applied

sciences
Article
Analytical Modeling of the Temperature Using
Uniform Moving Heat Source in Planar Induction
Heating Process
Feng Li 1,2, *, Jinqiang Ning 2 and Steven Y. Liang 2
1 College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
2 George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive,
Atlanta, GA 30332-0405, USA; jinqiangning@gatech.edu (J.N.); steven.liang@me.gatech.edu (S.Y.L.)
* Correspondence: lifeng02@tyut.edu.cn




Received: 6 February 2019; Accepted: 4 April 2019; Published: 6 April 2019


Abstract: The planar induction heating possesses more difficulties in industry application compared
with traditional spiral induction coils in mostly heat treatment processes. Numerical approaches are
adopted in the power distribution and temperature prediction during the induction heating process,
which has a relatively low computational efficiency. In this work, an analytical calculation model of
the planar induction heating with magnetic flux concentrator is investigated based on the uniform
moving heating source. In this model, the power density in the surface of the workpiece induced by
coils is calculated and applied into the analytical model of the temperature calculation using a uniform
moving heat source. Planar induction heating tests are conducted under various induction coil
parameters and the corresponding temperature evolution is obtained by the infrared imaging device
NEC R300W2-NNU and the thermocouples. The final surface temperature prediction is compared to
the finite element simulation results and experimental data. The analytical results show a good match
with the finite element simulation and the experimental results, and the errors are in reasonable
range and acceptable. The analytical model can compute the temperature distribution directly and
the computational time is much less than the finite element method. Therefore, the temperature
prediction method in this work has the advantage of less experimental and computational complexity,
which can extend the analytical modeling methodology in induction heating to a broader application.

Keywords: planar induction heating; magnetic flux concentrator; analytical modeling; uniform
moving heat source; simulation

1. Introduction
Induction heating usually is applied as the main heating means in various heat treatment
processes [1,2], for example, induction hardening, tempering, stress relieving. Besides, induction
heating technology also can be used to assistant some other industrial processes, such as crack
detection, depth determination [3], induction heating-assisted compaction [4], etc. In these traditional
induction heating processes, the shapes of the induction coils are mostly spiral, that is, the parts to
be heated are cylindrical parts. Since the electromagnetic field distribution inside the spiral coil is
relatively uniform, the induction heating has the characteristics of fast heating and high efficiency [2].
However, the coil required for the planar induction heating is significantly different from the traditional
spiral coils, in which the magnetic field distribution is difficult to effectively concentrated, the air
impedance of the system loop is too large and the heating temperature is not uniform and difficult
to control accurately [5–7]. The efficiency of the planar induction heating extensively depends on
the effective conversion of the electromagnetic field of the coil and the reasonable matching of the

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1445; doi:10.3390/app9071445 www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1445 2 of 13

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 13

induction heating system. As shown in Figure 1, the emergence of special magnetic flux concentrators
has effectively
special increased
magnetic the efficiencyhas
flux concentrators of the planar induction
effectively increasedheating, thus expanding
the efficiency the application
of the planar induction
of this heating process [8–10].
heating, thus expanding the application of this heating process [8–10].

Figure 1. Application of the planar induction heating.

Figure 1. Application of the planar induction heating.
In recent years, in order to apply the induction heating process more effectively, many scholars
In recent years, in order to apply the induction heating process more effectively, many scholars
have conducted more research on induction heating [11–19], including numerical modeling of
have conducted more research on induction heating [11–19], including numerical modeling of
induction heating process and electromagnetic field conversion mechanism analysis. Numerical
induction heating process and electromagnetic field conversion mechanism analysis. Numerical
approaches are adopted in the power distribution and temperature prediction during induction
approaches are adopted in the power distribution and temperature prediction during induction
heating process [11–15]. Barka N. [11] analyzes the machine parameters on the hardness profile
heating process [11–15]. Barka N. [11] analyzes the machine parameters on the hardness profile
heated by induction heating through simulation coupling electromagnetic and heat transfer with
heated by induction heating through simulation coupling electromagnetic and heat transfer with
finite element methods. Luozzo N.D. [12] uses the finite element method to investigate the heating
finite element methods. Luozzo N.D. [12] uses the finite element method to investigate the heating
stage of a bonding process, especially the temperature evolution in the inner and outer surface
stage of a bonding process, especially the temperature evolution in the inner and outer surface of the
of the steel tubes. Choi J.K. [13] conducts the study on the induction hardening based on the
steel tubes. Choi J.K. [13] conducts the study on the induction hardening based on the
electromagnetic-thermal finite element simulation, and verifies the hardening depth and hardening
electromagnetic-thermal finite element simulation, and verifies the hardening depth and hardening
pattern. Khazaal M.H. [14] focuses on the modeling and design of the induction coils in a brazing
pattern. Khazaal M.H. [14] focuses on the modeling and design of the induction coils in a brazing
process by finite element method. Li F. [10,15] mainly focus on a planar induction heating process with
process by finite element method. Li F. [10,15] mainly focus on a planar induction heating process
magnetic flux concentrator, and analyzes the factors influencing the temperature profile and the heating
with magnetic flux concentrator, and analyzes the factors influencing the temperature profile and
efficiency during the coupled electro-magnetic-thermal field through the finite element simulation and
the heating efficiency during the coupled electro-magnetic-thermal field through the finite element
experiments. Numerical simulation based on the finite element method made considerable progress
simulation and experiments. Numerical simulation based on the finite element method made
in the induction heating process. However, due to the complexity of the reality physic model, it is
considerable progress in the induction heating process. However, due to the complexity of the
inevitable to require the large computational cost, which will cause inconvenience and difficulty in the
reality physic model, it is inevitable to require the large computational cost, which will cause
temperature prediction of the whole computational filed during the induction heating.
inconvenience and difficulty in the temperature prediction of the whole computational filed during
In addition, analytical approaches are also adapted in the research of various fields. The analytical
the induction heating.
approaches have less computational time than finite element simulation and thus have a relatively
In addition, analytical approaches are also adapted in the research of various fields. The
high efficiency [16,17]. Computational efficiency also depends on the mathematical complexity of the
analytical approaches have less computational time than finite element simulation and thus have a
analytical model. Ning J. uses the analytical model to investigate the temperature and the cutting force
relatively high efficiency [16,17]. Computational efficiency also depends on the mathematical
during the orthogonal cutting process. The analytical modeling of induction heating is rather different
complexity of the analytical model. Ning J. uses the analytical model to investigate the temperature
from other manufacturing processes. Some researchers also try to introduce analytical modeling to
and the cutting force during the orthogonal cutting process. The analytical modeling of induction
analyze the induction heating process. Jankowski T.A. [18] presents a multiple-scale perturbation
heating is rather different from other manufacturing processes. Some researchers also try to
method to solve the multi-physics mathematical model of induction heating process in a cylindrical
introduce analytical modeling to analyze the induction heating process. Jankowski T.A. [18]
coil. Streblau M. [19] uses a multi-physics mathematical model to analysis the electromagnetic and
presents a multiple-scale perturbation method to solve the multi-physics mathematical model of
thermal fields in axial symmetric inductor system. However, the computational efficiency and the
induction heating process in a cylindrical coil. Streblau M. [19] uses a multi-physics mathematical
precision in the analytical modeling of the induction heating process should be made more progress,
model to analysis the electromagnetic and thermal fields in axial symmetric inductor system.
especially in the planar inductor system.
However, the computational efficiency and the precision in the analytical modeling of the induction
In order to verify the temperature profile, experimental methods usually are used during the
heating process should be made more progress, especially in the planar inductor system.
finite element modeling and analytical modeling. Generally, the temperature evolution was acquired
In order to verify the temperature profile, experimental methods usually are used during the
by the infrared imaging device and the thermocouples [10,13]. Although the temperature can be
finite element modeling and analytical modeling. Generally, the temperature evolution was
investigated directly by experimental measurement, the measuring errors still are inevitable, due to
acquired by the infrared imaging device and the thermocouples [10,13]. Although the temperature
the different methods of thermocouples embedding, the accuracy of the measurement equipment and
can be investigated directly by experimental measurement, the measuring errors still are inevitable,
other uncontrollable factors.
due to the different methods of thermocouples embedding, the accuracy of the measurement
In this work, authors present an analytical model to calculate the temperature profile during
equipment and other uncontrollable factors.
the planar induction heating process with magnetic flux concentrator. The moving heating source
In this work, authors present an analytical model to calculate the temperature profile during the
planar induction heating process with magnetic flux concentrator. The moving heating source in the
analytical model is treated as a uniform moving heat source. The power density of induced eddy
current in the heated workpiece can be obtained based on Maxwell equations, which govern the
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1445 3 of 13

Appl.
in theSci. 2018, 8, x FOR
analytical PEERisREVIEW
model treated as a uniform moving heat source. The power density of induced 3 of 13

eddy current in the heated workpiece can be obtained based on Maxwell equations, which govern
general
the general induction
induction heating. Then
heating. the the
Then transient temperature
transient temperatureevolution willwill
evolution be becalculated using
calculated usingthe
mathematical equations defined as a rectangle moving heating source with the
the mathematical equations defined as a rectangle moving heating source with the uniform power.uniform power. The
finalfinal
The temperature
temperature obtained from
obtained fromthe
theanalytical
analyticalcomputation
computationisiscompared
compared with the finite
with the finite element
element
simulation and
simulation and thethe experimental
experimental results.
results.Compared
Comparedwithwiththethe
finite element
finite simulation
element methods
simulation methods and
and the former experimental results, the proposed analytical model of temperature calculationthis
the former experimental results, the proposed analytical model of temperature calculation in in
work has the advantage of less mathematical complexity, experimental complexity
this work has the advantage of less mathematical complexity, experimental complexity and high and high
computationalefficiency.
computational efficiency.

2.2.Methodology
Methodologyand
andValidation
Validation

2.1.Analytical
2.1. AnalyticalModeling
Modelingofofthe
theTemperature
TemperatureCalculation
Calculation
Theschematic
The schematicflow
flow of the
of the variables
variables in temperature
in temperature evolution
evolution is shownis inshown
Figurein Figure
2. The 2. The
induction
induction
heating heating
process process isby
is governed governed by the
the Maxwell Maxwellas
equations, equations,
shown inas shown in(1)–(4)
Equations Equations
[2]. I (1–4)
and f [2].
are I
andcurrent
the f are the current
intensity andintensity andoffrequency
frequency of the
the induction induction
coil. coil. power
The induced The induced
densitypower
of eddy density
currentof
ineddy
the current
surface in
qvthe surface qv is
is calculated bycalculated
the Maxwellby the Maxwelland
equations equations
then theand then the
power power Pas
PL applied L applied
input
as input parameters
parameters in the temperature
in the temperature calculation calculation can be
can be obtained. Theobtained. Themodel
calculation calculation
of the model of the
temperature
istemperature is usedmoving
used as a uniform as a uniform moving
heating source,heating
which source,
will be which will as
illustrated befollow.
illustrated as follow.

Input parameters：
Current intensity-I，Current frequency-f,
Material parameters

Maxwell equations

qv
Induced thermal power density in the
surface

PL
Power in the surface

T=f(P)

Output:
Temperature/T

Figure2.2.Schematic
Figure Schematicflow
flowof
ofthe
thevariables
variablesinintemperature
temperatureevolution.
evolution.

𝝏𝑫
∂D
𝜵 H (𝑯I, 𝑰,f ,𝒇,
∇× 𝝁𝑴𝑭𝑪) = J𝑱 +
µ MFC ,, (1)
(1)
𝝏𝒕
∂t
𝝏𝑩
∂B
∇𝜵× E𝑬= − 𝝏𝒕,, (2)
(2)
∂t
∇𝜵· ⋅D𝑫= ρ, 𝝆, (3)
(3)

∇𝜵· ⋅B𝑩= 0,𝟎, (4)

(4)

where,J Jisisthe
where, thesource
sourcecurrent
currentdensity generated
density generatedby by
thethe
current intensity
current I of Ithe
intensity of induction H is H
coil. coil.
the induction theis
magnetic fieldfield
the magnetic strength, E is the
strength, E iselectric fieldfield
the electric strength, D and
strength, DB areBthe
and areelectric flux density
the electric and the
flux density and
the magnetic flux density, respectively. 𝜇 is the magnetic permeability of the heated material, 𝜌
is the charge density.
Through the further derivation, the electro-magnetic equations in the isotropic dielectric
material in this planar moving induction heating are governed by the Equations (5) and (6) [2,10].
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1445 4 of 13

magnetic flux density, respectively. µ MFC is the magnetic permeability of the heated material, ρ is the
charge density.
Through the further derivation, the electro-magnetic equations in the isotropic dielectric material
in this planar moving induction heating are governed by the Equations (5) and (6) [2,10].

∂2 A
∇2 A − µε = −µJ, (5)
∂t2

∂2 ϕ ρ
∇2 ϕ − µε =− , (6)
∂t2 ε
where, A is the magnetic vector potential and ϕ is the electric scalar potential, which are related with
the magnetic flux density B (B = ∇ × A) and the electrical field strength E (E = −∇φ − ∂A ∂t ). µ is the
relative permeability and ε is the relative dielectric of the heated material.
The heat source power induced in the surface of the workpiece PL can be calculated from the
Equation (7) [2].
i2 1
PL = qV · V = V = ω 2 σA2 V, (7)
σ 2
where, σ is the electrical conductivity of the heated material, ω is the angular frequency of the current
of the induction coil related with the f. V is the volume of the computational field.
The uniform heating source is usually defined as a rectangle shape, and the heat source flux
density at the point (x, y, z) is given by the Equation (8) [20]. PL is the induced eddy power in the
surface of the workpiece and can be calculated by Equation (7).

• PL
q( x, y, z) = , (8)
4ah bh ch

where, ah , bh , ch are the length along the axis x, y, z, respectively.

0
The transient temperature increase dTt0 at the time t, and the heat source flux density at time t
can be calculated by Equation (9) [20].
•
 
qdt0 0 2 0 2 0 2
dTt0 = 3 × exp − (x− x ) +(4κy(−t−y t)0 )+(z−z )
ρc(4πκ (t−t0 )) 2 
0 2 0 2 0 2
 (9)
dt0
− (x− x ) +(4κy(−t−y t)0 )+(z−z )
R a h R bh R c h PL
= − ah − bh −ch 4ah bh ch · 3 × exp dz0 dy0 dx 0
ρc(4πκ (t−t0 )) 2

Where, ρ is the density and c is the capacity of the heated material. κ is the thermal diffusivity,
κ = λ/ρc, λ is the conductivity.
In Equation (9), the integrals can be derived as follows:
 
2
R ah (x−x0 )
− ah exp − 4κ (t−t0 )
dx 0
√      (10)
4κπ (t−t0 )
=− 2 Er f √ x− ah − Er f √ x+ah ,
4κ (t−t0 ) 4κ (t−t0 )

where, the function Erf(x) is error function defined as follow [21]:

Z x
2 2
Er f ( x ) = √ e−ξ dξ (11)
π 0

The function Erfh(x) is defined as equation (12) [20].

! !!
x − ah
 
0

x x + ah
Er f h x, ah , t = Erfh , Fos = Er f p − Er f p , (12)
ah 4κ (t − t0 ) 4κ (t − t0 )
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 13
By substituting the Equations (10–12) in Equation (9), the final temperature formula can be
derived as follow: the Equations (10–12) in Equation (9), the final temperature formula can be
By substituting
𝒅𝑻𝒕’
derived as follow: 𝑻 𝑻𝟎
𝒕
𝒅𝑻9,
Appl. Sci. 2019,
𝒕’
1445𝑻 𝑷 𝑻𝑳𝟎 𝑬𝒓𝒇𝒉 𝒙 𝒗 𝒕 𝒕′ , 𝒂𝒉 , 𝒕′
5 of 13
𝟐𝟓𝑷𝝆𝒄𝒂𝒉 𝒃𝒉 𝒄𝒉𝒕 𝟎
𝑳
𝑬𝒓𝒇𝒉
𝟓 𝝆𝒄𝒂 𝒚, 𝒃𝒄𝒉 , 𝒕′ 𝑬𝒓𝒇𝒉𝑬𝒓𝒇𝒉 𝒙𝒛, 𝒄𝒉𝒗, 𝒕𝒕′ 𝒅𝒕 𝒕′ ′ , 𝒂 𝒉 , 𝒕′
𝟐
where, Fos is the 𝟏Fourier 𝒉 𝒃 𝒉 𝒉 𝟎 0 (13)
′ 𝒕 number which is′related with the length a h and the time t-t . ′
𝑬𝒓𝒇𝒉 𝒚, 𝒃the ′ 𝒙 𝒗 𝒕 ′𝒕 ′ 𝒚 𝒛 𝒅𝒕
By substituting 𝒉 , 𝑬𝒓𝒇𝒉
𝒕 Equations
𝑬𝒓𝒇𝒉 𝒛, 𝒄(10)–(12)
𝒉, 𝒕 𝒅𝒕, 𝑭𝒐in 𝒂Equation𝑬𝒓𝒇𝒉 (9),, the 𝑭𝒐𝒃𝒉final 𝑬𝒓𝒇𝒉 temperature, 𝑭𝒐𝒄𝒉 formula , (13)
can be
′ 𝟐 𝟓 𝜼𝒕 𝒂 ′ 𝒉
𝒃𝒉 𝒄𝒉 ′𝒕
derived as follow: 𝑬𝒓𝒇𝒉𝟏 𝟎 𝒙 𝒗 𝒕 𝒉𝒕 𝒚 𝒛 𝒅𝒕
, 𝑭𝒐𝒂𝒉 𝑬𝒓𝒇𝒉 , 𝑭𝒐𝒃𝒉 𝑬𝒓𝒇𝒉 , 𝑭𝒐𝒄𝒉 ,
𝟐𝟓 𝜼 𝟎 𝒂𝒉 𝒃𝒉 𝒄𝒉 𝒕
dT 0 = T − T0
Rtt
where, 𝑣 is the moving velocity =− PL
of 5the heated f h( x + v𝜂(t is
material,
Er t0 ), aheating
− the 0
h, t ) efficiency and is defined as
2 ρcah bh ch 0
[20]: 0 0 0 (13)
where, 𝑣 is the moving velocity of the × Erheated bh , t) Er f h𝜂(z,ischthe
f h(y, material, , t )heating
dt efficiency and is defined as
0
0 Rt
    0
[20]: = − 215 η 0 Er f h x+va(ht−t ) 𝝆𝒄𝒂 , Fo a𝒉h𝒃𝒉Er 𝒄𝒉f h𝑻𝒎by , Fo𝑻𝟎bh Er f h cz , Foch dtt ,
𝜼 h , h (14)
𝝆𝒄𝒂𝒉 𝒃𝒉 𝒄𝒉 𝑷 𝑻𝑳𝒎𝒕 𝑻𝟎
where, v is the moving velocity of the𝜼heated material, η is the, heating efficiency and is defined (14) as [20]:
where, 𝑇 is the ambient temperature, 𝑇 is the 𝒕
𝑷𝑳 melt temperature of the heated material Inconel
718. 𝑇 is the ambient temperature, 𝑇 isρca − T0 )
where, the h bhmelt
ch ( Tmtemperature of the heated material Inconel
η= , (14)
718. PL t
2.2. Finite Element Model
where, T0 is the ambient temperature, Tm is the melt temperature of the heated material Inconel 718.
2.2. Finite
In Element Model works, the numerical analysis of the stationary [10] and the moving [15]
former research
induction
2.2.InFinite
former heating
Elementresearch Model process
works, the is numerical
respectively analysisconducted. The distribution
of the stationary [10] and the of moving
the coupled[15]
electric-magnetic
induction heating field
processvariables is and the
respectively generation conducted.of the eddyThe power density
distribution are
of calculated
the by the
coupled
finiteInelement
former research
electric-magnetic methods.
field
works,
variables The and the numerical
induction
the coils analysis
generation are of made
the
of of
eddy
theastationary
rectangular
power density
[10]copper
are
and the tube
calculated
moving
with
by
[15]
thelow
induction
electrical heating
resistivity process
andThe is respectively
designed as planar conducted.
shapes The distribution
with of theasection of the
of a hollow coupled electric-magnetic
rectangle, as shown
finite
field element
variables methods.
and the generation induction of the coils
eddy arepower made density rectangular
are calculated copper tube
bygroove
the with
finite low
element
in Figure
electrical 3. The
resistivity magnetic
and designed flux concentrator
as planar shapes (MFC) with is machined
the section with
of a the
hollow same rectangle, shape
as as the
shown
methods.
coil and The induction
cover it for coils arethe
gathering made of a rectangular
magnetic flux into copper
the surface tubeofwith the low electrical
workpiece and resistivity
improve and
the
in designed
Figure 3.as The magnetic
planar shapes flux
with concentrator
the section (MFC)
of a hollowis machined
rectangle, with
as the
shown same
in groove
Figure 3.shape
The as the
magnetic
coilheating
and efficiency
cover it for(MFC)[10,15]. Figure
gathering 4 is the schematic
the magnetic flux intogroovesystem
the surface of the planar
ofasthe movingand
workpiece induction heating.
flux concentrator
Figure 5 is the is machined
corresponding withelement
finite the same simulation shape model. theThe and cover itimprove
coil surrounding for the
gathering
airheating.
and the
heating
the efficiency
magnetic flux [10,15]. Figure 4 is the schematic system of the planar moving induction
compressed
Figure 5 is the isinto themagnetic
aircorresponding
also surface ofcomputation
finite
the workpiece
element
and Due
field.
simulation
improve to the
model.
thelarge
heating
The
efficiency [10,15].
temperature
surrounding gradient
air and
Figure
in
the
4
the
is the schematic
calculation, system of thethe planar movingfield induction the heating. Figure 5 isbe themeshed
corresponding finite
compressed
element airtheis surface
simulation also model.
and
magnetic The
sub-surface
computation
surrounding airfield.
and
inDue
the
workpiece
to the large
compressed
should
air temperature
is also magnetic
more in
gradient finer,
computationthe in
which thethe
calculation, structured
surface grids
and thewith 0.1 mm thickness
sub-surface field areworkpiece
adopted and
in calculation,
the should there be are
meshed15 rectangle
more finer, elements
inin
field.
within Due3 mmto the
depthlarge temperature
below the surface.gradient in the the surface and the sub-surface field
which the structured
the workpiece should grids with 0.1more
be meshed mm finer,
thickness in which are adopted
the structuredand there gridsare with15 rectangle
0.1 mm thickness elementsare
within 3 mm depth below the surface.
adopted and there are 15 rectangle elements within 3 mm depth below the surface.
MFC
Induction
MFC coil
Induction
coil

Figure 3. Section of the Induction coil and magnetic flux concentrator (MFC) .
Figure 3. Section of the Induction coil and magnetic flux concentrator (MFC).
Figure 3. Section of the Induction coil and magnetic flux concentrator (MFC) .
Induction
supply
Induction
Resonant
supply
capacitor
Resonant
Induction
capacitor
coil
Induction MFC
coil
MFC
workpiece

workpiece
air

air

Figure 4. Schematic system of the planar moving induction heating.

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 13
Appl.
Appl. Sci.
Sci. 2018,
2018, 8,
8, xx FOR
FOR PEER
PEER REVIEW
REVIEW 66 of
of 13
13
Figure 4. Schematic system of the planar moving induction heating.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1445 6 of 13
Figure
Figure 4.
4. Schematic
Schematic system
system of
of the
the planar
planar moving
moving induction
induction heating.
heating.

Figure 5. Finite element simulation model of the planar induction heating with magnetic flux
Figure
Figure Finite
5. 5.
Figure 5. Finiteelement
Finite elementsimulation
element simulation model
simulation model of the
of
of theplanar
concentrator
the planarinduction
(MFC).
planar induction
induction heating
heating
heating with
with
with magnetic
magnetic
magnetic fluxflux
flux
concentrator (MFC). concentrator
concentrator (MFC).
(MFC).
2.3. Material Parameters of the Heated Material
2.3. Material Parameters of the Heated Material
2.3.
2.3. Material
Material Parameters
Parameters of
of the
the Heated
Heated Material
Material
The heated material in this work is Nickel-based super-alloy Inconel 718, which is machined
The heated material in this work is Nickel-based super-alloy Inconel 718, which is machined into
The
into square
The heated
blocksmaterial
heated with smooth
material in this work
thissurfaces is Nickel-based
isRa 3.2 μm and the super-alloy Inconel
residual stress 718,iswhich
relief is
is machined
conducted.
square blocks with smoothinsurfaces workRa 3.2 Nickel-based
µm and the residual super-alloy
stressInconel
relief is718, which
conducted. machined
into square
The
into square blocks
magnetic
blocks with
with smooth
permeability
smooth surfaces
of Inconel
surfaces Ra
Ra 3.2
718
3.2 μm
is
μm and
linearly
and the
the residual
and stress
approximately
residual stress relief
relief is
equal
is conducted.
to 1 when the
conducted.
The magnetic permeability of Inconel 718 is linearly and approximately equal to 1 when the
The
heating magnetic
magnetic permeability
temperature
Thetemperature is below its Curie
permeability of
of Inconel 718
718 is
temperature.
Inconel is linearly
Figure and
linearly approximately
6, 7 and
and 8 show the equal
approximately measured
equal to
to 11 resistivity,
when
when the
the
heating is below its Curie temperature. Figures 6–8 show the measured resistivity, specific
heating
specific
heating temperature
heat capacity
temperature is
andbelow
is below its
thermal Curie temperature.
conductivity
its Curie temperature. as a Figure
function 6, 7ofand 8 show
temperature the measured
for the resistivity,
material being
heat capacity and thermal conductivity as a functionFigure 6, 7 and 8 show
of temperature for thethe measured
material beingresistivity,
heated.
specific
heated.
specific heat
It cancapacity
heat be seen and
capacity thatthermal
and thermal conductivity
the conductivity
conductivity andas the
as aa function
specific
function of
heat
of temperature
of the heated
temperature for
for the material
material
the being
are nearly
material being
It can be seen that the conductivity and the specific heat of the heated material are nearly linear,
heated.
linear,
heated. It
while
It can
can be
the
be seen
seen that
electrical
that the
the conductivity
resistivity and the
has a nonlinearity
conductivity and the specific
change
specific heat
heat of
with
of the heated
temperature.
the heated material are
In addition,
material are nearly
the
nearly
while the electrical resistivity has a nonlinearity change with temperature. In2addition, the convective
linear,
linear, while
convective the
heat electrical
transfer
while coefficient
the electrical resistivity
coefficient
resistivity has
in a
the nonlinearity
surface is change
set as α with
= 20 temperature.
W/(m ·K) [22].In addition,
The the
radiation
heat transfer in the surface has is seta as
nonlinearity
α = 20 W/(m change withThe
2 ·K) [22]. temperature.
radiation In addition,
coefficient the
in the
convective
coefficient
convective inheat
the
heat transfer
surface
transfer iscoefficient
set as C
coefficient
2 4s = in
0.5
in the
W/(m
the surface is
2·K4) [10].
surface is set
set as
as α
α =
= 20
20 W/(m
W/(m
22·K) [22]. The radiation
·K) [22]. The radiation
surface is set as Cs = 0.5 W/(m ·K ) [10].
coefficient
coefficient in in the
the surface
surface is is set
set as
as C
Css == 0.5
0.5 W/(m
W/(m2·K
2
·K4)) [10].
4
[10].

Figure 6. Conductivity of Inconel 718.

6. Conductivity of
Figure 6.
Figure of Inconel 718.
718.
Figure 6. Conductivity
Conductivity of Inconel
Inconel 718.

Figure 7. Specific heat of Inconel 718.

 Figure 7. Specific heat of Inconel 718.

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 13

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1445 7 of 13

Figure 7. Specific heat of Inconel 718.

Figure 8. Electrical resistivity of Inconel 718.

2.4. Experimental Measurement

The planar moving induction heating experimental platform is established, as shown in Figure
Figure 8. Electrical resistivity of Inconel 718.
9. The workpiece Inconel 718Figure is fixed on a moving
8. Electrical resistivity platform
of Inconel apparatus
718. and the velocity can be
precisely controlled.Measurement
2.4. Experimental The experimental system mainly includes induction heating power supply,
2.4. Experimental
frequency conversionMeasurement
voltage regulator, strengthening sensor (including concentrator MPB-MFC)
The planar moving induction heating experimental platform is established, as shown in Figure 9.
and The
cooling device. The cooling deviceon acan circulate water inside the the coilvelocity
to prevent overheating of
Theworkpiece
planar moving Inconelinduction
718 is fixed heating moving platform
experimental apparatus
platform and is established, canshown
as be precisely
in Figure
the coil and reduce
controlled. energy consumption
TheInconel
experimental during heating. The validation experimental parameters
9. The workpiece 718 issystem
fixed mainly includes
on a moving induction
platform heating power
apparatus andsupply, frequency
the velocity can be
are presented
conversion in Table
voltage 1, which
regulator, mainly contains
strengthening sensor the MFCconcentrator
(including model, heating MPB-MFC) distancecooling
d, current
precisely controlled. The experimental system mainly includes induction heating and power supply,
intensity
device. I, The
current frequency
cooling device can f and the moving
circulate water insidevelocity v. to
the coil The heating
prevent distance ofd the
overheating is set as 1 mm
frequency conversion voltage regulator, strengthening sensor (including concentrator coil and
MPB-MFC)
because
reduce theenergy
distance between the
consumption induction
during heating.coil
Theand the workpiece
validation experimental should be no more
parameters than 2 mm in
are presented
and cooling device. The cooling device can circulate water inside the coil to prevent overheating of
orderin to
Table 1, which mainly
concentrate contains flux
the magnetic the MFCmoremodel, heatingThe
efficiently. distance d, current
frequency I, current can
intensity regulator
conversion
the coil and reduce
f and the
energy consumption during
v. The10
heating. The validation experimental parameters
frequency
realize the frequency moving velocity
regulation range from heating 50 kHz,d and
kHz todistance is settheas 1intensity
mm because of thetheinduction
distance coil
are presented
between the in Table coil
induction 1, which the mainly contains bethe MFCthan model,
2 mmheating distance d, the current
current is controlled from 0and to 1200 workpiece should of
A. The levels no more
I and f are listed in
inorder
Tableto1concentrate
according to the
intensity
magneticI, current
flux more frequency
efficiently.f The
andfrequency
the moving velocity
conversion v. Thecan
regulator heating distance
realize the frequencyd isregulation
set as 1 mm
former induction heating experimental analysis [10,15]. As to the velocity of the workpiece, it is
because
range the distance
from 10 kHzbetween
to 50 kHz, theandinduction coil and
the intensity of thethe workpiece
induction coil should
current be no more than
is controlled from 20 mm
to in
verified that the velocity should be controlled at a low level, due to its negative effect on the
order1200
to A.concentrate
The levels ofthe I andmagnetic
f are listed flux more
in Table efficiently.
1 according The
to the frequency
former induction conversion regulator can
heating experimental
induction
analysis heating
[10,15].[10].
Asregulation
to the velocity of the workpiece,
realize the frequency range from 10 kHzittois50 verified
kHz, that
andthe thevelocity
intensityshould
of thebe induction
controlled coil
In
at a addition,
low level, the to
due experimental
its negative system
effect on includes
the induction a temperature
heating [10]. acquisition and analysis device.
current is controlled from 0 to 1200 A. The levels of I and f are listed in Table 1 according to the
The surface temperature
In addition, of the workpiece
the experimental system is obtained
includes a temperature by acquisition
infrared thermal imager (NEC
former induction heating experimental analysis [10,15]. As to the velocity andof theanalysis device.
workpiece, it is
R300W2-NNU). At the same
The surface temperature time,
of the the temperature
workpiece is obtained byhistory
infraredof the workpiece
thermal imager (NEC surface and internal
R300W2-NNU).
verified that the velocity should be controlled at a low level, due to its negative effect on the
points is same
At the measured time, thebytemperature
the semi-natural
history ofartificial
the workpiece thermocouple, as shown
surface and internal pointsinis Figure
measured 9. By
induction heating [10].
by the semi-natural
simultaneously measuringartificial
thethermocouple,
surface temperature as shownwith in Figure 9. By simultaneously
a thermocouple and anmeasuring the
infrared camera,
In addition, the experimental system includes a temperature acquisition and analysis device.
surface temperature with a thermocouple and an infrared camera,
the thermal imager can be calibrated, and the accuracy of the temperature measurement can be the thermal imager can be calibrated,
The andsurface temperature
the accuracy of the workpiece
of the temperature measurement is can
obtained
be improved.by infrared thermal imager (NEC
improved.
R300W2-NNU). At the same time, the temperature history of the workpiece surface and internal
points is measured by the semi-natural artificial thermocouple, as shown in Figure 9. By
simultaneously measuring the surface temperature with a thermocouple and an infrared camera,
the thermal imager can be calibrated, and the accuracy of the temperature measurement can be
improved.

Figure 9. Experiment apparatus of the planar moving induction heating.

Figure 9. Experiment apparatus of the planar moving induction heating.

Figure 9. Experiment apparatus of the planar moving induction heating.

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1445 8 of 13

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 13

Table 1. Experimental parameters of the planar moving induction heating.
Table 1. Experimental parameters of the planar moving induction heating.
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW
Parameters Value 8 of 13
Parameters Value
MFC model
MFC model of the planar
FluxtrolFluxtrol A
A induction
Table 1. Experimental parameters moving heating.
Heating Heating Distance
Distance d/mm d/mm 1 1
I/AParameters
I/A Value
430,485,767,890
430, 485, 767, 890
MFC
f /kHz f/kHz model Fluxtrol A26.7, 37.6
26.7,37.6
Heating−Distance
v/mms 1 -1
d/mm 1 3, 5, 8, 10
v/mmsI/A 3,5,8,10
430,485,767,890
f/kHz 26.7,37.6
3. Results and Discussion v/mms-1 3,5,8,10

The powerand
3. Results density
density profilein
profile
Discussion inthe
thesurface
surfaceduring
duringthe theplanar
planarstationary
stationaryinduction
induction heating
heating process
process is
is shown in Figure 10 while the input coil parameters are set as I = 430 A, f
shown in Figure 10 while the input coil parameters are set as I = 430 A, f = 37.6 kHz [10]. Figures= 37.6 kHz [10]. Figure 11
The power density profile in the surface during the planar stationary induction heating process
and 12
Figure
are the12 power
are thedensity
power evolutions
density evolutions with thecurrent
with the various variousintensity
current and intensity
currentand current
frequency,
is shown in Figure 10 while the input coil parameters are set as I = 430 A, f = 37.6 kHz [10]. Figure 11
frequency,
respectively. respectively. It is obvious and verified that the power density
and Figure 12 are the power density evolutions with the various current intensity and current on
It is obvious and verified that the power density in the workpiece in the
extremely workpiece
depends
extremely
the current depends
intensity
frequency, on thethe
and
respectively.current intensity
Itfrequency.
is obvious Then
andand
the the frequency.
moving
verified the Then
velocity
that the moving
is applied
power density in velocity
in the simulation
the is applied
workpiece model,
in
thethe simulation
workpiece
extremely willmodel,
onthe
the workpiece
be heated
depends continuously.
current will be
intensity andheated continuously.
the frequency. Then the moving velocity is applied
in the simulation model, the workpiece will be heated continuously.

FigurePower
10. Power density
density profile in
profile the surfaceof
of the heated workpiece (I (I
= 430 A, fA,
= 37.6 37.6
kHz)kHz)
[8]. [8].
Figure
Figure 10.
10. Power density profile in
in the
the surface
surface of the
the heated
heated workpiece
workpiece (I == 430
430 A, ff == 37.6 kHz) [8].
10
2.5 x 10
10
2.5 x 10
-3

2
Power Density/W·m
-3

2
Power Density/W·m

1.5
1.5
1

10.5

0.5 0
0 200 400 600 800
I/A
0
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 0
Power 200 400 with 600 800 I. 9 of 13
Figure 11.11.
Figure Powerdensity
density variation
variation with current
current intensity
intensity I. I/A
10
8 x 10 density variation with current intensity I.
Figure 11. Power
Power Density/W·m-3

0
0 50 100 150 200
f/kHz

Figure 12.12.Power
Figure Powerdensity
density variation withcurrent
variation with current f. f.
frequency
frequency

The power density then is extracted and used to calculate the final temperature distribution.
Figure 13 presents the temperature profile obtained from the analytical model in this paper, in
which the input parameters are respectively set as I = 430 A, f = 37.6 kHz, v = 5 mm/s. Under these
input parameters, the power density in the surface is 14e10 W/m3 and the corresponding power
applied into the analytical model is 70 W. Figure 14 is the temperature profile calculated by the
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1445 9 of 13

The power density then is extracted and used to calculate the final temperature distribution.
Figure 13 presents the temperature profile obtained from the analytical model in this paper, in which
the input parameters are respectively set as I = 430 A, f = 37.6 kHz, v = 5 mm/s. Under these input
parameters, the power density in the surface is 14e10 W/m3 and the corresponding power applied
into the analytical model is 70 W. Figure 14 is the temperature profile calculated by the finite element
simulation model. It is shown that in the analytical calculation the most of heat is concentrated on
the surface of the workpiece and the maximum temperature is in the surface, due to the skin effect in
the induction heating, which is similar with the finite element simulation result. The temperature is
mainly distributed in the surface and sub-surface region of the workpiece, due to the skin effect in
the induction heating process, which is commonly realized and validated [2,10]. In order to verify the
analytical computational results, several finite element simulations and the corresponding validation
experiments are conducted under various input parameters of the planar moving induction heating
process. The experimental parameters and the corresponding results are listed in Table 2. Figure 15
shows the maximum temperature in the workpiece while the velocity is 5 mm/s, while Figure 16
shows the Maximum temperature in the workpiece while the velocity is 8 mm/s. Figure 17 shows
the Maximum temperature in the workpiece at four different velocity levels. It is observed that
the maximum temperature by analytical calculation is higher than the simulation results and the
experimental results. The main reason causing this situation is that the simulation model has taken
into consideration of the surface heat transfer effect while the analytical model ignores it, which varies
with the temperature [10,22]. Moreover, the experimental data has a measurement error, due to the
emissivity parameter of the infrared thermal imager, which is only set as a constant and in fact varies
with the temperature.
In addition, it is investigated that the higher input current intensity I of the coil, the higher
temperature is acquired (Test 1 vs. Test 3, Test 2 vs. Test 4), which has a good agreement with the
finite element simulation results and the experiment results [10]. Similarly, the heated temperature
rises as the frequency f increases at the same level as the current intensity I (Test 1 vs. Test 2, Test 3 vs.
Test 4). The same conclusion can be drawn when the moving velocity becomes 8 mm/s, as shown in
Figure 17. By compared with Figures 15 and 16, it is found that temperature obtained will experience
a drop while the moving velocity changes from 5 mm/s to 8 mm/s. It is proved in Figure 17 that
the moving velocity also plays a vital rule in the temperature control in the planar induction heating
process, besides the current intensity I and the current frequency f [15].
The relative errors of the analytical calculation and the finite element simulation are listed in
Table 2. It is clear shown that the relative errors between the analytical maximum temperature and the
corresponding experimental data are lower than 25%, especially there is a low error level when the
temperature is higher than 200 ◦ C. This result is matched with the fact that the convective heat transfer
coefficient decreases with the temperature rises in reality and the difference in the analytical model will
drop when the heated temperature rises than 200 ◦ C [22]. It is also true in Table 2 that the finite element
simulation possesses a lower relative error than the analytical calculation in this work. However,
the computation efficiency of the analytical model is much higher than the finite element simulation
model. The calculation time of the analytical model in this work just needs several seconds while the
finite element simulation model requires much more time, which is verified in other applications [17].
Thus considering the indispensable simplification during the analytical modeling and the difficult
precise calculation and control of the induction coil during the planar moving induction experiment
system, it is believable that the relative errors of these validation experiments listed in Table 2 are
considered to be in an acceptable level. Thus it is believed that the established analytical model in this
work can be used to predict the temperature evolution in the heated workpiece by the planar moving
induction heating. Moreover, in order to obtain more accurate results, the next research work needs to
consider the heat exchange coefficient in the analytical modeling.
during the analytical
planar moving induction
modeling and theexperiment system,
difficult precise it is believable
calculation that the
and control relative
of the errorscoil
induction of
believed that the established analytical model in this work can be used to predict the temperature
these
duringvalidation
the planar experiments listed in experiment
moving induction Table 2 are system,
considered
it istobelievable
be in an acceptable level. Thus
that the relative errorsit of
is
evolution in the heated workpiece by the planar moving induction heating. Moreover, in order to
believed that theexperiments
these validation established analytical model
listed in Table in this
2 are work can
considered to be used
in an to predict the
acceptable temperature
level. Thus it is
obtain more accurate results, the next research work needs to consider the heat exchange coefficient
evolution
believed that in the
theheated workpiece
established by the
analytical planar
model moving
in this workinduction
can be used heating. Moreover,
to predict in order to
the temperature
in the analytical modeling.
obtain
evolutionmore in accurate
the heatedresults, the next
workpiece byresearch
the planarwork needsinduction
moving to consider the heat
heating. exchangein
Moreover, coefficient
order to
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1445 10 of 13
in the analytical
obtain more accurate modeling.
results, the next research work needs to consider the heat exchange coefficient
in the analytical modeling.

Figure 13. Temperature profile calculated by the analytical method.

Figure 13. Temperature profile calculated by the analytical method.

Figure 13.
Figure Temperature profile
13. Temperature profile calculated
calculated by
by the
the analytical
analytical method.
method.

Figure 14. Temperature profile calculated by finite element simulation.

Figure 14. Temperature profile calculated by finite element simulation.
Figure 14. Temperature profile calculated by finite element simulation.
Figure 14. Temperature profile calculated by finite element simulation.

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 13

Figure 15. Maximum
Figure 15. Maximum temperature
temperature validation
validation in
in the
the surface
surface of
of the
the workpiece
workpiece(v
(v== 55 mm/s).
mm/s).

Figure 15. Maximum temperature validation in the surface of the workpiece (v = 5 mm/s).
Figure 15. Maximum temperature validation in the surface of the workpiece (v = 5 mm/s).

Figure 16. Maximum

Figure16. Maximumtemperature
temperaturevalidation
validationin
inthe
thesurface
surfaceof
ofthe
theworkpiece
workpiece(v(v==88mm/s).
mm/s).
 Figure 16. Maximum temperature validation in the surface of the workpiece (v = 8 mm/s).
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1445 11 of 13

Figure 17. Maximum temperature validation in the surface of the workpiece (I = 430 A, f = 37.6 kHz,
Figure
Test 9: v17.
= 3Maximum temperature
mm/s; Test validation
2: v = 5 mm/s; Test 6: in
v =the surfaceTest
8 mm/s; of the
10: workpiece (I = 430 A,f = 37.6 kHz,
v = 10 mm/s).
Test 9: v = 3 mm/s; Test 2: v = 5 mm/s; Test 6: v = 8 mm/s; Test 10: v = 10 mm/s).
Table 2. Maximum temperature and the relative errors with experimental results.
Table 2. Maximum temperature and the relative errors with experimental results.
Velocity/ Analytical FE Experimental FE Simulation Analytical
Test I/A f /kHz
mms−1 Predicted/◦ C Simulation/
FE
◦C Results/◦ C Error/% Error/%
Analytical Experimental FE
1 485 26.7 5
Velocity 100.1085.79
Simulati 80.91 6.53 23.7
Analytical
2Test430I/A f/kHz
37.6 5/mms-1 Predicted
227.20
213.28
on
Results
195.7 Simulation
8.98 16.1
Error/%
3 767 26.7 5 /°C
284.97
272.32 /°C
258.54 Error/%
5.33 10.2
4 890 37.6 5 357.18 /°C
346.43 331.27 4.58 7.82
5 1 485485 26.726.7
8 5 100.10
97.9485.79
78.92 80.91
73.72 6.53
7.06 23.7
24.7
6 2 430430 37.637.6
8 5 221.39
201.08
227.20
213.28 189.96
195.7 5.85
8.98 16.5
16.1
7 3 767767 26.726.7
8 5 277.50
258.98
284.97
272.32 240.22
258.54 7.81
5.33 15.5
10.2
8 890 37.6 8 347.64
330.34 317.23 4.13 9.59
9
4 430890 37.6
37.6
3
5 357.18
346.43
240.93
220.62
331.27
210.71
4.58
4.7
7.82
14.3
10 5 430485 37.626.7
10 8 97.94
187.6578.92
169.98 73.72
155.57 7.06
9.26 24.7
20.6
6 430 37.6 8 221.39 201.08 189.96 5.85 16.5
7 767 26.7 8 277.50 258.98 240.22 7.81 15.5
4. Conclusions
8 890 37.6 8 347.64 330.34 317.23 4.13 9.59
9 430 37.6 3 240.93 220.62 210.71 4.7 14.3
This paper introduces an analytical model to predict the temperature profile in a planar moving
10 heating
induction 430 37.6
process. 10 187.65
The power 169.98
density of 155.57
induced eddy current qv in9.26
the heated20.6
workpiece
can be obtained based on Maxwell equations, which govern the general induction heating. Then the
5. Conclusions
transient temperature evolution will be calculated using the mathematical equations defined as a
rectangle moving
This paper heating source
introduces with the
an analytical uniform
model power
to predict thePtemperature
L . In addition, several
profile finite element
in a planar moving
simulations and experiments
induction heating process. Theare conducted
power densitytoofvalidate
inducedthe analytical
eddy current calculation model,
qv in the heated and the
workpiece
following conclusions
can be obtained basedcan be achieved:
on Maxwell equations, which govern the general induction heating. Then the
transient temperature evolutioncalculated
(1) The temperature profile by the analytical
will be calculated model
using the introducedequations
mathematical in this work is similar
defined as a
to the finite
rectangle element
moving simulation
heating source results.
with theBy comparing
uniform powerwith
PL. finite elementseveral
In addition, simulation
finite and the
element
corresponding validation experiments, the maximum temperature in the workpiece is verified while
the velocity is 5 mm/s and 8 mm/s, respectively. It is noticed that the maximum temperature by
analytical calculation is higher than the simulation results and the experimental results, due to the
fact that the simulation model has taken into consideration of the surface heat transfer effect while the
analytical model ignores it. It is presented that the relative errors between the analytical maximum
temperature and the corresponding experimental data are lower than 25%, and there is a low error
level when the temperature is higher than 200, which is matched with the fact that the convective heat
transfer coefficient decreases with the temperature rises in reality.
(2) The higher input current intensity I of the coil, the higher temperature is acquired, which has
a good agreement with the finite element simulation results and the experiment results. Similarly,
the heated temperature rises as the frequency f increases at the same level of I. It is also proved that
the moving velocity v influences the temperature in the planar induction heating process, thus it is
essentially to treat v as an important parameter in the temperature precisely prediction.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1445 12 of 13

(3) The computation efficiency of the analytical model in this work is higher than the finite element
simulation model. Taking into consideration of the indispensable simplification during the analytical
modeling and the difficulties in precisely calculation and controlling of the induction coil during the
planar moving induction experiment system, it is believed that the established analytical model in this
work can be used to predict the temperature evolution in the heated workpiece by the planar moving
induction heating. In addition, in order to acquire more precise temperature prediction, it is essential
that the convection heat transfer should be considered in the following research work, especially in the
lower heated temperature level.

Author Contributions: The methodology, F.L.; validation, F.L. and J.N.; data curation, F.L.; writing—original
draft preparation, F.L.; writing—review and editing, J.N. and S.Y.L.; funding acquisition, F.L.
Funding: This research was funded by the National Science Foundation of China (No.: U1430116), the Foundation
of China’s National Scholarship Council (No.: 201806935026), Shanxi Provincial Science and Technology
Major Project of China (No.: 20181101008) and Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province, China
(No.: 201701D121078).
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References
1. Tomita, H. Industry applications of small induction heater. In Proceedings of the 2012 9th France-Japan
and 7th Europe-Asia Congress on and Research and Education in Mechatronics, Paris, France, 21–23
November 2012.
2. Rudnev, V.; Loveless, D.; Cook, R.L. Handbook of Induction Heating, 2nd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL,
USA, 2017.
3. Beate, O.T. Induction thermography for surface crack detection and depth determination. Appl. Sci. 2018,
8, 257. [CrossRef]
4. Zhou, C.; Liu, X.; Apostolidis, P.; Scarpas, A.T.; He, L. Induction heating-assisted compaction in Porous
Asphalt Pavements: A computational study. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 2308. [CrossRef]
5. Kilic, V.T.; Unal, E.; Demir, H.V. Coupling and power transfer efficiency enhancement of modular and array
of planar coils using in-plane ring-shaped inner ferrites for inductive heating applications. J. Appl. Phys.
2017, 122, 83–89. [CrossRef]
6. Bui, H.T.; Hwang, S.J. Design of an induction heating coil coupled with magnetic flux concentrators for
barrel heating of an injection molding machine. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. C J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 2014, 229, 518–527.
[CrossRef]
7. Ruffini, R.S.; Ruffini, R.T.; Nemkov, V.S.; Goldstein, R.C. Advanced Design of Induction Processes and Work
Coils for Heat Treating and Assembly in Automotive Industry. In Proceedings of the 1999 SAE Southern
Automotive Manufacturing Conference and Exposition, Birmingham, AL, USA, 28–30 September 1999.
8. Nemkov, V.; Goldstein, R.; Ruffini, R. Magnetic Flux Controllers for Induction Heating Applications. 2004,
Volume 25, pp. 567–572. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294644619_Magnetic_
flux_controllers_for_induction_heating_applications (accessed on 6 April 2019).
9. Kagimoto, H.; Miyagi, D.; Takahashi, N.; Uchida, N.; Kawanaka, K. Effect of Temperature Dependence of
Magnetic Properties on Heating Charac-teristics of Induction Heater. IEEE Trans. Magn. 2010, 46, 3018–3021.
[CrossRef]
10. Li, F.; Li, X.K.; Qin, X.F.; Rong, Y.M. Study on the plane induction heating process strengthened by magnetic
flux concentrator based on response surface methodology. J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 2018, 32, 2347–2356.
[CrossRef]
11. Barka, N. Study of the machine parameters effects on the case depths of 4340 spur gear heated by
induction-2D model. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2017, 93, 1173–1181. [CrossRef]
12. Luozzo, N.D.; Fontana, M.; Arcondo, B. Modelling of induction heating of carbon steel tubes: Mathematical
analysis, numerical simulation and validation. J. Alloys Compd. 2012, 536, 564–568. [CrossRef]
13. Choi, J.K.; Park, K.S.; Lee, S.S. Prediction of high-frequency induction hardening depth of an AISI
1045speciman by finite element analysis and experiments. Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. 2018, 19, 1821–1827.
[CrossRef]
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1445 13 of 13

14. Khazaal, M.H.; Abdulbaqi, I.M.; Thejel, R.H. Modeling, design and analysis of an induction heating
coil for brazing process uning FEM. In Proceedings of the 2016 Al-Sadey International Conference on
Multidisciplinary in IT and Communication Science and Applications, Baghdad, Iraq, 9–10 May 2016.
15. Li, F.; Li, X.K.; Zhu, T.X.; Rong, Y.M. Numerical simulation of the moving induction heating process with
magnetic flux concentrator. Adv. Mech. Eng. 2013, 5. [CrossRef]
16. Ning, J.; Liang, S.Y. Prediction of temperature distribution in orthogonal machining based on the mechanics
of the cutting process using a constitutive model. J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2018, 37, 37. [CrossRef]
17. Ning, J.; Liang, S.Y. Analytical modeling of machining forces of ultra-fine-grained titanium. Int. J. Adv.
Manuf. Technol. 2019, 101, 627–636. [CrossRef]
18. Jankowski, T.A.; Pawley, N.H.; Gonzales, L.M.; Ross, C.A. Approximate analytical solution for induction
heating of a solid cylinders. Appl. Math. Model. 2016, 40, 2770–2782. [CrossRef]
19. Streblau, M. Mathematical model of induction heating processs in axial symmetric inductor-detail systems.
TEM J. 2014, 3, 162–166.
20. Elsen, M.V.; Baelmans, M.; Mercelis, P.; Kruth, J.P. Solutions for modelling moving heat sources in a
semi-infinite medium and applications to laser material processing. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 2007, 50,
4872–4882. [CrossRef]
21. Carslaw, H.; Jaeger, J. Conduction of Heat in Solids, 2nd ed.; Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK, 1959.
22. Zgraja, J.; Teodorczyk, T. Estimation of convection coefficient of induction heated cylindrical charge.
Przeglad Elektrotechnicczny 2010, 86, 328–329.

© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).