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BRM Notes
BRM Notes
Meaning of Research
• To achieve new insights into it (Studies with this object in view are termed as
Exploratory or Formulative research studies).
• To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group
(Descriptive research)
Motivation in Research
Types of Research
1). Descriptive Vs Analytical
Descriptive Research: It includes surveys and facts, finding enquiries of different kinds.
The main purpose is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present.
Eg.: In social science and business research we quite often use the term “Ex post facto
research” for descriptive research studies.
• The main character of this method is that researcher has no control over the variables.
He can only report what has happened or what is happening.
• Most Ex post facto research projects are used for descriptive studies in which the
researcher seeks to measure such items like frequency of shopping, preferences of
people, etc. Researcher also tries to discover causes even when they cannot control
the variables.
Analytical Research: The researcher has to use facts or information already available and
analyse these to make critical evaluations of material.
Research Approaches
Quantitative Approach
a. Inferential approach – Form a database and infer characteristics or relationships of
population from it (usually survey researches).
b. Experimental approach – Greater control over the research environment. Some variables
are manipulated to observe their effect on other variables.
c. Simulation approach – Construction of an artificial environment within which relevant
information and data can be generated.
Qualitative approach
Subjective assessment of attitudes, opinions and behaviour.
Significance of Research
• The role of research in several fields of applied economics, whether related to
business or to the economy as a whole, has greatly increased in modern times.
• It provides the basis for nearly all governmental policies in our economic system.
In addition
a. For students of masters or Ph.D - it is a careerism to attain a high position in the social
structure.
b. For professionals – it is a source of livelihood.
c. For philosophers and thinkers – it is an outlet for new ideas and insights.
d. For literary men and women – it helps in development of new styles and creative work.
e. For analysts and intellectuals – helps in generalisation of new theories.
2. Field Research:-
Methods Techniques
i. Non participation direct observation. Observation behavioural scales, use
of score cards.
ii. Participant observation Tape recorders, photographic tech.
iii. Mail questionnaire Identification of social and economic
background of respondents.
iv. Mass Observation Recording mass behaviour, interview.
v. Opinionnaire Attitude scale, projective tech.
vi. Personal interview Open and closed questions.
vii. Focus interview Focus on given experience
viii. Group interview Small groups of respondents are
Interviewed simultaneously.
ix. Telephone survey Survey technique for information
x. Case study and Life history Cross sectional collection of data for
Intensive analysis
3. Laboratory Research
Methods Techniques
Small group study of random behaviour, Use of audio visual recording
Play and role analysis devices, use of observers, etc.
Research Process
It consists of series of actions or steps necessary to effectively carryout research and the
desired sequencing of these steps:
Research Process in flow chart
F
F
Design Analysis of
Define Review
Formulate research data (test
concepts and F
Research hypothesi (including hypothesis if
Problem theories
Review s sample any)
previous design)
research
findings F
Collect
Data
(executio
Interpret
n)
and report
F
- Feed Forward (criteria evaluation)
F
• Researcher must decide the general area of interest and subject matter that he
would like to inquire into
• Best way of understanding is discussing with colleagues and some experts. Guide
is also one of the source
Hypothesis provide the focal point of view and also talks about how test should
be conducted and quality of data
• Exploratory personal investigation with interested parties and great insight in practical
aspects.
Step 4 preparing the research design
Good design – maximum information and relevant evidence
4 categories
a) Exploratory
b) Description
c) Diagnosis
d) Experimentation
• Time availability
• Greater confidence
• Problem definition
• Necessity of defining
Problem Definition:
It is aclear, precise and succinct statement of the question or issue that is to be invested with
the goal of finding an answer or solution.
Examples of well defined problems:
How has the new packaging affected the sales of the product?
Does better automation lead to greater asset investment per dollar of output?
RESEARCH DESIGN
“It is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to
combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure”.
2 part
a) The sample design: methods of selecting items to be observed for the given study.
b) Observation design: conditions of observations.
c) Statistical design: how items observed, information & data gathered are to be gathered.
d) Operational design: techniques by which the procedure…
It should contain:
Important concepts:
2. Extraneous variable:
Variables that are not related to the purpose of the study, but may affect dependent variable. Ex :
intelligence affect social studies,
4. Confounded relationship:
Inseparable relationship between dependent & extraneous variable.
5. Research hypothesis:
It is a predictive statement that relates an independent and dependent variable.
8. Treatments:
Experimental & control groups used in different conditions. Ex – offers, coupons, discounts
9. Experiment:
Purpose of examining the truth.
10. Experimental units:
The pre - determined blocks where different treatments are used.
3 methods are
The survey of concerning literature: survey of people who have had practical experience.
The experience survey: own experience.
Analysis of insight – intensive study & selected instances of the phenomenon in which one
interested.
i. The principle of replication: experiments should be treated & conducted more than one time
and applied in many experimental units - it provides statistical accuracy increases. Ex – rice
in 2 parts – test separately, take two yields & draw conclusion on that basis.
i. Before and after without control designs – treatment introduced measuring the dependent
variable is measured before and after the treatment. Ex – sales
ii. After only with control designs – two groups or areas (test area and control area) are selected
& treatment is introduced the dependent variable is measured on both the areas with & with
treatment is measured.
iii. Before and after with control designs - select two areas & dependent variable is measured for
a time period. Then introduce treatment. Dependent variable is measured in both tested &
control area.
Def:
It is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population. It refers technique or the
procedure the researcher would adopt in selecting items for the sample. It also lay down the number
of items to be included in the sample(sample sizes)
Steps:
i. Types of universe: clearly defines the objective universe to studies. Universe can be finite or
infinite.
ii. Sampling unit: selecting geographical are such as state, district, village, flat, social unit –
family, club, school, etc.
iii. Source list: from which sample is to be drawn. It contains name of all items of a universe. It
should be correct, reliable & appropriate.
iv. Size of sample: no of items to be selected. Large or small & should be optimum. Confidence
level should be kept in mind.
v. Parameters of interest: interest of sub – groups, characteristics of population.
vi. Budgeting constraints
vii. Sampling procedure: technique should be used in selecting items.
Criteria of selecting a sample procedure:
a) Probability sampling:
The elements in a populations have same known chances or probability of bricks
selected a sample item. It can be either unrestricted or restricted in nature.