE-DTE Interface

DB-25 Implementation
LOG

2 DCE-DTE Interface

Functions of pins in EIA-232, DB-25

Secondary
Received line received line
Transmitted Request to DCE signal Reserved signal
data send ready detector (testing) detector
Signal
Received Clear to ground Reserved Un- Secondary
Shield data send common (testing) assigned clear to
return send

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Secondary Secondary Local DTE Ring Transmitter

transmitted received loopback ready indicator signal
data data element
Received Remote loopback timing
Transmitter signal & (DTE-DCE)
Secondary
signal element request signal Data signal
element timing to send quality rate select
timing (DCE-DTE) detector Test mode
(DCE-DTE)
LOG

2 DCE-DTE Interface

DB-9 Implementation
LOG

2 DCE-DTE Interface

Functions of pins in EIA-232, DB-9

LOG

2 DCE-DTE Interface

DTE DTE
DCE DCE
` `

1 1 1 1
Step 1: Preparation
7 7 7 7 Step 1: Preparation
20 20 20 20
Step 2: Readiness
6 6 6 6 Step 2: Readiness
Carrier
4 4 8 8
Step 3: Set up
5 5 Carrier 4 4 Step 3: Set up
5 5
8 8
Data
2 2 3 3
Step 4: Data transfer 24 24 Data 17 17 Step 4: Data transfer
3 3 2 2
17 17 24 24

Off Carrier off Off

4 4 8 8
Step 5: Clearing Off Off
5 5 4 4 Step 5: Clearing
Carrier off Off
Off 5 5
8 8
LOG

2 DCE-DTE Interface
Null modem: Provides the DTE-DTE interface
without the DCEs in a short range
LOG

2 DCE-DTE Interface

Other interfaces standards

- EIA -449
- EIA -530
- X.21
LOG

2 DCE-DTE Interface

EIA -449

RS-423 và RS-422
LOG

2 DCE-DTE Interface

EIA -449

RS-423
Distance Data rate
40 ft 100Kbps
4000ft 1Kbps

NRZ-L +6
Logic 0
+2
0
-2
Common return Logic 1
-6
LOG

2 DCE-DTE Interface

EIA -449

RS-422
Distance Data rate
40 ft 10Mbps
4000ft 1Kbps

NRZ-L +6
Logic 0
+4

0
NRZ-L
-4
Common return Logic 1
-6
LOG

2 DCE-DTE Interface

EIA -449

RS-422

(a)Original Signal (b) Original and complement (c)Noise and affecting both signals (d)Signal and noise

(e) After negation of second of signal (f) After adding (g) After rescaling
LOG

3 MODEM

MODEM = MOdulator/DEModulator
Modulator : Digital-to-analog conversion
Demodulator: Recovers digital signal from analog
signal (Analog-to-Digital conversion)
LOG

3 MODEM

Modulator Switching
Station
`
Demodulator

Modem

Telephone
network

Switching Modulator
Station
Demodulator `

Modem
LOG

3 MODEM

Bandwidth

User for data User for data

300 600 3000 3300

2400 Hz for data

3000 Hz for voice

LOG

3 MODEM

Modem speed

- For ASK simplex or half-duplex transmission:

Bit rate = baud rate = 2400bps

Max band rate = Max bit rate = 2400

600 fc 3000
LOG

3 MODEM

Modem speed

- Maximum speed for ASK transmission in full-

duplex mode is 1200 bps
Max band rate = Max band rate =
Max bit rate= Max bit rate=
1200 1200

600 3000
LOG

3 MODEM

Modem speed

- FSK: The maximum baud rate is 2400 minus

the frequency shift for simplex and half-duplex
transmission
Max band rate = Max bit rate = 2400 – (fc1 – fc0)
N/2 N/2 N/2 N/2

600 fC0 fC1 3000

LOG

3 MODEM

Modem speed

- FSK: full-duplex transmission

For each direction
Max band rate = Max bit rate = (2400/2) (fc1 – fc0)

600 3000
fC0 fC1 fC0 fC1
(forward) (forward) (forward) (forward)