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ТЕЗИ ДОПОВІДЕЙ
МІЖУНІВЕРСИТЕТСЬКОГО НАУКОВО-ПРАКТИЧНОГО СЕМІНАРУ
Організаційний комітет:
ЗМІСТ
Брик Т. О.
ФОРМУВАННЯ САМОМОТИВАЦІЇ КУРСАНТІВ У ПРОЦЕСІ ВИВЧЕННЯ
ІНОЗЕМНОЇ МОВИ У ВВНЗ…………………………………………......................25
Винниченко С.Д.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ НАУКОВИХ ТЕКСТІВ ВІЙСЬКОВОЇ ТЕМАТИКИ…………..29
Волік О.В.
ВИКОРИСТАННЯ КОМП’ЮТЕРНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ ПІД ЧАС
ВИКЛАДАННЯ ІНОЗЕМНОЇ МОВИ……………………………………………....33
Галаган Я.В.
НОВЫЕ ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ……………………………….. 37
Гусарчук А.О.
РЕАЛІЗАЦІЯ ПРОЕКТНОЇ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ В НАВЧАННІ МОВИ……………….48
Danylova I.D.
ADVANTAGES OF MULTIMEDIA IN ENGLISH TEACHING…………………....52
Демченко Д.І.
МОТИВАЦІЯ ПІД ЧАС ОПАНУВАННЯ І ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ІНОЗЕМНОЇ
МОВИ В ПРОЦЕСІ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ МАЙБУТНЬОГО
ЮРИСТА……………………………………………………………………………...53
Зайцева М.О.
ЗНАЧЕННЯ ДИСКУРСИВНИХ МАРКЕРІВ
В ЮРИДИЧНОМУ ДИСКУРСІ …………………………………………………......64
Iukhno N.V.
PREPARING MEDICAL STUDENTS FOR PUBLIC & ONLINE
ENGLISH SPEAKING ………………………………………………………………..67
Kozka I.K
REQUIREMENTS TO THE SCIENTIFIC TEXTSFOR MEDICAL STUDENTS
STUDYING FOR MASTER’S LEVEL……………………………………………….74
Комар А.О.
ФОРМУВАННЯ ІНШОМОВНОЇ КОМУНІКАТИВНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ
У МАЙБУТНІХ УЧИТЕЛІВ ІНОЗЕМНИХ МОВ………………………………....81
5
Короткова Ю.М.
ПРОБЛЕМА ЗМІСТУ І СТРУКТУРИ НАВЧАЛЬНОГО ПІДРУЧНИКА
З ІНОЗЕМНОЇ МОВИ (ДОСВІД ГРЕЦІЇ І РЕСПУБЛІКИ КІПР)…………………85
Курінна С.Д.
ФОРМУВАННЯ ДОСВІДУ МІЖКУЛЬТУРНОЇ КОМУНІКАЦІЇ
ТА РОЛЬ СТЕРЕОТИПІВ У ПРОЦЕСІ ЇЇ НАВЧАННЯ…………………………...90
Кушнір І.М.
E-НАВЧАННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОВИ ЯК ІНОЗЕМНОЇ: СУЧАСНИЙ
ФОРМАТ САМОСТІЙНОЇ РОБОТИ ІНОЗЕМНИХ СТУДЕНТІВ……………….94
Larchenko V.V.
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION VIA SOCIAL MEDIA………………..97
Левицька Л.Г.
ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ПАРЕМІЙ У НАВЧАННІ ІНОЗЕМНОЇ МОВИ…………….100
Малєєва Т.Є.
ПЕРЕВАГИ ДИСТАНЦІЙНОГО НАВЧАННЯ ІНОЗЕМНОЇ МОВИ З
ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ....……………............106
Melnyk Svitlana S.
SPECIFICITIES OF TEACHING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE FOR SPECIFIC
PURPOSES…………………………...........................................................................109
Місеньова В.В.
КОММУНИКАТИВНЫЕ ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ КАК ОДИН ИЗ
МЕТОДИЧЕСКИХ ПРИЁМОВ ОБУЧЕНИЯ ИНОСТРАННОМУ ЯЗЫКУ.........113
Нігаметзянова К.Р.
ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ФРЕЙМОВИХ СТРУКТУР НА ЗАНЯТТЯХ
З ІНОЗЕМНОЇ МОВИ ПРОФЕСІЙНОГО СПІЛКУВАННЯ У ВИЩИХ
ВІЙСЬКОВИХ НАВЧАЛЬНИХ ЗАКЛАДАХ.........................................................117
Petrova O.B.
ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES:
VALUE IN THE HIGHER MEDICA EDUCATION………………………………..127
Петрушенко Ж.В.
ІННОВАЦІЙНІ ОСВІТНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ПРИ НАВЧАННІ
АНГЛІЙСКОЇ МОВИ……………………………………………………………….128
Підлужна І.А.
ФОРМУВАННЯ РЕФЛЕКСИВНИХ УМІНЬ В ПРОЦЕСІ ВИКЛАДАННЯ
ІНОЗЕМНИХ МОВ…………………………………………………………………131
Рекун Н. М.
АКТУАЛЬНА ПРОБЛЕМАТИКА МЕТОДИЧНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ
ВИКЛАДАЧА ІНОЗЕМНОЇ МОВИ ДЛЯ СПЕЦІАЛЬНИХ ЦІЛЕЙ......................138
Romaniuk S.M.
CASE STUDY FOR DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL
INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE OF LAW STUDENTS ……………………...147
Savchenko Olga
ON SOME ISSUES OF MILITARY DISCOURSE…………………………………150
Скриннік Н.А.
ФОРМУВАННЯ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ У
СТУДЕНІВ ЗВО В ПРОЦЕСІ НАВЧАННЯ ІНОЗЕМНОЇ МОВИ………………154
7
Сорока Н.А.
ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ПРИНЦИПІВ ФОРМУВАННЯ ТА ЗАСВОЄННЯ
ІНОЗЕМНОЇ МОВИ ЯК ЗНАКОВОЇ СИСТЕМИ ЧЕРЕЗ СПІЛКУВАННЯ........162
Фурсенко Т.М.
СПЕЦИФІКА ВИКЛАДАННЯ ІНОЗЕМНОЇ МОВИ ДЛЯ СПЕЦІАЛЬНИХ
ЦІЛЕЙ У ЗАКЛАДАХ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ…………………......................................168
Ципіна Д.С.
ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ОСНОВИ РОЗРОБЛЕННЯ
ПЕДАГОГІЧНОЇ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ФОРМУВАННЯ КОМУНІКАТИВНОЇ
КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ МЕНЕДЖЕРІВ…………………….......................................171
Черниш Л.М.
ІНТЕРАКТИВНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ НАВЧАННЯ, ЯК МОТИВАЦІЯ ДЛЯ
ВИВЧЕННЯ ІНОЗЕМНОЇ МОВИ…………………………………………………179
Щербина В.В.
CREATIVE APPROACH TO TEACHING GRAMMAR AS THE WAY OF
MOTIVATING STUDENTS …………………………………….............................190
Щокіна Т.М.
ПСИХОЛІНГВІСТИЧНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО ВИВЧЕННЯ МОВИ
ЯК РІЗНОВИДУ ЗНАКОВОЇ СИСТЕМИ...............................................................193
ЛІТЕРАТУРА
1. Бігич, О. Б. Методика формування міжкультурної іншомовної комунікативної
компетенції: Курс лекцій [Текст]: навч.-метод. посіб. / О. Б. Бігич, Н. Ф. Бориско,
Г. Е. Борецька та ін.; за ред. С. Ю. Ніколаєвої. - К.: Ленвіт, 2011. - 344 с.
2. Квасова О.Г. Использование проблемных коммуникативных ситуаций в
обучении иностранному общению студентов 2-4 курсов языкового вуза.
Іноземні мови, 1999 - № 1 –С. 32-33.
3. Ляховицкий М.В., Вишневский Е.И. Структура речевой ситуации и ее
реализация в учебно-воспитательном процессе. Иностранные языки в школе –
1984 - № 7. С.18-23.
4. Образцов П. И., Иванова О.Ю. Профессионально-ориентированное обучение
иностранному языку на неязыковых факультетах вузов / П. И. Образцов. – Орел:
ОГУ, 2005. – 114 с.
Authentic materials are used in the process of foreign language teaching for along
period of time.As for the meaning of the term associated with authenticity, in the
linguistic theories it refers to: the language produced by native speakers for native
24
speakers; the language produced by a real speaker for a real audience; the interaction
between students and teachers; the types of chosen task; the social situation of the
classroom; a stretch of real language, designed to send some sort of real message [1, p.
97].Integrating authenticity into foreign language teaching means using «authentic texts
for language learning and the preserving of this authenticity throughout the procedures
in which they are implicated» [2, p. 80].
The concept of authentic materials involves texts of various kinds, participants,
the process of communication and its purposes, social background and so on. All these
are directed to raise learners’ motivation and to meet their needs better. The use of
authentic materials in the foreign language teaching has many varied benefits.
The most important of them are the following:
– authentic materials are often related to current events that can be more interesting for
students;
– activities included in follow-up tasks provide students with the opportunity to apply
or practice the new skill;
– authentic materials consist of real-life examples of language used in everyday
situations [3].
Students can experience «real» language instead of looking how it is used, hear
the true tone of native speakers, when listening. The purpose of using authentic
materials is to teach students what they should know to understand and use English in
real life. As a rule, authentic materials are presented by newspapers, magazines,
advertisements, instructions, leaflets, movies, television shows, official letters,
postcards and others.
Authentic materials may be divided into audio, visual, audio-visual and printed.
While preparing authentic texts, teachers have to pay attention such criteria as context
of the text, students’ language level, their age and topic interests. To realize
authenticity-centered approach in practice teachers should find appropriate authentic
texts, design tasks that fit to students’ proficiency level. Increases in tasks difficulty
may probably increase students learning potential. It is necessary to help students use
25
Нац. акад. пед. наук України; [редкол.: В. Г. Кремень (голова), В. І. Луговий (заст.
голови), А. М. Гуржій (заст. голови), О. Я. Савченко (заст. голови)]; за заг. ред. В.
Г. Кременя. — Київ: Педагогічна думка, 2016. — 448 с. — Бібліогр.: с. 21. — (До
25-річчя незалежності України).
communication, but also to satisfy their curiosity and stimulate the expression of desire.
Increasing classroom capacity. Multi-media teaching rhythm is adapted to the
needs of modernization to meet the student’s desire for knowledge. It can expand text-
related materials. The use of multimedia technologies can make students notice a clear
knowledge and a new expansion by huge information capacity which shows by all kinds
of media.
Multimedia do make revolutionary benefits in language teaching. It is no doubt
that more practical and effective ways can be worked out to improve English teaching
through the multimedia resources.
ЛІТЕРАТУРА
1. Теляшенко В.Л. Професійно орієнтоване навчання студентів іноземної
мови в немовному вузі// Теорія та практика державного управління: [Збірник] /
Нац.акад.держ.упр. при Президентові України, Харк. регіон. ін-т [Редкол.:
Г.І.Мостовий та ін.]. –– Вип.4. Актуальні питання навчання іншомовної
комунікації у вищих навчальних закладах: матеріали наук.-практ.конф., 20 травня
2003 р. – Х: Магістр, 2003. – С.78-81.
2. Білий А.Г., Веремієнко С.Я. Можливості використання мультимедійних
курсів у навчанні іноземних мов / А.Г.Білий, С.Я.Веремієнко // Проблеми
гуманізму і освіти: зб. матеріалів науково-метод. конф., м. Вінниця, 21-22 травня
2002 р. В 2-х томах. Том 2. – Вінниця: Універсам – Вінниця, 2002. - С.143-145.
Le langage du droit véhicule en outre des notions qui sont propres à une tradition,
une culture, à un système, et qui n’ont pas d’équivalent dans d’autres langues et
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concevoir et de produire un outil terminologique, qui doit avoir pour l'apprenant tout
d'abord une portée opérationnelle.La terminologie juridique devient vraiment
opérationnelle dans les phrases qui forment un discours juridique. Dans ce cas le
processus d’enseignement d’une terminologie juridique ne doit pas être concentré de
préférence sur les problèmes lexicaux.Les enseignants ne doivent pas oublier les
démarches didactiques liées à l’enseignement d’un fonctionnement des termes dans la
phrase. La situation concrète de communication est le cadre où le spécialiste s'évalue,
assimile et utilise la terminologie. Donc, il est préférable dans l’enseignement d’une
terminologie juridique de considérer que la langue avant d'être une structure, est une
pratique toujours contextualisée.
On peut conclure que l’enseignement d’une terminologie juridique est un
processus compliqué lié d’une part à la structure lexicale des termes et de l’autre part
au fonctionnement de ces termes dans des structures juridiques. Du point de vue
didactique ce processus exige l’élaboration du système des exercices sur la formation et
le fonctionnement des termes dans le contexte professionnel. Les bons résultats peuvent
être acquis si on 'emploie dans l'enseignement d’une terminologie juridique des
exercices sur l'analyse de formation des termes, le choix des équivalents, des
synonymes (antonymes), les exercices sur la polysémie ou sur la création des
nouveauxmots.
Références bibliographiques
tion_juridique_Principes_et_nuances
5. L. J. Constantinesco. Traité de droit comparé. La méthode comparative. - Pans:
L.G.D.J., - 1974. –P. 144- 145
6. Cornu G. Vocabulaire juridique. - Paris : Puf.- 320 p.
перекручування;
2. Розбіжність статусів;
3. Страх перед покаранням.
4.Інформаційні перевантаження – неможливість реагувати на всю інформацію,
розподіляти її на потрібну й непотрібну.
5. Незадовільна структура інформації: багато рівнів, багато перекручувань.
Далі окреслимо шляхи, що поліпшують процес комунікації:
1.Керуюче регулювання: чітке визначення й формулювання завдань; формування
чіткого подання; обговорення планів, завдань, шляхів їхнього рішення;
планування, реалізація та контроль щодо поліпшення інформаційного обміну.
2.Удосконалювання системи зворотного зв’язку: переміщення людей з метою
обговорення; опитування людей.
3.Удосконалювання системи збору інформації з метою знижування
перекручування або фільтрації ідей.
4. Створення каналів для інформаційних повідомлень.
5.Впровадження сучасних інформаційних технологій (електронна пошта, скайп та
інші).
Звертаючись до таких пунктів, як поліпшення інформаційного обміну,
обговорення завдань та шляхів їхніх рішень, проаналізуємо таке явище, як
дискурсивні маркери. На нашу думку, аудиторія під час професійної комунікації є
досить однорідною, бо реципієнти володіють певними юридичними знаннями, які
об`єднують всіх отримувачів повідомлення у певну спільність професійно
параметризованих комунікантів. Ураховуючи це, розподілимо засоби актуалізації
інформації на експліцитні та імпліцитні.
Розглянемо спочатку перший тип маркерів – експліцитні. До прямих
експліцитніх маркерів належать такі, які передають безпосереднє звернення до
аудиторії та авторську думку: Thank you, gentlemen, for accepting our invitation. I
extend my thanks to the interpreters, who will allow us to avoid the Tower of Babel
syndrome.
66
Iukhno N. V. (Kharkiv)
For the modern Ukrainian doctor, cultured and educated, English speaking in
public both online and in front of a live audience is an integral part of his professional
activity. But for many medical students, standing in public and giving a speech is one of
the biggest fears [3]. In particular, for many language students, this is not an easy task.
There are ways in which medical students can help middle-level students overcome the
difficulties involved and make their speeches as impressive as possible.
Public speaking is the transfer of information from one level to another by a group
of people, usually with some preparation. Working on public speaking helps develop
students' fluency and requires them to think through what they say and what they say.
Speech practice is useful for speaking in any life situation, whether in public or in
online counseling.
In preparing students for public speaking, the following important points should
be taken into account:
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a) Ideas and content generation. Many students find it difficult to get started, so
students should be given a specific topic and not something abstract. It is often useful
for students to work in groups at the planning stage, helping each other to put forward
ideas. You can give them different ways of writing ideas, because not everyone likes the
same methods. This may be the compilation of mind maps, the compilation of lists or
writing ideas on cards and then placing them on a piece of paper in groups.
b) Structure. It is necessary to emphasize the importance of having a beginning,
middle and end and should remind students of this. You can then give them a standard
introduction to use for the first speech. These central ideas help students build the
structure of the rest of their speech. In subsequent speeches to make the beginning of a
speech not seem boring and dry, you should experiment with different styles, for
example, use light humor. Many students are so excited from the excitement that they
have reached the end of their speech, that they are in a hurry to conclude or sometimes
completely forget about it. These language means of expression will help in the
preparation of:
• structure the text;
• use complex sentences;
• use introductory words;
• use rhetorical questions;
• present material with emotions;
• highlight the main idea;
• encourage the audience to take action;
• use proverbs, sayings and comparisons;
• give an example from life;
• apply repetitions but do not resort to this technique too often;
• demonstrate your own interest in the topic;
• do not speak too quietly but do not shout;
• practice the pronunciation of words before speaking. Say the text clearly.
c) Body language. There are various statistics about how much of our communication
69
is done using our body language. In any case, you should pay attention to this and do
some work with students in this area. For example, you can offer to perform exercises
that help to maintain posture, follow gestures, establish eye contact with the audience.
d) Monotony and emotional speech. Stress Pause. The fact is that when we speak, we
emphasize with a voice the words that have more meaning in the sentence. We also
pause after many keywords and at the end of a sentence. The following exercise can
help students sound more confident and increase the overall effectiveness of their
speech. Invite your students to listen to a small fragment of a specific speech and
identify the underlined words and pauses in it, and then practice speaking with the same
speech in the same manner. Having practiced well, they will be able to place the
emphasis and pauses in their own speeches. Most people at some point in their life need
to stand up and speak to the public. Therefore, teaching medical students the necessary
skills for public speaking will help them do it more successfully. Videotaping is an
invaluable way of helping students understand what their strengths and weaknesses are.
The only drawback, besides the technical side of using the camera, is the time required
for recording and playback.
This disadvantage can be partially overcome by videotaping only fragments of the
speeches of each student. Many medical students are very nervous the first time they
have to perform in front of their classmates, but with practice, nervousness subsides,
and they usually begin to enjoy the whole process. When teaching students the skills of
monologue speech, there are many factors that affect the quality of their speech. And
the most important, in our opinion, is precisely the preparatory stage. Consequently, the
aspects of speech preparation considered in this article can help the medical student for
public and online English speaking.
REFERENCES
1. Anderman, E.M. (2011). Educational Psychology in the Twenty-First Century:
Challenges for our Community. Educational Psychologist, 46: 185-196.
2. LearnEnglish. British Council [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу:
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en. – Загол. з екрану. – Мова англ.
70
The issue of reading texts for the students of the specialty “Technologies of Medical
Diagnosing and Treatment” is very important. Scientific texts for the students of
Bachelor’s and Master’s levels differ. Students studying for the Bachelor degree read
texts about the tests which are available and performed in any district, city or region
laboratory. Texts for Masters describe modern laboratory tests which are made on the
basis of advanced methodology and equipment. Texts should include information on the
course, diagnosing and symptoms of the diseases since a graduate’s diploma states that
a specialist is not only a laboratory scientist but also a doctor. These texts should not
only present the information but should help students learn how to understand clinical
lectures, job instructions, oral reports about clinical cases. The students should be able
to make a report about a clinical case, write a scientific article, discuss symptoms and
diagnosing of different diseases, search for scientific data and use them in their
professional interaction. The ability to discuss the results of a scientific research with
colleagues is also very important. The range of responsibilities of future specialists in
this field also includes the ability to diagnose the patients and consult physicians on the
test results and patients’ diagnoses. That’s why it seems preferable and advisable in
some units not only to read and listen to one scientific text but to add an additional text
which is much shorter than the main one and concentrates on the additional aspects of
the topic. One such text is given below (within the topic “Bacterial Meningitis”):
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Text 2. Rickettsial disease can resemble bacterial meningitis. The disease may
present acutely with high fever, prostration, myalgia, headache, nausea, and vomiting.
Most patients develop a characteristic rash within 96 h of the onset of symptoms. It
progresses to a petechial rash, then to a purpuric rash and, if untreated, to skin necrosis
or gangrene. Petechial skin lesions, if present, should be biopsied. The color of the
lesions changes from bright red to very dark red, then yellowish-green to black. The
rash typically begins in the wrist and ankles and then spreads within a few hours,
involving the palms and soles. Diagnosis is made by immunofluorescent staining of skin
biopsy specimens [6, p. 2625].
It is worth noting that in the domain of the linguistic genre theory the genre of an
information poster has not been thoroughly studied. Following V. Bhatia, we consider a
genre as a “…situated linguistic behavior in institutionalized academic or professional
settings…” [2, p.629]. J. Harmer defines a genre as “a type of written organization and
layout (such as an advertisement, a letter, a poem, a magazine article, etc.) which will be
instantly recognized for what it is by members of a discourse community – that is any
group of people who share the same language customs and norms” [4, p. 310]. The
scientist is sure that textual success often depends on the familiarity of text organization
for readers of the discourse community, however small or large that community might
be and students should be aware of the genre norms [4, p. 32].
This also concerns the genre of an information poster. We consider that the usage of
this genre for educational objectives will facilitate the implementation of the course
tasks, promote student’s motivation in learning the English language and their linguistic
and communicative cultures as peculiarities of their professional culture of medical
specialists in their future work environments and interactions. That’s why we have
included the task of writing an information poster on maintaining hygiene rules in a test
laboratory. This genre is characterized by abundant usage of modals, imperative
constructions and special vocabulary.
Possible tasks include: Task 1. Write an information poster on maintaining hygiene
during the flu season in a test laboratory. Possible expressions to be used: Follow strict
76
hygiene standards. Constantly wash the hands with antimicrobial soap. Follow the
maintenance schedule. No one is allowed without a facemask, etc. Task 2. Read text 2
and ask questions to the words in italics. Task 3. What questions can be asked to fill in
the gaps? Task 4. Find the terms with the following meanings. Task 5. Write out
symptoms mentioned in the text. Task 6. Supply the words to the definitions. Task 7.
Match the questions with the head sentences: How is the diagnosis made? What organs
are affected by the rash? What is the color of the lesions? What does the rash progress
to? What happens within 96 hours of the onset of the symptoms? What are the
symptoms of the Rickettsial disease? (1. Symptoms. 2. Beginning of the rash. 3. Genesis
of the rash. 4. The color of the rash. 5. Localization of the rash. 6. Diagnosis.).
To sum it all up, we may state that the reading texts for Masters should include the
information about the symptoms, course and diagnosing of the diseases.
References
1. Bailey K. M. Practical English Language Teaching: Speaking. Ed. D. Nunan / K. M.
Bailey. – McGraw - Hill, 2005. – 199 p.
2. Bhatia V.K. Analyzing Genre: Language use in Professional Settings / V.K. Bhatia. –
London: Longman,1993.
3. Brown H.D. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching / H.D. Brown. - 5th ed.
Pearson Education, 2007. - 410 p.
4. Harmer J. The Practice of English Language Teaching / J. Harmer. – Fourth edition.
– Harlow Pearson Education Limited, 2007. – 448 p.
5.Otilia S.M. Needs Analysis in English for Specific Purposes /S.M. Otilia // Annals of
the “Constantin Brancusi” University of Targu Jiu Economy Series. – 2015. - Vol. II. –
№1. – P. 54-55.
6. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. Editor-in Chief T.R. Harrison, the 17th
edition. – McGraw-Hill, 2008. – 2739 p.
77
The main objective of teaching military ESP coursesin the National Academy of
the National Guard of Ukraineis to get officer cadets ready for fruitful communication,
efficient task and problem solving in the professional setting in the English-speaking
environment. Still, the recent changes introduced into the academic process of the
Academy resulted in the increase of number of officer cadets in the regular classes up to
25-27. The situation has become more challenging due to inadequate entrance level of
English language proficiency of candidates to the Academy, insufficient academic hours
allocated for ESP coursesanda variety of learners’ types in the ESP classroom.
Collins Cobuild Dictionary defines a mixed ability class as the one in which
students of different abilities are taught together in the same class, but the present-day
mixed ability classes are varied for many more reasons: 1) they are mixed gender, boys
and girls study together; 2) they might have believers of different religions; 3) the
90
learners might have had different experience, including operational deployment; 4) they
might have come from totally different background; 5) they might have extremely
different level of emotional intelligence; 6) the academic level of the group might range
from minimal competencies to quite advanced level. All these factors should be taken
into consideration while preparing for military ESP classes; otherwise they would ruin
the course itself.
Having analyzed the best teaching practices of the ESP practitioners in the
Department of Foreign Languages of the Academy, a checklist for teachers has been
developed with the recommendations on how to deal with large mixed ability classes.
First of all, set the routine – being the first step in any course, it’s paramount for
large mixed ability classes. Easy-to-create Classroom Management Glossaries might be
very helpful, especially for low level students, giving them equal opportunities to get
familiar with the teacher’s requirements, and get used to the working mode faster. The
pattern a teacher sets in the lessons, like moving from warmers to main activities,
summing up every lesson, working on pronunciation of ESP vocabulary before
introducing the texts for reading, – will make the learners follow the lesson stages
easier, anticipate next activities and feel much more comfortable in the English
language environment on the whole.
Engage the whole group, provide academic equality. Activities in the classroom
should give all students the feeling of belonging to this particular ESP community. The
most efficient type of interaction in large classes is the whole class mingling or groups
of 4-5-6, in which the teacher should appoint someone responsible for the outcome of
the work of the group. It is advisable to provide the correct answers on the task cards, so
that all the learners, despite their level, could participate equally and feel personal
responsibility for peer assessment. The teacher can “pass the ball”, and delegate some
teacher’s tasks to bright students – they can monitor the way their groups work, or get
feedback from them and then report back to the teacher.
Use technologies. Mobile phones can make a good source of information in the
ESP classroom, especially when the discussion leads to specifications of vehicles, for
91
example. Groups can compete, which is faster to check the data or find the mistake.
YouTube videos, TED talks, online presentations, quizzes – these resources encourage
students of different levels and abilities to participate actively and contribute in the
lesson.
Get feedback regularly, develop critical thinking skills, improve on the way, as
well as ask the students’ opinion at the end of the course. The teacher should establish
trust in the classroom and show the students that their opinion is valued. Asking the
students’ feedback on a regular basis will promote their critical thinking. Let them
shape the course, ask them to introduce something new into the topic or module of the
course.
Encourage positive feelings. The main task of the teacher is to create a non-
threatening ESP classroom to build the students’ confidence. Large mixed ability
classes should become a place where students will learn how to learn not only from
their teachers, but from their peers, building their autonomous skills and developing
English language confidence in their professional specialization.
New technologies help teachers to make their classes more interesting and
efficient whether it is a class on Science or the Humanities. Social media can also be of
98
a great help from teachers’ vlogs/blogs to students’ groups. The task of the paper is to
prove that social media can be an integral element in teaching a language. The novelty
of the paper is proving the necessity of the usage of vlogs/blogs of CIS students living
in the USA and sharing their language experience in an English-speaking context at
English classes in CIS Universities.
There are works dedicated to language and media analyzing them from different
aspects from philosophical, political to linguistic ones. E.g. Jennifer Dailey-O’Cain
made a research on English in social media communities and came to a conclusion
that«an analysis of the language use in these kinds of communities goes beyond studies
of so-called “internet language,” and can in fact serve more broadly as a close look at
how globalization phenomena (in the form of “international English”) play out in the
practices of everyday life» [1, p. 4].Rachelle Vessey stresses the significance of
language politics in the French-speaking Canadian context so that «minoritised groups
are under growing pressure to translate linguistic cultures into English and globalised,
market-driven context» [3, p. 253] and how this language politics is highlighted on
Twitter and news media. It is stated in the «Social Networking for Language
Education» [2] that social networking is important for the modern human interaction
that is constantly developing in its communicative patterns, though they find it
controversial to be applied to language education because of evidence lack of its ways
in language learning promotion and also whether it is really possible.
None of the research pays attention to the particular social media usage in the
English language education as vlogs/blogs of CIS students living in the USA and
sharing their language experience in an English-speaking context. Those vlogs/blogs are
a good method for teaching students becausethese vloggers/bloggers:
1. are close to the students who study in CIS Universities in their youth culture
by way of:
1.1. common communication way;
1.2. common values;
1.3. common lifestyle;
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2. can depict and analyze the Englis speaking countries from insider’s
viewpoint;
3. are a real example of the necessity of the English language knowledge to
survive and achieve goodwill in the non-native context.
Every point mentioned above can lead to constructing common values in the
English language learning so that the students who study in CIS Universities can
comprehend the English-speaking context via the reflection of the same students like
they are and understand that any student can learn the language the best way so that not
to feel himself\herself an outsider.
Nowadays the most widely used social media for students are YouTube and
Instagram, where they have their specific youth culture experience. There is an
interesting and informative account on both Instagram of @english.maria.batkhan, and
YouTube «English Maria»of a student who calls herself a «schoolmam»and gives brief
and understandable explanation of vocabulary, grammar, etc. with examples from
music, movies in a manner that students like so much.
There is a «LinguaTrip» Youtube channel which gives students different
information from cultural specific features of English speaking countries to linguistic
ones. Maria also participates in it. One more interesting vlogger here is Venya Pak, who
teaches not only different specificities of English phrases and vocabulary usage, but also
to read an English text like a native speaker even by those students who have never
spoken that way. He is so popular among CIS students that he decided to create his own
YouTube channel named«VenyaPakTV».
So, we may conclude that it is important to use social media in the English
language education nowadays, because it is the reality of the modernity and students
who are constantly involved in social media can perceive the information connected
with the language much easier and with a greater interest. It is necessary to study the
problem further to understand its psychological aspect more.
REFERENCES
100
тематичного веб-сайту.
Сучасні засоби дистанційного навчання синтезують у собі продуктивні
педагогічні та інформаційні технології, забезпечуючи тим самим
передумови для впровадження принципово нового підходу до навчання в
новому освітньому середовищі. Педагогічна технологія включає ретельне
проектування, організацію і проведення навчального процесу з безумовним
забезпеченням комфортних умов для студентів і викладача, засобом
реалізації яких є інформаційні технології.
Можливості дистанційного навчання допомагають викладачеві іноземної
мови скласти індивідуальну програму для кожного конкретного студента
відповідно до потреб студента і конкретних цілей, що постають перед ним.
ЛІТЕРАТУРА
1. Воронова Е. Н. Использование Веб-квест технологии в процессе
обучения английскому языку в вузе/ Е.Н.Воронова // [Электронный
ресурс] / Режим доступа: www.naryishkin.spb.ru
2. Dodge, B. SomeThoughtsAboutWebQuests/ 1995-1997// Електронный
ресурс / Режим доступа: http://webquest.sdsu.edu/about_webquests.html
teaching should be used. Different modern models of interaction between teachers and
students must be employed. First of all, classical and well known exercises always work
well and aim at developing students’ skills and knowledge but the exercises should be
updated and correspond to modern requirements. The exercises must be professionally
structured, student- and communication-oriented and direcrted.
The structure of the exercises system depends on the teaching objective and tasks
considering all the factors which develop the students’ psychological, psycholinguistic,
and socio-cultural abilities for foreign language communication, assist in the goal of
teaching students and highlight its content.
The system of exercises designed to form a professionally directed competence in
speaking foreign languages by students of technical and economic specialties is based
on
- professional learning content;
- basic skills of business communication in such activities as participating in
business talks and negotiations, presentations, telephone calls;
- taking the socio-cultural component of learning into account.
The core of this problem is in the fact that it is impossible to speak about the
unified system of exercises which is a part of the teaching course, manual or a kind of
speaking in general. Therefore, a definite system of exercises corresponds to a definite
teaching aim [2].
Thus, the language must not be a goal but a means of reaching success and
recognition. The best way to teach students how to do it is to use the method of case
study at the lesson.
There are various definitions of case study. P.V. Young regards case study as a
comprehensive study of a social unit, be it a person, a group of persons, an institution, a
community or a family. Groode and Hatt think it is a method of exploring and analyzing
the life of a social unit. C.H. Cooley is sure that case study depends on our perception
and gives clear insight into life directory. Johoda considers case study a small inclusive
and intensive study of an individual in which investigators brings to bear their skills and
112
method [6]. So, keeping the above definitions in mind there can be drawn the following
conclusion about case study: case study is a method of studying a social unit and its
aspects deeply and thoroughly.
It is known that case studies can be of various nature: illustrative, exploratory,
cumulative, critical instance.
There exist common ideas what a typical case study should consist of:
Plan (it usually includes people involved, topic and its importance, necessary
information and documents, interviewees).
Develop Instruments (survey protocols, different questionnaires, translation into
local languages if necessary).
Train Data Collectors (an introduction to objectives, data collection items and
instruments and their implementation, various skill-building exercises).
Collect Data (relevant documents (either written or oral), explaining the purpose
of the interview, its duration and confidentiality, way of note-taking).
Analyze Data (reviewing relevant documents and interview data).
Disseminate Findings (writing a report, asking for feedback, revising).
Thus, in the given context, their advantages, as well as disadvantages, should be
mentioned. Taking their advantages into consideration, it is necessary, first of all, speak
about their flexibility, in-depth content emphasis, natural and reliable data, further
exploration, artificially created situations.
The disadvantages of case studies are as follows: unique data, subjective to some
extent, small scale of the conducted research, the results reliability, validity and
generalization can be doubtful [4].
Thus, taking the above mentioned into account, we can draw the conclusion that
the method of case study is becoming increasingly popular nowadays which gives
teachers of foreign languages for specific purposes a wide range of its implementation
considering not only the key problems of Ukraine but foreign countries as well.
References
1. Загальноєвропейські Рекомендації з мовної освіти: вивчення, викладання,
113
English language training is classified into the types according to various factors
and peculiarities, either of age of the trainees, duration of the course, the aims of
studies, etc.
Medical university applies English as a foreign language training in different
courses for specific purposes. The syllabi of the courses depend on the specific aims
which are set, and are designed according to the ‘needs’, ‘lacks’ and ‘wants’ of the
students [1], in the framework of the conventional idea of English for specific purposes
(ESP) as a special course which “is based on designing courses to meet learners’ needs”
[1, p. 3]. The authors say about the ESP focus on professional communication skills as
the key factor in the attaining special knowledge.
We teach foreign language to the future medical professionals in different
medical fields: therapy, pediatrics, dentistry, preventive medicine, physiotherapy,
laboratory diagnosis, etc. All these areas are connected with diverse professional
responsibilities which suggest different volume, contents and forms of communication,
realized with the aid of the foreign language.
The groups of trainees involve the following levels of education: training for the
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Bachelor degree, Master degree, Philosophy Doctor degree. Specific for the PhD
course, in particular, is the objective to complete a PhD research on a subject in a field
of medicine. It supposes acquirement of research, practical and other foreign language
professional competencies, to be able to complete the tasks of their professional
activity.
The training materials are based on the results of the carried preparatory work on
creating focused activities which provide the trainees with skills that are adequate and
really useful for their future practice.
Thus, PhD postgraduates are involved in completion of useful tasks relating to the
scientific literature review during their elaboration of the research subject, working with
international databases, etc. English as a foreign language is necessary for them for
writing abstracts, articles, compiling conference reports, preparing manuscripts for
publications, etc.
References
1. Hutchinson T., Waters A. English for Specific Purposes: A learning-centered
approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. – 183 p.
компетентності.
ЛІТЕРАТУРА:
1. Ніколаєва С. Ю. Основи сучасної методики викладання іноземних мов
(схеми і таблиці) / С. Ю. Ніколаєва // Київ : Ленвіт, 2008. – 258 с.
2. Рекун Н. М. Поліваріантність ролей викладача іноземної мови для
професійних цілей / Н. М. Рекун // Педагогічний процес : теорія і практика
(Серія : Педагогіка). – №4 (63), 2018. – С. 57-63.
3. Graves K. Designing Language Courses : A Guide for Teachers / K. Graves //
Boston, MA : Heinle Heinle Publishers, 2000. – 308 p.
4. Master P. Responses to English for Specific Purposes / P. Master // San José
State University. – 2005. – 241 p.
5. Tarnopolsky O. Constructivist blended learning approach to teaching English for
specific purposes / O. Tarnopolsky // London : Versita, 2012. – 254 p.
house – в будинку розпалили камін); 4. Стрільба зі зброї (to open fire – відкрити
вогонь); 5. Сильне почуття, пристрасть (а fire of love – вогонь кохання).
Не всі нові слова, що зустрічаються в тексті, вимагають спеціального
вивчення. Наприклад, навчати таким словам, як, sport, start, немає необхідності: їх
студенти і так зрозуміють у тексті, тому що і в рідній мові є слова з тим самим
значенням.
Слова, які можуть бути зрозумілі в тексті без спеціального вивчення,
складають потенціальний словник. На основі лінгвістичного аналізу лексики
англійської мови виділяють наступні джерела потенційного словника:
багатозначні, похідні, складні, конвертовані, фразеологічні одиниці.
Існує декілька джерел формування потенційного словника:
1. Опора на словотворчі елементи слів. Знаючи суфікси й префікси, їх
значення, а також значення кореневих слів, студенти можуть самостійно
зрозуміти такі слова, як useful, eatable, dissatisfaction.
2. Опора на інтернаціональні слова чи схожі слова рідної мови. Це
джерело розуміння таких слів, як fact, interest, secretary, sputnik.
3. Співвіднесення семантичних структур багатозначних слів іноземної
чи рідної мов і самостійне розуміння невивчених співзначень з опорою на
вивчене значення. Наприклад, знаючи слово hand в значенні «рука», студенти
зрозуміють його значення у словосполученні the hands of the clock – стрілки
годинника.
4. Здогадка про значення слова за контекстом. Так, у контексті Half a
million people inhabit our town значення слова inhabit підказується словами people
and town.
Розглянемо комплекс вправ на формування потенційного словника
студентів.
1. Вправи, спрямовані на навчання здогадки про значення
інтернаціональних слів. Здогадуватися про значення слів, схожих за звучанням та
написанням у різних мовах (інтернаціональні слова) студентам легко, якщо
145
In law universities foreign language tutors must considerthat on the one hand,
147
their law students have underdeveloped legal foundations in their own language and, on
the other hand, linguistic foundations in the foreign language.It is essential to determine
an interdisciplinary integration base of professional competence and multicultural
competencefor a separate program/coursewhere the most effectivestudying methods are
implemented.As professional intercultural competence is an outcome of foreign
language communicative practice rather than academic learning, professional
intercultural training can be referred to as the process of forming or improving the
competence, the ultimate goal of which is achieving the target competence level by a
trainee, in our case, in order to perform his\her general or specific legal profession tasks
and functions by means of a foreign language.
Case study method is a student-centered interactive andinterdisciplinary
technology allowing to implement a wide spectrum of internet technologies
andproviding a plenty of opportunities for individualizing the training process according
to students’ interests and levels. Wedawatta et al (2011) defines case study as an
‘empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life
context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not
clearly evident’.[1]The possible techniques of doing cases in the framework of teaching
Legal English vary but usually the following steps are included: examining the case
(problem), analyzing and discussing the statistics and data; identifying the problem
(task); formulating potential threats; suggesting and discussing possible variants of
solving the problem and choosing the best solution; putting the staff in the picture of
solutions made (in a written way or presenting the results of the case study in the
classroom). These steps can be identified with developing such skills as reading,
speaking, making presentations, listening, writing. When the final decision is taken, all
students are requested to use the information in a written form. It may be a letter, a
memo, an action plan, a report, an e-mail or guidelines – any kind of writing which best
suits the situation, so writing skills are improved greatly. Students may be asked to
present the results of the case study in the classroom. They receive feedback at the end
of their presentation, and it helps them to improve their presentation and oral
148
learning so that they are encouraged to solve problems and address issues that will
apply to their future career. The method emphasizes time on task so that students are
predominantly engaged in learning activities rather than listening to information
presented by others. Consequently, good practice communicates high expectations to
students in order to challenge their performance. It provides prompt feedback to
students about their performance related to learning activities. Finally, the case study
method involves respecting the diverse talents of students and the various ways in
which they learn so that no artificial boundaries are created on the assumption that there
is only one right way to learn or demonstrate competence
REFERENCES
1. Wedawatta G., Ingirige M., Amaratunga R. Case study as a research strategy:
Investigating extreme weather resilience of construction SMEs in the UK // ARCOM
doctoral workshop, International conference on building resilience. Kandalama, Sri
Lanka, 2011. Available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266175395_Case_study_as_a_research_strate
gy_Investigating_extreme_weather_resilience_of_construction_SMEs_in_the_UK
2. Куимова М. В. The use of case study method in teaching English as a foreign
language in technical university // Молодой ученый. — 2010. — №1-2. Т. 2. — С. 82-
86. Available at: URL https://moluch.ru/archive/13/1176/ (24.03.2019).
Generally, military texts comprise two functional language styles – official formal
and scientific and technical. The official formal style is characterized by the wide use of
impersonal, imperative sentences, clichés, infinitive and participle constructions,
various verb forms, parallel structures within one sentence, minimal use of figures of
151
translator does not know which concept should be used to refer this term to while
translating it into English since there is sometimes no object for correlation in
Ukrainian. Since there is no distinct object, it should be explained in an appropriate
way, that is, the concept existing in the native language should be explained, in other
words, to translate a term within the specific context, the content of each term should be
at first understood.When translating complex terms that are unique, their equivalent is
sought using the descriptive method but at the level of understanding only the original
term. The equivalent, in this case, has no terminological correspondence as well and can
only be obtained by means of the explanatory translation based on a specific content
that can be understood.
Thus, the use of systemic organization and structural analysis of various types of
military terminology, the identification of the hierarchical dependence of terms, their
generic assignment and the maximum full understanding of the concept to be translated,
can help make the more exact translation of this or that term.
But this is not the only way to find equivalent terminological correspondences.
The system and structural organization of terminology is only an auxiliary tool that
helps translate a term within the military discourse. One of the main ways to
translatemilitary terms is findingtheirfunctional identity. So far, the functional identity
has been mentioned only in relation to the translation of texts, but this translation
technique can be applied to the translation of single terms. Since the term is always
unambiguous within a certain field of knowledge, the functional purpose of an object of
reality designated by a term, regardless of whether it is an object of reality or just an
abstract notion, enables finding an equivalent correspondence in the Ukrainian
language.
Due to this approach to the translation of a complex term, its system assignment
can be determined, and it becomes easier to find the corresponding equivalent in the
Ukrainian language.It should always be remembered that in English a complex term
might mean not only a military phenomenon common to all languages, but a specific
element of the English reality, and its content cannot be completely understandable in
154
названо в документі) як ключове поняття такої політики; потреби (need for CEF),
наявність яких спричинила появу Загальноєвропейських рекомендацій; сфери, в
яких очікується їх застосування (uses CEF is intended); критерії, яким вони
повинні відповідати (criteria the CEF must meet).
Перша з цих шести підкатегорій стосується визначення змісту РРЄ.
Ключовими поняттями тут є уніфікація підґрунтя (common basis)організації
навчання, його змісту (language syllabuses), мети (objectives), соціокультурного
аспекту (sociocultural context) засвоєння мови(language acquisition), етапів її
вивчення (learning stages) та ступеня її засвоєння як основи для оцінки
(assessment)якості навчанняпротягом усього життя (on a life-long basis).
Перепоною (barrier)на шляху до такої уніфікації є різне тлумачення цих та
інших базових понять (basicnotions)в освітніх системах (educational systems)різних
країн Європи. Внаслідок цього спостерігаються різні підходи (approaches)і різна
інтерпретація (interpretation)опорних понять методики навчання іноземних мов
(teaching foreign languages) у фахівців різних сфер освіти (professionals in the field
of education), починаючи з Міністерства освіти (Department of Education),
розробників програм і підручників (course and textbook designers), методистів
(teachertrainers) і закінчуючи вчителями (teachers) й учнями (learners).
Неузгодженість поняттєвого апарату (notional nomenclature) й структури
систем освіти (educational systems) в різних країнах спричинює труднощі у
взаємному визнанні (mutual recognition) кваліфікацій (qualifications), здобутих
учнями в різнопланових (different learning contexts) вищих навчальних закладах
різних країн. Це ускладнює перехід студентів (students’ mobility) одної країни до
закладів вищої освіти в інших.
РРЄ мають на меті усунути ці перепони (overcome the barriers) шляхом уніфікації
численних чинників, на яких ґрунтується складний феномен володіння мовою
(language command) людиною. Центральним поняттям (major notion) РРЄ є
категорія мовленнєвої компетентності (language competence), яка розпадається на
компоненти у складній ієрархічній системі, аби потім визначити кількісні
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Heutzutage können wir uns unser Leben ohne Handys oder Smartphones kaum
noch vorstellen. Sie sind sowohl Mittel für die mündliche Kommunikation, wenn wir
telefonieren, als auch für die schriftliche, wenn wir Mitteilungen oder E-Mails
schreiben. Man kann sagen, dass Handys, Smartphones, Tablets ein sogenanntes
Universalgerät sind, das zu unserem Alltag gehört und uns überall begleitet.
Jeder Jugendliche benutzt sein Smartphone, ohne Mühe aufzuwenden. Per
Smartphone suchen die jungen Menschen im Internet nach verschiedenen
Informationen, hören Musik, sehen Filme, machen Fotos, spielen verschiedene Spiele.
Da die mobilen Endgeräte ein fester Bestandteil der Lebenswelt der Jugendlichen ist,
entsteht die Frage, wie die in sinnvoller Weise im Fremdsprachenunterricht eingesetzt
werden können.
Die Analyse wissenschaftlicher Publikationen zeigt auf, die Forscher sind einer
übereinstimmenden Meinung, dass die Verwendung der digitalen Endgeräte im
Fremdsprachenunterricht den Lernenden mehr Spaß macht, vorteilhaft auf ihre
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Speaking is "the process of building and sharing meaning through the use of
verbal and non-verbal symbols, in a variety of contexts" [5]. Speaking is a crucial part
of second language learning and teaching.
Many linguistics and ESL teachers agree on that students learn to speak the
second language by "interacting". Communicative language teaching and collaborative
learning serve best for this aim. Communicative language teaching is based on real-life
situations that require communication. By using this method in ESL classes, students
will have the opportunity of communicating with each other in the target language.
Activities which Promote Speaking
Discussions
After a content-based lesson, a discussion can be held for various reasons. The
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students may aim to arrive at a conclusion, share ideas about an event, or find solutions
in their discussion groups. Before the discussion, it is essential that the purpose of the
discussion activity is set by the teacher.
Role Play
Another way of getting students to speak is role-playing. Students pretend they
are in various social contexts and have a variety of social roles. In role-play activities,
the teacher gives information to the learners such as who they are and what they think
or feel. Thus, the teacher can tell the student that "You are David, you go to the doctor
and tell him what happened last night, and…" [4].
Information gap
In this activity, students are supposed to be working in pairs. One student will
have the information that other partner does not have and the partners will share their
information.
Brainstorming
On a given topic, students can produce ideas in a limited time. Depending on the
context, either individual or group brainstorming is effective and learners generate ideas
quickly and freely.
Story Completion
This is a very enjoyable, whole-class, free-speaking activity for which students sit
in a circle. For this activity, a teacher starts to tell a story, but after a few sentences he or
she stops narrating. Then, each student starts to narrate from the point where the
previous one stopped.
Teaching speaking is a very important part of second language learning. The
ability to communicate in a second language clearly and efficiently contributes to the
success of the learner in every phase of life. Therefore, it is essential that language
teachers pay great attention to teaching speaking. These activities make students more
active in the learning process and at the same time make their learning more meaningful
and fun for them.
References
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1. https://www.fluentu.com/blog/educator-english/speaking-strategies-for-esl-students/
2. Celce-Murcia. M. 2001. Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language
(3rd ed). USA: Heinle&Heinle.
3. Brown, G. and G. Yule. 1983. Teaching the Spoken Language. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
4. Harmer, J. 1984. The Practice of English Language Teaching. London: Longman.
5.Nunan, D., 2003. Practical English Language Teaching. NY:McGraw-Hill.
6.https://www.usingenglish.com/articles/teaching-english-for-specific-purposes-
esp.html
The type of language material and the methods, the teacher uses in a foreign
language class, can define the learners` attitude to learning process. Nowadays the
teaching formats are gradually changing and traditional format of the teacher standing in
front of the class and telling something is becoming more and more old-fashioned.
Teaching grammar has always been one of the most complicated and tiresome things for
both foreign language teachers and their students. The issue of connecting the process of
learning grammar with communicative activities is still topical. S. W. Woodward points
out that “fun and humour are essential components in a foreign language class” [4, p.7].
Funny approach “leads to interaction and group participation which engage students and
make information more memorable and relevant” [4, p.6]. In the researcher`s opinion,
learning grammar is often associated with too much concentration. It is viewed as a long
hard and rather unpleasant process. We can easily imagine “students with long, unsmiling
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faces, trying to grasp initial understanding of a new grammar structure” [4]. If teachers
go on taking grammar far too seriously, plodding academic style, they won`t succeed
much in motivating students as well as in developing their communicative skills. S.W.
Woodward underlines that “any explanations can be enlivened by funny sentences, fun
demonstrations or pantomimes” [4]. Such activities can be an alternative to the
potentially tedious procedure of a teacher`s explaining a new grammar structure in front
of the class. Having fun is often concerned with students` themselves and as a result may
stimulate their activity as well as enhance their motivation.
J. Hadfield points out, that using creative techniques for grammar practice can turn
“routine and repetitious activities into something novel and exciting” [1, p.51]. Practicing
grammar requires learning rules, following them, repetition of given patterns and
structures. The researcher thinks that “creativity can thrive within constrains” [1, p.52].
F.Klippel points out that Interview activities can be used both as the method of
practicing new grammar structures and as the way of having fun. Students can be asked
to prepare questions concerning the given topic according to the newly explained
grammar rules. The learners can start working in pairs and go on interviewing in bigger
groups of four and eight. Based on creative thinking an exciting interview may be
essential for effective learning and creating relaxed atmosphere.
The method of storytelling may be used for practicing new grammar structures in a
creative way. The teacher can ask students to make up a short story, a fairy tale or a poem
using prescribed grammar patterns. Such an activity can help to practice grammar
structures as well as reveal the untapped creative potential of every student. The learners
can present their individual stories to the class and discuss them. It is important for a
teacher to maximize the chance of every student to take part in this sort of activity. The
teacher is to challenge students and show his or her care about the content of their
contribution more than the language forms.
In F. Klippel`s opinion, all sorts of guessing games can be fruitful for practicing
grammar. Such games can be played at different stages of a foreign language class and
can be devoted to the revision of any grammar or lexical topic [3, p.34]. The game
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Packing a suitcase is good for practicing Future tenses and vocabulary on topic
Travelling. The game Lie detector can be good to practice the ways of forming
interrogative sentences and asking all kinds of questions using all tense groups. This
activity is organized in groups. One member of each group leaves the room. In their
absence the groups decide on a set of questions they want to ask the students. The
students return and start answering. They have to answer all questions, except one,
truthfully. In one case they are to lie. The rest of the group has to decide which answer
was a lie.
Such activities in which students are having fun with grammar offer every learner a
reason for speaking, they can give the learners a confirmation and confidence resulting
from successful use of the language. If a teacher prefers a cooperative teaching style, the
conditions for having fun with grammar are good and all sorts of role playing activities
can be used as light relief between periods of hard work. Such exercises are also good for
getting students into the right mood before starting on some new project or task.
Involving all the students into interactive activity is a wonderful way to achieve
classroom goals and improve communicative fluency.
REFERENCES
1. Hadfield J., Hadfield C. Teaching Grammar Creatively. Creativity in the English
мов, і тим більш складні моделі, побудовані з цих знаків, на певному етапі
розвитку стають самостійними і незалежними від слова і виступають як форма
народження та існування думки, як знаряддя і засіб її протікання та розвитку.
Відбувається повернення до образного мислення, але на більш високому рівні. Це
пояснює систематичне розширення понятійного апарату мови при засвоєнні
середовища спілкування, починаючи від дитини і закінчуючи рівнем
високопрофесійного спеціаліста, коли на певному етапі накопичення знань
відбувається безпосереднє вираження думки без використання звука голосу, потім
формування звукового та графічного знаку, і йде новий виток розвитку знакової
системи.
Такого типу ускладнення знакової системи по горизонтальних, і
вертикальних рівнях понятійного апарата відбувається дискретно. Причому
дискретність з одного боку виявляється в інтеграції понять і появі узагальнень за
об'єднуючими їх принципами, а з іншого боку - у диференціації понятійного
апарату з більш глибокою деталізацією інтегральних характеристик. Цей процес
тісно пов'язаний із соціально-історичним розвитком суспільства та з виробничою
діяльністю людини. Він в однаковій мірі виявляється як в онтогенезі, так і у
філогенезі.
У ряді випадків знакову систему, включаючи й знаки природної мови,
називають кодом. Такий підхід до опису мови дозволяє використати теоретичні
дослідження в галузі інформатики і теорії кодування, що в значній мірі пояснює
природу формування мовлення і будови мови в цілому. Практично будь-які дві
мови однакової складності і рівня можуть бути подані як знакові системи, що
складають коди, а подана цими мовами інформація про один і той же процес або
об'єкт виступає як перекодування.
При умові об'єктивності образу відображення між різноманітними
знаковими системами-кодами існує оператор перетворення знаків, які являють
собою коди, з однієї системи в іншу. В такому випадку цілком природно може
виникнути помилка перекодування, що залежить від складності мови та її рівня. За
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умови збігу знаків, які є кодами, різних систем помилка стає мінімальною.
Отже, будь-яку мову можна характеризувати як деяку систему, елементи
якої перебувають у взаємно однозначних співвідношеннях з елементами
модельованої системи. Виникаючий в цьому випадку чуттєвий образ може
розглядатися як модель у смислі ідеального психічного образу.
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