Transformational Generative Rules

TRANSFORMATIONAL
GENERATIVE RULES
SALAH-EDDINE BELJADID ET
ABDERRAZEK ELKADI
THIS HANDOUT HANDLES THE MOST COMMON AND
NEEDED TRANSFORMATIONAL GENERATIVE RULES,
FROM AFFIX-HOPPING UP TO IMPERATIVE.
ACCOMPANIED BY SOME OF S6 EXAMINATIONS
UNIVERSITE SULTAN MOULAY

SLIMANE FACULTE DES LETTERS
ET SCIENCES HUMANES
20/01/2020
Part one Salah-Eddine Beljadid
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Dedication
I dedicate this piece of work to my best and silliest friends, I have ever had and
Known Mr. ABDERAZZEK EL KADI & Mr. MOHAMED NEJMI for their encouragements
to complete such a piece as not to forget the others.
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Table of contents
Dedication……………………………………………………………………………………………………3
Table of contents……………………………………………………………………………………….… 4
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………….…...5
Preface………………………………………………………………………………………………….….…..6
Affix-Hopping…………………………………………………………………………………………….…7
Application of Affix-Hopping……………………………………………………………………….12
Yes/No Question………………………………………………………………………………………….17
Application of yes/no question……………………………………………………………..…….24
Do support ……………………………………………………………………………………………..…...32
Do support Application……………………………………………………………………………….35
A brief introduction to passive voice ………………………………………………………….40
Passive transformation……………………………………………………………………………….45
Examples and Applications of passive transformation……………………………….49
Agent Deletion………………………………………………………………………………….…………53
Examples and application of Agent Deletion…………………………………….…………57
Echo-Questions……………………………………………………………………………………………64
Wh-movement …………………………………………………………………………………...………..68
Application of wh-Fronting……………………………………………………….…………………74
Transformational rules…………………………………………………………………………….…81
Advanced Generative Syntax Exams……………………………………………………………85
Bibliography/References…………………………………………………………………………….93
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Introduction
We have seen that PSG accounts only for simple declarative sentences as an extreme. But
what about the other types of sentences which are grammatically correct. However, they
cannot be accounted by PSG. For instance, the passive sentences in this latter we will
find that the aux will be rewritten as Tns (M) (have-en) (be-ing) + be-en we notice
that there is a new inserted element which is (be-en) , why have we inserted the
element be-en? Because if we want to invert sentence from the active order to the
passive, we have to add be-en to the aux.
The same thing for the imperatives since they are representing as VP (Go home, Move
now, Be strong) these imperatives contain tenseless verbs and have no NPs the reason
why cannot be accounted, as they are ungrammatical for PSG.
For this, PSG deals only with simple declarative sentences and any other type of
sentences that is not of this nature is totally ungrammatical. Nevertheless, we know in
linguistic competence the well and the ill formdness of structures, we intuit that the
passive sentences are grammatically structured and imperatives are also grammatically
correct sentences. So the dilemma is that we have to find a way to include these types of
sentences within a Grammar that governs all types of sentences that are considered to
be grammatically structured by the native speaker and if the Grammar considers them
as ungrammatical and the intuitions consider them as grammatical then it is Inadequate
Grammar in terms of the criteria of a adequacy we are to shed light on observational,
descriptive and explanatory criteria , so if it cannot observe, describe or explain what is
grammatical and what is not then there is a problem with this grammar. It is a broken-
down Grammar.
Phrase structure rule is not capable to deal with other sentences more than declarative
ones then it is a psychologically implausible. However it should be plausible so as to
constrain a Grammar model of the native speaker competence.
In the linguistic competence, any native speaker possesses a knowledge that the passive
sentences, active sentences, imperative sentences, and other types of sentences are
grammatically correct and if we account only for one single type and neglect the other
party then the problem is within the Grammar and not within the native speaker’s
competence. So as to handle this problem of PSG we are not to reject it as inadequate.
However, we ought to build a new constrained Grammar.
Phrase structure grammar is going to be kept for only one model level analysis.
Although, it has a lot of short comings in the accounting of other types of sentences but
this is not a justification and reason to be completely abandoned.
Phrase structure grammar will be kept and it will launch a new type of reasoning which
is Transformational Generative Grammar which in turn going to add some new features
to this Grammar.
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Phrase structure rule said to be generative Grammar; word class Grammar too is a
generative grammar. If we want to generate all types of sentences we will fall in the
problem of infinity of number of rules and the implication of this has to do with
acquisition process that is if we have limitless rules, how can we possess it? Acquire it?
And know it? It will be impossible for any child to acquire this in a very considerable
short time. Thus, this short time is a very important criterion in language. Then why do
we acquire our language in 2 or 3 years and not until we grow up? So if we follow the
reasoning of WCG then we need a long time not 2 or 3 years, it is probably the whole life
will be spent just for acquiring and internalizing the different patterns of every single
sentence by itself and that will be extremely impossible.
We are not already taught how to acquire grammar? How to know the subject, the
predicate or the verb? … We are not given any bit of information about the language that
we are acquiring, but unconsciously we acquire this language and learn the process of
the acquisition. The mother tongue is unconsciously learnt. Thus, TGG is a new theory
that is going to be built on the findings of PSG and also will be built on particular
postulates. However, the drawbacks of PSG, but it still the core of declarative sentences
which the other type of sentences are derived from that is to say; we need to keep PSG as
one of the most important constituent for this new Grammar.
In a very beginning, PSG was claimed to be a grammar that is going to account for
language but by the end this presupposition was disproved. For this reason, TGG or the
new grammar has emerged as a reaction to the inferiority of PSG and claimed that we
have a deep notion which is we recognize that sentences are derived and formulated on
the basis of certain deep structure (Deep notion) deeper than the surface structure for
instance, PSG was seen to account only for one type of sentences which is the declarative
and the declaratives in turn are seen as surface structure.
The declaratives have to do with two levels of analysis the surface structure and the
deep structure.
Surface structure
Two levels of analysis
Deep structure
Examples of simple declarative sentences:
Marouane is explaining superstring theory
Hajar went home very quickly
Youssef likes doughnuts
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Kati has been writing her lessons
These simple declarative sentences seem very simple for PSG and they are easy to be
accounted. They are going through NP aux VP rule but for TGG these declaratives have
two levels of interpretation. The deep structure and the surface structure for examples
Marouane pre be-ing explain superstring
Hajar past go home very quickly
Youssef pre like doughnuts
Kati pre have-en be-ing write her lessons
TGG keeps the notion of PSG as device for the description of the deep structure because
from the deep structure of the active declaratives we can derive the interrogative, the
passive, the imperative and other types of grammatical structures which are going to be
considered as grammatical by the native speaker.
In TGG, the deep structure contains the maximal projection of aux that is, the Aux can be
rewritten as Tns (M) (have-en) (be-ing)
Aux Tns (M) (have-en) (be-ing)
This doesn’t mean we are going to find sentences consist of all of these elements.
However, it depends on every single sentence. If we take the deep structure of this
surface one Ahmed has been travelling to England, so the deep structure of this sentence
is Ahmed pre have-en be-ing travel to England it is ungrammatical sentence because we
cannot have such forms in English and they cannot be used. Only the surfaces are
allowed.
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Preface:
In the early to mid1960s, Noam Chomsky developed the idea that each sentence in language
has two levels of representation a deep structure and a surface structure. The deep
structure represented the semantic relations of a sentence, and was mapped on to the
surface structure (which followed the phonological form of the sentence very closely) via
transformations. Chomsky emphasizes the importance of modern formal mathematical
devices in the development of grammatical theory.
Transformational Generative Grammar (TGG) is an improvement of Phrase Structure

Grammar. It includes generative or productive rules which explicitly describe sentences of
natural languages. It is also referred to as STANDARD THEORY. The usual usage of the term
transformation in linguistics refers to a rule that takes an input (typically called the Deep
Structure (in the Standard Theory) or D-structure (in the extended standard theory or
government and binding theory) and change it in some restricted way to result in a Surface
Structure (or S-structure). In TGG, Deep structures were generated by a set of phrase
structure rules.
The deeper connections between sentences which cut across surface grammar are said to be
TRANSFORMATIONAL. Any grammar that claims to assign to each sentence that it generates
both a deep structure and a surface structure analysis and systematically to relate the two
analyses is a “transformational grammar”. Chomsky’s proposal was to split the syntax of the
language into two parts: a Phrase Structure component (base component) containing PS
rules; a Lexicon; Lexical Insertion rules; sub-categorization restrictions and selection
restrictions. A Transformational component containing supplementary rules studying
sentences in terms of two levels: Deep Structure and Surface Structure.
DEEPSTRUCTURE AND SURFACE STRUCTURE:

Sentences which have the same meaning, but which have different linear or surface
structures are said to derive from the same deep structure. Sentences of each pair are said
to be semantically and syntactically related and native speakers have intuitive feeling of this
relationship. Transformational Rules are specific types of rules which can be qualified as being
RELATIONAL because they relate the deep structure of sentences to their surface structure.
They contain two parts: (1) Deep Structure (Input) or STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTION and (2)
Surface Structure (output) or STRUCTURAL CHANGE.
In short, transformational-generative grammar is a linguistic theory associated with Noam

Chomsky, particularly with his Syntactic Structures (1957). Transformational grammar seeks
to identify rules (transformations) that govern relations between parts of a sentence, on the
assumption that beneath such aspects as word order a fundamental structure exists.
Transformational and generative grammar together were the starting point for the
tremendous growth in linguistics studies since the 1950s.
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A SET OF TRANSFORMATIONAL RULES AND THEIR APPLICATION
Affix-Hopping:
What does Affix- Hopping stand for?
Affix Hopping is a Morpho-syntactic rule. It deals with those aspects of the structure of aux.
The maximal projection of aux is

Aux Tns (M) (have-en) (be-ing)
We can infer our affix hopping rule from any given D sentence but will only be possible if we
have the whole maximal projection of aux, so as to account for all possible cases .
Taking this example as a vivid one of aux's Maximality.
SS: Hicham would have been leaving the country.
DS: Hicham past will have-en be-ing Leave the country
Where the np1 (hicham) takes the variable X and the np2 (the country) holds the variable Y.
First: Identifying the bound categories, also called Affixes.
Aux past will have-en be-ing
Affix Affix Affix
√ Tns(past) Affix
√ ( en) Affix
√ ( Ing) Affix
We have extracted three Affixes from our maximal projection which are (Tns ,en ,and ing).
Then we move to the verbal elements.
Second: Identifying the verbal elements.
Tns(Past/pre) M(Will/can /should...) have-en be-ing V( leave/Go/ tell...)

VE ( verbal element)
(M) VE (Be) VE
(Have) VE V VE
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Our verbal elements which have been extracted from the aux are four elements:
((M),(have),(Be) ) and verb V.
1) The occurrence of the affixes (en) and ( ing) in a certain sentence is optional the reason
why we have marked them between parentheses ( ).whereas, Tns is obligatory .that is, it is
possible to occur in all cases. Thus, we did not mark it between brackets.
2) The Occurrence of the verbal elements (M), (Have), and (Be) in a certain sentence is
optional. Thus, they should be marked between parentheses. However, the verb is
obligatory hence has no brackets.
The classification of affixes and the verbal components:
Classifying the bound affixes in one single set, and the verbal constituents in the other
category. Bearing in mind that the optional elements should be marked between
parentheses ( ), and where X and Y are variables that can be taking any element category in
certain given sentence. Then, the result of structure description(SD) will be :
Tns (M)
x (en) (Have) y
(ing) (Be)
V
In The structure change (SC), every affix should be attached to its real verbal element
(A1) : past will have-en be-ing v (leave)
(A2) : will past have be-en leave –ing

That is, in order the structure change(SC), to be completely constrained every single affix
should be moving over to its target verbal element look at the notion in (A1) and it final
result in (A2).
(B1) : X Past Will have-en be-ing leave Y
1 2 3 2 3 2 3 4
In addition, we will number each affix with number 2 and each verbal constituent with the
number 3 as in (B1),Have is also a verbal element but in this case it won’t be attached by any
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affix. However, it is possible in other cases. In order these affixes to be attached to their
verbal constituents we need to move them towards their target verbal elements or to
reverse their positions. In other words, in the position of the element 2, we place the
element 3 and vice-versa in structure change (SC).Then, the outcome will look like:
SC: 1 3+2 3+2 3+2 4
in this aspect, every affix has moved towards its suitable verbal element
Applying the notion.

SD: hicham past will have-en be-ing leave the country
1 2 3 2 3 2 3 4
Reversing the positions of affixes and verbal components or moving the affixes up to the
target elements in the structure change (SC)
SC: hicham Will past have Be-en leave-ing the country
1 3+2 3+2 3+2 4
The Final result:

Hicham would have been leaving the country
Then, Forming an adequate AFFIX-HOPPING RULE depending on structure description(SD)
and structure change(SC).
1) STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION (SD):
Tns (M)
SD: X (en) (have) y
(ing) (be)
V
1 2 3 4
2) STRUCTURE CHANGE (SC):

SC: 1 3+2 4
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AFFIX-HOPPING is an obligatory rule
The final version:

Tns (M)
SD: X (en) (have) Y
(ing) ( be)
V
1 2 3 4
SC: 1 3+2 4
Examples and Applications:

Account syntactically for these sentences using affix-hopping.
1 Salah-Eddine and hajar have postponed their research paper.
2 hamza has been preparing some food.
3 Simo scheduled a trip to Ouchrah .
4 youssef would have been dedicating his research project to his friends.
5 She is teasing me all the time.
6 she had moved before him.
7 we should go home.
8 she could be telling you something.
9 Time is money.
10 Fatah will immigrate as soon as possible.
11 Asma will have completed the presentation before deadline.
Answers:
➢ 1) Salah-Eddine and hajar have postponed their research paper
SD: salah-eddine and hajar pre have-en postpone their research paper
APPLYING AFFIX-HOPPING (Obligatory)
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SD: Tns (M)
X (en) (Have) y
(Ing) (Be)
1 2 3 4
SC: 1 3+2 4
SD: salah-eddine and hajar pre have-en postpone their research paper
1 2 3 2 3 4
SC: salah-eddine and hajar have pre postpone-en their research paper
The final result: Salahe-eddine and hajar have postponed their research paper
➢ 2) Hamza has been preparing some food
SD: Hamza pre have-en be-ing prepare some food
SD: Tns (M)
X (en) (Have) y
(ing) (Be)
1 2 3 4
SC: 1 3+2 4
SD: hamza pre have-en be-ing prepare some food
1 2 3 2 3 2 3 4
SC: hamza have pre be-en prepare-ing some food
The final result: Hamza has been preparing some food
➢ 3) Simo scheduled a trip to Ouchrah
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SD: simo past schedule a trip to Ouchrah
SD: Tns (M)
X (en) (Have) y
(ing) (Be)
1 2 3 4
SC: 1 3+2 4
SD: Simo past schedule a trip to Ouchrah
1 2 3 4
SC: Simo schedule past a trip to Ouchrah
The final result: Simo scheduled a trip to Ouchrah
➢ 4) Youssef would have been dedicating his research project to his friend
SD: Youssef past will have-en be-ing dedicate his research project to his friends
SD: Tns (M)
X (en) (Have) y
( ing) (Be)
1 2 3 4
SC: 1 3+2 4
SD: Youssef past will have-en be-ing dedicate his research project to his friends
1 2 3 2 3 2 3 4
SC: Youssef will past have be-en dedicate-ing his research project to his friend
The final result: Youssef would have been dedicating his research project to his friend
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➢ 5) She is teasing me all the time
SD: She pre be-ing tease me all the time
APPLYING AFFIX-HOPPING
SD: She pre be-ing tease me all the time
1 2 3 2 3 4
SC: She be pre tease-ing all the time
The final result: She is teasing me all the time
➢ 6) She had moved before him
SD: She past have-en move before him
SD: She past have-en move before him
1 2 3 2 3 4
SC: She have past move-en before him
The final result: She had moved before him
➢ 7) We should go home
SD: we past shall go home
SD: we past shall go home
1 2 3 4
SC: We shall past go home
The final result: We should go home
➢ 8) She could be telling you some thing
SD: She past can be-ing tell you something
SD: She past can be-ing tell you something
1 2 3 2 3 4
SC: She can past be tell-ing you something
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The final result: She could be telling you something
➢ 9) Time is money
SD: Time pre be money
SD: Time pre be money
1 2 3 4
SC: Time be pre money
The final result: Time is money
➢ 10) Fatah will immigrate as soon as possible
SD: Fatah pre will immigrate as soon as possible
SD: Fatah pre will immigrate as soon as possible
1 2 3 4
SC: Fatah will pre immigrate as soon as possible
The final result: Fatah will immigrate as soon as possible
➢ 11) Asma will have completed her presentation before the deadline
SD: Asma pre will have-en complete her presentation before the deadline
SD: Asma pre will have-en complete her presentation before the deadline
1 2 3 2 3 4
SC: Asma will pre have complete-en her presentation before the deadline
The final result: Asma will have completed her presentation before the deadline
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Question Transformations:
A- yes/no question:
Yes /no questions are questions which require an answer by either Yes or No.
Considering these illustrations

1) was the teacher explaining the lesson?
2) Would they have been coming next year?
3) Has she visited Ifran before?
4) Will Fatah and Zahira finish their project?
5) Should I move now?
6) Can I borrow your laptop?
7) Are you talking to her again?
Question
How can we form a superior yes / no question rule which may accurately account for all
types of YES/NO sentences?
Let's try to deduce our yes/ no question rule from the following examples:
1) Are Hamza and Manal going to University?
2) Have you heard about Tagzirt?
3) Will she come tomorrow?
4) Can I help you?
5) Should we wait again?
First: we need to change these interrogative sentences into active declarative forms (AD).
1) Are Hamza and Manal going to University?
Active declarative (AD):
(AD): Hamza and Manal are going to University?
Calling for the structure description (SD)
SD: Hamza and Manal pre be-ing go to university
1 2
Hamza and Manal pre be-ing go to University (A1)
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Pre be Hamza and Manal Ø ing go to university (A2)
2 1
Where zero article Ø means that the place of displaced element stays empty.
Our operation is to move or to reverse the first two elements of aux which are Tns and Be
with NP (Hamza and Manal)
Taking into consideration that the verbal element (be) must not be followed by the affix
(ing) . Look at notion in (A1) and its final result in (A2).
2) Have you heard about Tagzirt
AD: You have heard about Tagzirt
SD: You pre have-en hear about Tagzirt
1 2
You pre have-en hear about Tagzirt (B1)
Pre have You Ø en hear about Tagzirt(B2)
2 1
Following the same steps, which are moving or reversing the first two elements of aux
Which are Tns and Have with NP (you), bearing in mind that the element (have) should not
be followed by the affix (en). Look at notion in (B1) and its final result in (B2).
3) Will she come tomorrow?
AD: She will come tomorrow
SD: She pre will come tomorrow
1 2
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She pre will come tomorrow (C1)
Pre will she Ø come tomorrow (C2)
2 1
Moving or reversing the first two elements of aux which are Tns and M (Will) with NP (She)
as in (C1) and (C2).
4) Can I help you?
AD: I can help you
SD: I pre can help you
1 2
I pre can help you (D1)
Pre can I Ø help you (D2)
2 1
Reversing the first two elements of aux, which are Tns and M (Can) with NP (I) as in (D1) and
the final result in (D2).
5) Should we wait again?
AD: We should wait again
SD: We past shall wait again
1 2
We past shall wait again (E1)
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past shall We Ø wait again (E2)
2 1
Reversing the first two elements of aux which are Tns and M (Shall) with NP (We) as in (E1)
and the final result in (E2).
Remark:
We notice that during forming Yes / No question we are merely moving the first two
elements of Aux which are the obligatory Tns and either followed by optional modal, have,
or be. And placing them in front of NP.That is, we displace Tns( past/present) accompanied
by M( would/ can /could/ will/should ), Have ( have/had/has ),or Be( is/was/are/were ) to
the front of NP. So, our structure description (SD) will consist only of these elements
(M,Have,Be ) plus NP and also the variable X which refers to any constituent comes after
Giving NP number 1 as well as Tns, M, Have, and be number 2 and finally variable X number
3 Hence our structure description will look like:
Structure description (SD):
SD: NP Tns Have X
Be
1 2 3
Where the parentheses ( ) stand for the optionality of the elements
Keeping in mind that the structure change (SC) must be stated precisely enough to cover the
above cases when they are to reverse, Bearing in mind also that in structure change we are
only moving the first two elements of aux which take the number 2 and reversing them with
NP that holds the number 1. So, our structure change (SC) will look like:
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Structure change (SC):
SC: 2+1 3
Then, forming an adequate yes/no question rule depending on the structure description
(SD) and the structure change (SC)
The final version:
Yes/no question (Optional)
SD: NP Tns Have X
Be
1 2 3
SC: 2+1 3
Commentary:
Why are we obliged to move only the verbal elements (Be and Have) without accompanying
them by the affixes (ing and en)?
Let us consider the following examples to understand
1) Is He eating an apple
2) Has Hajar done her homework
First we need to change these interrogative sentences into declaratives
1) Is He eating an apple?
AD: He is eating an apple
SD: He pre be-ing eat an apple
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Applying Yes/No question rule in which we inserted the affixes
SD: NP Tns Have-en X
Be-ing
1 2 3
SC: 2+1 3
SD: He pre be-ing eat an apple
1 2 3
SC: pre be-ing He eat an apple
Affix-Hopping rule
Tns (M)
SD: X (en) (have) Y
(ing) ( be)
V
1 2 3 4
SC: 1 3+2 4
SD: Pre be-ing He eat an apple
2 3 2
SC: be pre He-ing eat an apple
The final result: * is Heing eat an apple
So, we conclude that the final result or the surface structure of this sentence is totally
ungrammatical because of the misplacement of the affix ing. That is the affix ing has been
22
attached to non-target element which is the pronoun He and resulted Heing which in turn
ungrammatical.
In the structure changes (SC) of Affix-hopping, the affix (ing) has been attached to the
subject pronoun He and resulted He-ing, instead of being attached to the verbal element
(eat). Why did this happen? Because the pronoun or the NP (He) intervened between the
affix (ing) and its verbal constituent (eat). Thus, Affix-Hopping gets blocked and resulted
ungrammatical hopping.
2) Has hajar done her homework?
AD: Hajar has done her homework

SD: Hajar pre have-en do her homework
Applying Yes/No question rule in which we inserted the affixes
SD: NP Tns Have-en X
Be-ing
1 2 3
SC: 2+1 3
SD: Hajar pre have-en do her homework

1 2 3
SC: Pre have-en Hajar do her homework
AFFIX-HOPPING RULE
SD: Pre have-en Hajar do her homework
2 3 2
SC: Have pre Hajar-en do her homework
The final result: * has Hajaren do her homework
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The same problem also occurred in this sentence (2) .So, we conclude that the final result or
the surface structure of this sentence is totally ungrammatical because of the misplacement
of the affix en. That is the affix en has been attached to non-target element which is the
proper noun Hajar and resulted Hajar-en which in turn ungrammatical.
In the structure changes (SC) of Affix-hopping , the affix(en) has been attached to the noun
Hajar and resulted Hajar-en instead of being attached to the verbal element (do). Why did
this happen? Because the NP (Hajar ) intervened between the affix (en) and its verbal
element (do). Thus Affix-Hopping gets blocked and resulted ungrammatical hopping.
We conclude that yes/no question which is accompanied by the affixes en and ing is
*ungrammatical transformation rule
Eamples and Applications:
Account syntactically for these sentences.
1) Would they have been eating sandwiches?

2) Are you travelling to France?
3) Had john succeeded in the exam?
4) Have you seen her?
5) * will have salah-Eddine finished the concision style?
Answers:
Changing these interrogatives into active declaratives (AD)
1) Would they have been eating sandwiches?
AD: they would have been eating sandwiches
SD: they past will have-en be-ing eat sandwiches
Applying yes/ no question rule
24
SD: M
NP: Tns Have X
Be
1 2 3
SC: 2+1 3
SD: they past will have-en be-ing eat sandwiches
1 2 3
SC: past will they have-en be-ing eat sandwiches
Affix-Hopping rule
Tns (M)
SD: X (en) (have) Y
(ing) ( be)
V
1 2 3 4
SC: 1 3+2 4
SD: past will they have-en be-ing eat sandwiches
2 3 2 3 2 3 4
SC: will past they have be-en eat-ing sandwiches
Final result: would they have been eating sandwiches?

AD: You are travelling to France
SD: You pre be-ing travel to France
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SD: M
NP: Tns Have X
Be
1 2 3
SC: 2+1 3
SD: you pre be-ing travel to France
1 2 3
SC: pre be you ing travel to France
AFFIX-HOPPING
SD: pre be you ing travel to France
2 3 2 3 4
SC: be pre you travel-ing to France
Final result: are you travelling to France?
AD: You are travelling to France
26
SD: M
NP: Tns Have X
Be
1 2 3
SC: 2+1 3
1 2 3
SC: Pre be you ing travel to France
AFFIX-HOPPING
SD: Pre be you ing travel to France
2 3 2 3
SC: be pre you travel-ing to France
The final result: are you travelling to France?
3) Had john succeeded in the exam?
AD: John had succeeded in the exam
SD: John past have-en succeed in the exam
27
SD: M
NP: Tns Have X
Be
1 2 3
SC: 2+1 3
SD: John past have-en succeed in the exam
1 2 3
SC: Past have John en succeed in the exam
AFFIX-HOPPING
SD: Past have John en succeed in the exam
2 3 2 3 4
SC: have past john succeed-en in the exam
The final result: Had John succeeded in the exam?
4) Have you seen her?
AD: You have seen her
SD: you pre have-en see her
SD: M
NP: Tns Have X
Be
1 2 3
SC: 2+1 3
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SD: you pre have-en see her
1 2 3
SC: Pre have you en see her
AFFIX-HOPPING
SD: pre have you en see her
2 3 2 3 4
SC: Have pre you see-en her
The final result: Have you seen her
5) * will have salah-Eddine finished the concision style?
This is ungrammatically correct sentence because once forming such interrogative we are
obliged to move only the first two elements of aux which are Tns followed by modal Will and
never accompanied by any other constituent. In order this interrogative to be grammatically
correct, we need to abide by the usual following steps.
AD: Salah-eddine will have finished the concision style
SD: Salah-eddine pre will have-en finish the concision style
Calling for YES/NO question rule
SD: M
NP: Tns Have X
Be
1 2 3
SC: 2+1 3
SD: Salah-eddine pre will have-en finish the concision style
1 2 3
SC: Pre will Salah-eddine have-en finish the concision style
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AFFIX-HOPPING
SD: Pre will Salah-eddine have-en finish the concision style
2 3 2 3 4
SC: Will pre Salaheddine have finish-en the concision style
The final result: Will Salah-eddine have finished the concision style
The surface structure of this interrogative sentence is totally grammatical. So, we conclude
that in forming yes /no question we have to move only the first two elements of aux .BUT
what about if we have sentences such:
1) Ahmed went home.
2) Sofia likes pizza.
And we want to form an adequate yes/no question should we move the first two elements
of aux as in former examples? But in these cases we have only one element of aux which the
obligatory Tns . Does Tns alone able to formulate a superior yes/no question?
Let us consider the above examples to understand.
We have "Ahmed went home" which is a declarative sentence; we desire to change it into
an interrogative form so as to form a question. So let us follow these steps.
AD: Ahmed went home
SD: Ahmed past go home
As we know that in yes/no question we move only the first two elements of aux and placing
them at/in the front of NP. However, in these cases we have only one element of aux.
Although, it should be moved even. Look at (A1) and its final movement in (A2).
SD: Ahmed past go home. (A1)
* Past Ahmed go home. (Ungrammatical) (A2)
30
So the final result of this sentence is ungrammatical. Let us prove our evidence
(ungrammaticality of the sentence) by applying yes/no question rule.
SD: M
NP: Tns Have X
Be
1 2 3
SC: 2+1 3
1 2 3
SC: Past Ahmed go home
The final result: * Past Ahmed go home (Ungrammatical)
Note: This modal of such sentence will never be available as surfaces in English. Thus, they
are ungrammatical.
The 2nd goes through the same steps.
SD: Sofia pre like pizza
Yes/ no question
1 2 3
SC: pre Sofia like pizza
The final result: * pre Sofia like pizza (Ungrammatical)
Open conclusion: In both cases, we have only one element of aux (Tns) which seems
impossible to form an adequate yes/no question. However, once these sentences are
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grammatically correct in the active declarative form it means that they are able to be
reversed into interrogatives. But how?
In the case of these sentences, we are to apply another rule which completely allows us to
form a perfect question .Although; we only have one element of aux. It is Do support known
also as Do insertion.
DO INSERTION/ DO SUPPORT RULE
1) What does "Do insertion" stand for?
2) When should we apply "Do support"?
Do insertion is rule which supports us to form a question when we lack the three optional
elements of aux which are (M, have, or be).
We apply Do support rule when we are only to deal with one element of aux which is Tns(
past/present)
Examples of Do support
Did Ahmed go home?
Does Sofia like pizza?
Do Rachid and Jalal Succeed?
Do support and yes/no question
Do appears typically in question and negative forms. We shall focus here on the appearance
of DO in question. For example, Salah broke his wrist. Did salah break his wrist?
The tense is attached in the declarative sentence to Break which is not an auxiliary verb.Thus
DO helps us move Tns even when no AUX verb is present. DO is inserted normally after Tns
movement and just before Affix-Hopping.
Salah broke his wrist
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SD: Salah past break his wrist
SC: past Salah break his wrist
The affix past is not followed by any AUX verb to be attached to, but rather an NP. All that
we need in order to produce a perfect question from above is to insert DO to the left of past.
The DO support or insertion is an obligatory rule which permits us to attach the verb DO
immediately to the left of any Tns marker that is not attached to a verb.
SD: Past Salah break his wrist
SC: past do Salah break his wrist
After the affix hopping, the output will be:
Do past Salah break his wrist
The final result: Did Salah break his wrist?
DO SUPPORT (OBLIGATORY):
SD: X Tense
1 2
SC: 2#do 1
NOTE: The active declarative form of such interrogatives (did you go home?) is not (you did
go home (b1)). Why this last form (b1) cannot be accounted as an active declarative?
Let us consider the following to get the point.
Sentences such as:
You did go home.
She does love you.
I do offer you a hand.
Called emphatic sentences, they cannot be accounted as active declarative forms especially
in forming a question with do insertion rule. Let us prove this. So, if we consider that the
33
active declarative of did you go home? Is you did go home and we want to apply do support
rule we will fall in the problem of doubling the DO element which obviously results
ungrammatical question.
Explanations:
Did you go home?
AD: You did go home
SD: You past do go home
DO SUPPORT:
SD: X Tns
1 2
SC: 2#do 1
SD: You past do go home
1 2
SC: past do you do go home
AFFIX-HOPPING:
SD: past do you do go home

2 3 4
SC: do past you do go home
The final result: * Did you do go home?
The final result is ungrammatical. Thus, the active declarative and structure description of
such sentences will be:
AD: X main verb (tensed)
SD: X Tns main verb (tenseless)
Where X is most of the time an NP
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Examples:
✓ Did Ahmed go home?
AD: Ahmed went home
✓ Does Sofia like pizza?
AD: Sofia likes pizza
Examples and Applications:
Account syntactically for these sentences.
1) Does Maroua defend her project?
2) Did they organize the party?
3) Do the students solve the exam?
Answers:
1) Does Maroua defend her project?
AD: Maroua defends her project
SD: Maroua pre defend her project
Applying yes/no question
SD: M
NP: Tns Have X
Be
1 2 3
SC: 2+1 3
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1 2 3
SC: pre Maroua defend her project
SD: X Tense
1 2
SC: 2#do 1
SD: Pre Maroua defend her project
SC: pre do Maroua defend her project
AFFIX-HOPPING
SD: Pre do Maroua defend her project
2 3 4
SC: do pre Maroua defend her project
The final result: Does Maroua defend her project?
2) Did they organize the party?
AD: They organized the party
SD: They past organize the party
36
SD: M
NP: Tns Have X
Be
1 2 3
SC: 2+1 3
SD: They past organize the party
1 2 3
SC: Past they organize the party
SD: X Tense
1 2
SC: 2#do 1
SD: Past they organize the party
SC: Past do they organize the party
AFFIX-HOPPING
SD: Past do they organize the party
2 3 4
SC: do past they organize the party
The final result: Did they organize the party?
3) Do the students solve the exam?
AD: the students solve the exam
37
SD: The students pre solve the exam
SD: M
NP: Tns Have X
Be
1 2 3
SC: 2+1 3
SD: The students pre solve the exam
1 2 3
SC: Pre the students solve the exam
SD: X Tense
1 2
SC: 2#do 1
SD: pre the students solve the exam
SC: pre do the students solve the exam
AFFIX-HOOPING
SD: Pre do the students solve the exam
2 3 4
SC: do pre the students solve the exam
The final result: Do the students solve the exam?
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Note: The application of yes/no question rule in such cases is optional. For instance, we take
the first example. Does Maroua defend her project?
Applying only do support rule
The superiority of the do support is that it has the ability to reverse in the way yes/no
question does plus it has the adequacy of inserting do next to the tense.
Does Maroua defend her project?
AD: Maroua defends her project
SD: X Tense
1 2
SC: 2#do 1
1 2
SC: pre do Maroua defend her project
AFFIX-HOPPING
SD: Pre do Maroua defend her project
2 3 4
SC: do pre Maroua defend her project
The final result: Does Maroua defend her project?
PASSIVE TRANSFORMATIONAL RULE
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A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO PASSIVE VOICE
INTDODUCTION:
The passive of an active tense is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as the
active verb and adding the past participle of the active verb. The subject of the active verb
becomes the agent of the passive verb. The agent is very often not mentioned. When it is
preceded by preposition by and placed at end of the clause.
Active: Youssef planted this tree
Passive: this tree was planted by youssef
PASSIVE VERB TENSES
Tenses Active Voice Passive Voice

Simple present He delivers the lettres. The lettres are delivered
Simple past He delivered the lettres The lettres were delivered
Simple future He will deliver the letters The letters will be
delivered
Present continuous He is delivering the letters The letters are being
delivered
Past continuous He was delivering the The letters were being
letters delivered
Go He is going to deliver the The letters are going to be
ing to letters delivered
Pesent perfect He has delivered the letters The letters have been
delivered
Past perfect He had delivered the letters The letters had been
delivered
Infinitive He has to deliver the letters The letters have to be
delivered
Modals He must deliver the letters The letters must be
delivered
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Tenses SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT
+ S + am/is/are+ptp S + am/is/are+ being+ptp S+have/has+been+ptp

P
R
E
S - S+am/is/are+not+pt S+am/is/are+not+being S+have/has+not+been+ptp
E p +ptp
N
T
? Am/is/are+S+ptp? Am/is/are+S+ being+ptp? Have/has+s+been+ptp?
+ S+will+be+ptp
Future - S+will+not+be+ptp
? Will+S+be+ptp?
+ S+v to be (am/is/are)
GOING +going to+be+ptp
TO - S+v to be (am/is/are)
+not +going to+be+ptp
? v to be(am/is/are)+s
+going to +be+ptp
S+had+been+ptp
P + S +was/were+ptp
A S+was/were+being+ptp
S S+had+not+been+ptp
T - S+was/were+not+ptp
S+was/were+not+being+ptp
Had +S+been+ptp?
? Was/were+S+ptp?
Was/were+S+being+ptp?
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Short answers
To make short answers:

• We use the verb to be (am/is/are/was/were) for Present Simple, Past Simple, Present
Continuous, Past Continuous and Going To questions.
• We use the verb have (have/has/had) for Present Perfect and Past Perfect questions.
• We use will for Future Simple questions.
USE
The Passive is used:
1. When the agent (=the person who does the action) is unknown, Unimportant or Obvious
from the context.
Jane was shot. (We don’t know who shot her.)
This church was built in 1815. (Unimportant agent)
He has been arrested. (Obviously by the police)
2. To make more polite or formal statements.
The car hasn’t been cleaned. (More Polite)
(You haven’t cleaned the car. –less polite)
3. When the action is more important than the agent, as in processes, instructions, events,
reports, headlines, new items, and advertisement.
30 people were killed in the earthquake.
4. To put emphasis on the agent.
The new library will be opened by the Queen.
AGENT
To say who did the action that we are talking about, ie. to refer to the agent, we use
The preposition by and the name (by youssef), noun (by the teacher) or pronoun (by
Him) at the end of the sentence. We usually refer to the agent when it gives us
Some important information which otherwise would be missing from the sentence.
Our house was designed by a famous architect.
We don’t mention the agent:
1. If we don’t know who has done what we are talking about.
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Our car was stolen last night. (We don’t know who stole it)
2. If we are not interested in who has done what we are talking about or it is not
important to mention it.
He has been taken to hospital. (What we are interested in is the fact that he has been
taken to hospital and not who has taken him.)
3. If it is easy to understand who did something without it being mentioned.
The murderer was arrested last night. (It is not necessary to mention that he has been
arrested by the police because it is Self-evident.)
4. If the subject of the active voice sentence is something like somebody, people, they, you,
etc.
Someone broke the window. →The window was broken.
ACTIVE TO PASSIVE
To change a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice.
•The object of the active voice sentence becomes the subject of the passive voice
Sentence.
Agatha Christie wrote this book.
This book was written by Agatha Christie.
• We change the main verb of the active voice sentence into the passive voice.
The tense remains unchanged.
• The subject of the active voice sentence becomes the agent of the passive Sentence. It is
placed after the past participle and it is preceded by the preposition by.
Mouad wrote this book
This book was written by Mouad
Ahmed took these photos yesterday

Subject active V Object Adv of time
These photos were taken by Ahmed yesterday

Subject passive v Agent Adv of time
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BY OR WITH
In the passive voice, we use:
1) By with the agent to refer to by whom the action is being done.
The door was opened BY Mr Hamadi.( Mr Hamadi = agent)
2) With to refer to the instrument, object or material that was used for something to be
done.
The door was opened with a key. (a key =the object that was used )
The omlette was made with eggs, cheese and peppers.(eggs, cheese and peppers =the
material that was used )
DOUBLE OBJECT VERBS
When we have verbs that take two objects, For example give somebody something; we can
convert the active sentence into a passive one in two ways:
A: by making the indirect (animate) object the subject of the passive voice sentence, which
is also the way that we usually prefer
B: by making the direct (inanimate) object the subject of the passive voice.
Hamadi gave me (indirect object) this book (direct object)
I was given this book by Hamadi
This book was given to me by Hamadi
Some of the verbs that take the two objects are: give, show, tell, send, write, offer, pay etc
When the indirect object is alone after the verb in the passive voice sentence, it needs the
preposition to. if the indirect object of the active voice sentence is a personal pronoun it has
to be change into a subject pronoun to be the subject of the passive voice sentence.
SUBJECTS OBJECTS
I Me
You You
He Him
She Her
It It
We Us
You You
They Them
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PASSIVE TRANSFORMATION
In order any sentence to be grammatically applied in the passive form, we should have at
least the doer of the action called the agent (subject) and the receiver of the action called
the patient (one who/which receives the action), and the main verb should be [+ transitive]
(Verb which needs a direct object) because we cannot apply the passivization to [-transitive]
(verb which does not need an object). Thus it does not allow the object or the patient to
occur in certain sentence. So in the passivization, it is necessary to have at least one object.
No complements No adverbs in general are allowed to replace the object. For example.
Youssef is a doctor.
S copular verb complement
*A doctor is been by youssef.
Thus a doctor is not an object even it is an NP. Rather it is a complement of subject or
subject complement because of the verb to be which functions as a linking verb that links
between the subject and its complement.
Linking verbs/copular verbs: (be, get, become, seem, feel, look, etc).
The confusion of accounting the adverbs of manner, place, time, and frequency as objects.
Youssef went home
S verb [-transitive] Adv of place
Form of home = NP
Function of home = Adv of place
This sentence also cannot be passivized even we have an NP home because this NP functions
as an adverb of place and adverbs cannot function as objects thus the passivization of such
sentences is totally impossible. *Home was gone/been by youssef
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NOTE: The transivity of verbs is not restricted only in one direct object. As well as, it can be
Mono -transitive, Di -transitive, or poly -transitive verbs such as write, buy, offer, and send
etc… for example.
Jamal bought a birthday present for teen dollars to his girlfriend. In this aspect, we have two
indirect objects and one direct. so the verbs do not function in the same way. In general,
The requirement for the passivization is that the verb should be [+transitive]. It does not
matter whether it permits one, two, or three objects. As [-transitive] should be excluded
from the operation.
Let us consider the following examples to get the point clearly.
Ahmed eats an apple (AD)
An apple is eaten by Ahmed (passive)
Youssef has written a book (AD)
A book has been written by Youssef (passive)
Ahmed will have eaten Pizza (AD)
Pizza will have been eaten by Ahmed (passive)
Simo is driving a new car (AD)
A new car is being driven by Simo (Passive)
Focusing on the passive sentences:
SD: An apple pre be-en eat by Ahmed
SD: A book pre have-en be-en write by Youssef
SD: Pizza pre will have-en be-en eat by Ahmed
SD: A new car pre be-ing be-en drive by Simo
We notice that in all structural descriptions (SDs) of the passive sentences, we have got new
inserted elements which clearly are (be-en) and preposition (by).
Let us realize the surface details of what happened during the transformation from the
46
active form to the passive.
1) Ahmed eats an apple (AD)
2) An apple is eaten by Ahmesd (passive)
SD: Ahmed pre eat an apple (AD)
SD: An apple pre be-en eat by Ahmed (passive)
SD: Ahmed pre eat an apple
SD: An apple pre be-en eat by Ahmed
Insertion of be-en Insertion of by
Our operation as follows:
Moving or reversing the position of NPs (Noun phrases = Ahmed and Apple). That is, in the
position of Ahmed we place apple and vice versa. In addition, we insert the verbal element
be and the affix en combined as one single element (be-en) accompanied by the preposition
(By).
INFERENCE OF THE PASSIVE RULE
We can infer our passive rule from the following maximal projection of aux
The teacher will have been explaining the lesson
SD: The teacher pre M have-en be-ing explain the lesson (AD)
NP1 AUX V NP2
Taking the aux in which we indicate the optional elements between brackets:
47
AUX Tns (M)( have-en)( be-ing)
Thus our structural description will be:
SD: NP1 AUX V NP2
Passivizing the same sentence taking into consideration the mentioned steps of passive
transformation which are the movement of NPs , insertion of be-en , and the insertion of
Preposition by.
The teacher will have been explaining the lesson (AD)
The lesson will have been being explained by the teacher (passive)
SD: The lesson pre will have-en be-ing be-en explain by the teacher (passive)
NP2 AUX Be-en V by NP1
Insertion of be-en Insertion of by
Taking the maximal projection of aux in which we indicate the optional elements between
Parentheses plus inserting the element be-en and the preposition by as not to forget the
movement of NPs. Thus our pre- structural change (SC) will be:
SC: NP2 Tns (M) (have-en) (be-ing) be-en V by NP1
AUX
The final version of structural change:
SC: NP2 aux be-en V by NP1
Depending on the structural description SD: NP1 aux v NP2 and structural change
SC: NP2 aux be-en v by NP1 we can form our adequate passive rule.
48
SD: NP1 aux v NP2
1 2 3 4
SC: NP2 aux be-en v by NP1
The final version:
Passive Rule (optional):
SD: NP1 aux v NP2
1 2 3 4
SC: 4 2 + be-en 3 by 1
Examples and Explanations
Examine the following sentences.
1) The employee was fired by the company
2) The meeting has been postponed by the chair
3) The lesson is being written by the teacher
4) 10 million tourists will have been received by Morocco the end of 2023
5) *Simo has slept very well
6) *Soufiane became a teacher
Answers:
1) The employee was fired by the company
AD: The Company fired the employee
SD: The Company past fire the employee
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PASSIVE RULE (OPTIONAL):
SD: NP1 aux v NP2
1 2 3 4
SC: 4 2 + be-en 3 by 1
SD: The Company past fire the employee
1 2 3 4
SC: The employee past be-en fire by the Company
AFFIX-HOPPING:
SD: The employee past be-en fire by the Company
1 2 3 2 3 4
SC: The employee be past fire-en by the Company
The final result: The employee was fired by the Company
2) The meeting has been postponed by the chair
AD: The chair has postponed the meeting
SD: The chair pre have-en postpone the meeting
SD: NP1 aux v NP2
1 2 3 4
SC: 4 2 + be-en 3 by 1
SD: The chair pre have-en postpone the meeting
1 2 3 4
SC: The meeting pre have-en be-en postpone by the chair
AFFIX- HOPPING:
50
SD: The meeting pre have-en be-en postpone by the chair
1 2 3 2 3 2 3 4
SC: The meeting have pre be-en postpone-en by the chair
The final result: the meeting has been postponed by the chair.
3) The lesson is being written by the teacher
AD: The teacher is writing the lesson
SD: The teacher pre be-ing write the lesson
SD: NP1 aux v NP2
1 2 3 4
SC: 4 2 + be-en 3 by 1
SD: The teacher pre be-ing write the lesson
1 2 3 4
SC: The lesson pre be-ing be-en write by the teacher
AFFIX-HOPPING:
SD: The lesson pre be-ing be-en write by the teacher
1 2 3 2 3 2 3 4
SC: The lesson be pre be-ing write-en by the teacher
The final result: The lesson is being written by the teacher
4) 10 million tourists will have been received by Morocco the end of 2023
AD: Morocco will have received 10 million tourists the end of 2023
SD: Morocco pre will have-en receive 10 million tourists the end of 2023
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SD: NP1 aux v NP2 X
1 2 3 4 5
SC: 4 2 + be-en 3 by 1 5
SD: Morocco pre will have-en receive 10 million tourists the end of 2023
1 2 3 4 X (5)
SC: 10 million tourists pre will have-en be-en receive by Morocco the end of 2023
AFFIX-HOPPING:
SD: 10 million tourists pre will have-en be-en receive by Morocco the end of 2023
1 2 3 2 3 2 3 4
SC: 10 million tourists will pre have be-en receive-en by Morocco the end of 2023
The final result: 10 million tourists will have been received by Morocco the end of 2030
5) *Simo has slept very well
Grammatically and semantically correct sentence. But, it cannot be passivized due to ADVP.
6) *Soufiane became a teacher
Grammatically and semantically correct sentence. However, it cannot be passivized because
of a copular verb which functions as linking verb that links the subject and its complement.
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AGENT DELETION RULE
What does agent deletion refer to?
Agent Deletion is a rule which allows us to delete the doer of an action in the passive form
Let us consider the following examples.
An apple is eaten by Ahmed
A car is broken by Mouad
Peter is murdered by john
The king will have been killed by the sniper
In the above examples, we cannot apply our agent deletion because the agent is known. In
Other words, we apply agent deletion when the doer of the action is completely unknown
or unimportant. That is, we are to delete the Agent (someone/somebody) accompanied by
the preposition by.
Illustrations:
Someone eats an apple (AD)
An apple is eaten by someone (PASSIVE)
Somebody will have killed the cat (AD)
The cat will have been killed by somebody (PASS)
Someone has helped me (AD)
I have been helped by someone (PASS)
Somebody is explaining the lesson (AD)
The lesson is being explained by somebody (PASS)
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In these cases, we have the agent is completely unknown .thus, it should be deleted
(The deletion of someone/somebody and the preposition by (by someone/somebody)
Let us deduce our agent deletion rule from the following passive sentences. Depending on
structural description of each one.
1) An apple is eaten by someone (passive)
SD: An apple pre be-en eat by someone
SD1: NP2 aux be-en V by NP1
2) The king will have been killed by somebody (passive)
SD: The king pre will have-en be-en kill by somebody
3) A letter is being written by someone (passive)
SD: A letter pre be-ing be-en write by someone
4) The lesson will have been being explained by someone (passive)
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SD: The lesson pre will have-en be-ing be-en explain by someone
SD1: NP2 aux (Maximal projection) be-en V by NP1
Since the aux in the above sentences can rewrite only as Tns, Tns M have-en, Tns be-ing
and Tns M have-en be-ing. It means that the elements of aux are optional (except Tns) to
occur in a certain case which obviously states that the aux should rewrite and take the
maximal projection in which its optional elements are indicated between brackets. Thus, the
aux will be:
AUX Tns (M) (have-en) (be-ing)
Then Pre-structural description (pre- SD) will be:
Note: (pre-) refers to an affix which means before not the present Tns (Pre)
SD: NP2 Tns (M) (have-en) (be-ing) be-en V by NP1
Aux
Now, it is obviously that the last structural description will be:
SD: NP2 aux be-en V by NP1
Then moving to extract the structural change SC:
An apple is eaten by someone (once the agent is unknown, it should be deleted)
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An apple is eaten by someone
SD: An apple pre be-en eat by someone
The king will have been killed by someone
SD: The king pre will have-en be-en kill by someone
The girl will have been being hit by someone
SD: The girl pre will have-en be-ing be-en hit by someone
SD1: NP2 aux (MP) be-en V by NP1
Thus our last structural change will be:
SC: NP2 aux be-en V Ø
We conclude that the same elements of structural description SD have been kept in
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the structural change SC, except the preposition by and the agent NP1 are deleted.
Depending on last edited SD and SC we will get
SC: NP2 aux be-en V Ø
Once we have four identical elements (NP2 aux be-en V) in both SD and SC, we will only
need to number them so as not to fall in the duplication of each element. Thus the final
version of agent deletion rule will be:
Agent deletion (optional):
1 2 3 4 5
SC: 1 2 3 4 Ø
Examples and Explanations:
Account syntactically for the derivation of the following sentences:
1) The car was being stolen
2) She is hit in the shoulder
3) Yassine and Amine will have been punished
4) The milk has been split in the kitchen
5) Ahmed was murdered in the park yesterday
Answers:
These sentences go through 3 transformational rules which are Passive, Agent Deletion and
Affix-Hopping)
1) The car was being stolen
AD: someone was stealing the car
SD: someone past be-ing steal the car
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passive rule
SD: NP1 aux v NP2
1 2 3 4
SC: 4 2 + be-en 3 by 1
SD: someone past be-ing steal the car
1 2 3 4
SC: The car past be-ing be-en steal by someone
Agent deletion
1 2 3 4 5
SC: 1 2 3 4 Ø
SD: The car past be-ing be-en steal by someone
1 2 3 4 4
SC: The car past be-ing be-en steal Ø
Affix-Hopping
Tns (M)
SD: X (en) (have) Y
(ing) ( be)
V
1 2 3 4
SC: 1 3+2 4
SD: The car past be-ing be-en steal
1 2 3 2 3 2 3
SC: The car be past be-ing steal-en
The final surface: The car was being stolen
58
2) She is hit in the shoulder
AD: someone hits her in the shoulder
SD: someone pre hit her in the shoulder
Passive rule
SD: NP1 aux v NP2
1 2 3 4
SC: 4 2 + be-en 3 by 1
SD: someone pre hit her in the shoulder
1 2 3 4 X
SC: she pre be-en hit by someone in the shoulder
Agent deletion
1 2 3 4 5
SC: 1 2 3 4 Ø
SD: she pre be-en hit by someone in the shoulder
1 2 3 4 5 X
SC: she pre be-en hit Ø in the shoulder
Affix-Hopping
SD: she pre be-en hit in the shoulder
1 2 3 2 3 4
SC: she be pre hit-en in the shoulder
The final result: she is hit in the shoulder
59
3) Yassine and Amine will have been punished
AD: Someone will have punished Yassine and Amine
SD: Someone pre will have-en punish Yassine and Amine
Passive rule
SD: NP1 aux v NP2
1 2 3 4
SC: 4 2 + be-en 3 by 1
SD: someone pre will have-en punish Yassine and Amine
1 2 3 4
SC: Yassine and Amine pre will have-en be-en punish by someone
Agent deletion
1 2 3 4 5
SC: 1 2 3 4 Ø
SD:Yassine and Amine pre will have-en be-en punish by someone
1 2 3 4 5
SC: Yassine and Amine pre will have-en be-en punish Ø
Affix-Hopping
SD: Yassine and Amine pre will have-en be-en punish
1 2 3 2 3 2 3
SC: Yassine and Amine will pre have be-en punish-en
The final surface structure: Yassine and Amine will have been punished
60
4) The milk has been split in the kitchen
AD: Someone has split the milk in the kitchen
SD: Someone pre have-en split the milk in the kitchen
Passive rule
SD: NP1 aux v NP2
1 2 3 4
SC: 4 2 + be-en 3 by 1
SD: Someone pre have-en split the milk in the kitchen
1 2 3 4 y
SC: The milk pre have-en be-en split by someone in the kitchen
Agent deletion
1 2 3 4 5
SC: 1 2 3 4 Ø
SD: The milk pre have-en be-en split by someone in the kitchen
1 2 3 4 5 y
SC: The milk pre have-en be-en split Ø in the kitchen
Affix-Hopping
Tns (M)
SD: X (en) (have) Y
(ing) (be)
V
1 2 3 4
SC: 1 3+2 4
SD: The milk pre have-en be-en split in the kitchen
1 2 3 2 3 2 3 4
SC: The milk have pre be-en split-en in the kitchen
61
The final result: the milk has been split in the kitchen
5) Ahmed was murdered in the park yesterday
AD: Someone murdered Ahmed in the park yesterday
SD: Someone past murder Ahmed in the park yesterday
Passive rule
SD: NP1 aux v NP2
1 2 3 4
SC: 4 2 + be-en 3 by 1
SD: Someone past murder Ahmed in the park yesterday
1 2 3 4 X
SC: Ahmed past be-en murder by someone in the park yesterday
Agent deletion
1 2 3 4 5
SC: 1 2 3 4 Ø
SD: Ahmed past be-en murder by someone in the park yesterday
1 2 3 4 5 X
SC: Ahmed past be-en murder Ø in the park yesterday
Affix-Hopping
Tns (M)
SD: X (en) (have) Y
(ing) (be)
V
1 2 3 4
SC: 1 3+2 4
SD: Ahmed past be-en murder in the park yesterday

1 2 3 2 3 4
SC: Ahmed be past murder-en in the park yesterday
62
Final result: Ahmed was murdered in the park yesterday
63
An echo question is a type of direct question that repeats part or all of something which
someone else has just said. It is also called a parrot question or a "repeat, please"
question. An echo question is one type of echo utterance. We do this when we do not
fully understand or hear what someone has said. Asking an echo question with rising or
falling intonation allows us to clarify what we think we heard. (Albert Ramsdell
Gurney, The Comeback, toughtco echo Questions 1993)
Examples and Observations:
We use echo questions either because we did not fully hear or understand what was
said, or because its content is too surprising to be believed.
Echo questions are usually spoken with a rising intonation and with a strong emphasis
on the wh-word what, which, how, when, where and so on.
Where the symbol ( ) is a rising Intonation
Examples
A: What do you want?
B: What do I want?
A: Amal is waiting for the bus

B: She is waiting for what?
A: I have kissed a donkey

B: You have kissed what
A: What do you want?

B: What do I want? (I'm just here waiting my friend Fatah)
64
A: Youssef is departing tomorrow

B: Youssef is departing when
We use echo questions to repeat part of what we have just heard when we want to
confirm what we have heard. Or because its content is too surprising to be believed, we
use rising or fall rising intonation. In English, Echo questions are usually spoken with a
rising intonation ( ) and with a strong emphasis on the wh-word.
❶ How did you ever escape? [ haʊ dɪdjuː ˈevə [r] iˈskeɪp ].Here, as in common
with wh-questions, there is a rising intonation on the question word, and a falling
intonation at the end of the question.
❷ He found it on the street? [ hiː ˈfaʊnd ɪt ɒn ðə ˈstɹiːt ].Here the rising pitch on
street indicates that the question hinges on that word. Exactly, on where he found it, not
whether he found it.
The same thing has been observed in our Moroccan dialect with a slight change.
A≕ mæʒdæ tχtəbæt el- mʊhæmed el- jum : (Majda was engaged to Mohammed)
B≕ mæʒdæ tχtəbæt el- mʊhæmed : (Majda was engaged to Mohammed)
A≕ dɪk el–bnt kʌj -ejəʕjtɒlɪhæ Tɒkju : (They call that girl Tokyo)
B≕ kʌj -ejəʕjtɒlɪhæ ʃnʊ : (they call her what)
A≕ wɑχ f -χbærk bəlɪ ħʌmzʌ ʒrʌw ʕlɪh mn el-χdmæ : (Did you Know that hamza
was fired from job)
B≕ ħʌmzʌ ʒrʌw ʕlɪh mn el- χdmæ : (hamza was fired from his job)
65
A≕ ʌʃ kædɪrɪ f -bjɪtɪ : (What are you doing in my room )
B≕ ʌʃ kændɪr f- bjɪtk kænʒmʕ hʌd el- fɒdɑː elɪ drtɪ : (What am I doing) ,
(I’m treating your terrible mess)
A≕ mærwæ fɪn əhwæ bæbæ : (maroua where is dad )
B≕ fɪn əhwæ bæbæ ʕlɑh ntæ fɪn ʕmrək ʒbtɪ el- χbʌr el- ʃɪħʌʒʌ : (Oh Where is
dad), ( as usual, you have no idea about what is going on)
In these cases, the speaker B seeks from the speaker A to repeat what he/ she has just
said because of getting surprised from what the speaker said or wanting the speaker to
clarify more.
Questioning a Question
a speaker may question a question by repeating it with a rising intonation. Note that we
use normal question structures with inverted word order.
'Where are you going?' 'Where am I going? Home.'

'What does he want?' 'What does he want? Money as usual.'
'Are you tired?' 'Am I tired? Of course not.'
'Do squirrels eat insects?' 'Do squirrels eat insects? I'm not sure.'
Michael Swan, Practical English Usage. Oxford University Press, 1995
Movement Operations With Echo Questions

Consider the following dialogue:
A: He had said someone would do something.
B: He had said who would do what?
Speaker B largely echoes what Speaker A says, except for replacing someone by who
and something by what. For obvious reasons, the type of question produced by speaker
B is called an echo question. However, speaker B could alternatively have replied with
66
a non-echo question like, "Who had he said would do what?" If we compare the echo
question, He had said who would do what? With the corresponding non-echo
question who had he said would do what? We find that the latter involves two
movement operations which are not found previously. One is an auxiliary inversion
operation by which the past-tense auxiliary had is moved in front of its subject he. The
other is a wh-movement operation by which the wh-word who is moved to the front of
the overall sentence, and positioned in front of had, Andrew Radford, English Syntax:
An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 2004
67
Here are some examples of wh/fronting
Which car do you like?
Which topic did you find perfect
What are they conversing on?
Where can I find the scientific library?
How do you know the information?
When/where are we going to see one another?
How much did you buy the quantum laptop?
In wh/movement, as in yes/no questions. However, in wh/words, we move the

wh/word to the front plus reversing the subject-aux.
Wh/operation as follows:
We move the wh/word accompanied by its complement category, or with no

complement to the front plus reversing the subject –aux
Illustrations:
Example one:
AD: you like which car
SD: you pre like which car
Forming a wh/question
We move the wh/word (which) accompanied by its complement category (car), thus.
The result will be:
You pre like which car
Complement category
Wh/word
68
So as to form a wh/question, we have to move the wh/word (which) and its complement
category (car) to the front.
The result one:
Which car you pre like
Then we have to reverse subject-aux, subject (You) and Aux (Tns Pre)
The result two:
Which car pre you like
However, in this case, we have only one element of aux (Tns) which is inadequate to form a
superior wh/question. Thus, we call for a do support.
Which car pre do you like?
Do insertion
Affix-Hopping
SC: Which car do pre you like
The final result:
Example two:
When had Amal been elected as a head of English department?
AD: Amal had been elected when as a head of English department
SD: Amal past have-en be-en elect when as a head of English department
In this case, the wh/word will be moved without complement category, thus we will move
only the adverb category (when) to the front.
SD: Amal past have-en be-en elect when as a head of English department
Wh/word with no complement category
69
The result:
When Amal past have-en be-en elect Ø as a head of English department
Reversing subject-aux, Subject (Amal) and Aux (past have)
When past have Amal en-be en-elect as a head of English department
Note:
What is meant by Aux is only the first two elements of Aux and not the whole maximal
projection.
Affix-hopping:
SC: When have past Amal be-en elect-en as a head of English department
The final result:
When had Amal been elected as a head of English department?
The Tree diagram of WH/Fronting:
AD: You will hunt which animal in the Atlas Mountains
SD: You pre will hunt which animal in the Atlas Mountains
Aux
NP Tns M VP
Pronoun V NP PP
P NP
DET Compound N
You pre will hunt which animal in the Atlas Mountains
70
Aux
NP Tns M NP VP
Pro V PP
P NP
DET Compound N
Which animal pre will You hunt in the Atlas Mountains
AD: Youssef will have what tomorrow morning
SD: Youssef pre will have what tomorrow morning
Aux
NP Tns M VP
Noun V NP advp
Youssef pre will have what tomorrow morning
71
Aux
NP Tns M NP VP
N V Advp
What pre will Youssef have tomorrow morning
AD: we are going when to cinema
SD: we pre be-ing go when to cinema
Aux
NP Tns be-ing VP
Pro V advp pp
Adv p NP
we pre go when to cinema
72
Aux
Advp Tns be-ing NP VP
Adv Pro V pp
p NP
When pre we go to cinema
AD: Rachid went where last Monday
SD: Rachid past go where last Monday
Aux
NP Tns Ø VP
Noun V Advp❶ Advp❷
Adv
Rachid past go where last Monday
Rachid went where last Monday
73
Aux
Advp NP VP
Tns + Do support
Adv N V Advp
Where past Do Rachid go last Monday?
Where did Rachid go last Monday?
The final wh-question rule:
SD: Q X [Wh] Y
1 2 3 4
SC: 1 3+2 4
Obligatory rule: we move the wh-word from the middle of the sentence to the
beginning Plus subject-aux inversion
Applications:
Account syntactically for the following wh-sentences
❶ How long have you been waiting here?
❷ Which apple has Ahmed eaten at home?
❸ When will she meet you again?
❹ What were they talking about yesterday morning?
❺ Which toy did she want last Monday?
74
Answers:
❶ How long have you been waiting here?
AD: You have been waiting how long here

SD: You pre have-en be-ing wait how long here
SD: Q X [Wh] y
1 2 3 4
SC: 1 3+2 4
SD: You pre have-en be-ing wait how long here

3
SC: How long you pre have-en be-ing wait here
Applying yes/no question so as to invert subject-aux (the first two element of aux)
SD: M
NP: Tns Have X
Be
1 2 3
SC: 2+1 3
SD: How long you pre have-en be-ing wait here

1` 2
SC: How long pre have you en be-ing wait here
Affix-Hopping rule
75
Tns (M)
SD: X (en) (have) y
(ing) (be)
V
1 2 3 4
SC: 1 3+2 4
SD: How long pre have you en be-ing wait here

1 2 3 2 3 2 3 4
SC: How long have pre you be-en wait-ing here
The final surface structure: How long have you been waiting here?
❷ Which apple has Ahmed eaten at home?
AD: Ahmed has eaten which apple at home

SD: Ahmed pre have-en eat which apple at home
SD: Q X [Wh] y
1 2 3 4
SC: 1 3+2 4
SD: Ahmed pre have-en eat which apple at home

3
SC: Which apple Ahmed pre have-en eat at home
Applying Yes/no question rule
SD: Which apple Ahmed pre have-en eat at home

1 2
SC: Which apple pre have Ahmed en eat at home
Affix-Hopping rule
76
SD: Which apple pre have Ahmed en eat at home

1 2 3 2 3 4
SC: Which apple have pre Ahmed eat-en at home
The final result: Which apple has Ahmed eaten at home?
❸ When will she meet you again?
AD: She will meet you when again

SD: She pre will meet you when again
SD: Q X [Wh] y
1 2 3 4
SC: 1 3+2 4
SD: She pre will meet you when again

3
SC: When she pre will meet you again
Yes/no question rule
SC: When pre will she meet you again
Affix-Hopping rule
SC: When will pre she meet you again
The Surface structure: When will she meet you again?
❹ What were they talking about yesterday morning?
AD: They were talking about what yesterday morning

SD: They past be-ing talk about what yesterday morning
Wh-question rule
SC: What they past be-ing talk about yesterday morning
Yes/no question rule
SC: What past be they ing talk about yesterday morning
Affix-Hopping rule
SC: What be past they talk-ing about yesterday morning
The surface structure: what were they talking about yesterday morning?
77
❺ Which toy did she want last Monday?
AD: She wanted which toy last Monday
SD: She past want which toy last Monday
Wh-question rule
SD: Q X [Wh] y
1 2 3 4
SC: 1 3+2 4
SC: Which toy she past want last Monday
However, in this case is optional because the Do support rule can also invert subject-aux
as it adds a do element to the TNs. that is, when we have only one element of aux, which
is Tns , it is obviously that we need a Do insertion, in order to form an adequate
question, and do support also has the superiority to reverse the Subject and Aux .thus,
yes/no question rule becomes optional .
Do support/insertion rule
SD: X Tns
1 2
SC: 2#Do 1
SD: which toy she past want last Monday

1 2
SC: Which toy past Do she want last Monday
Affix-Hopping rule
SD: Which toy past Do she want last Monday

1 2 3 4
SC: Which toy Do past she want last Monday
The surface structure: Which toy did she want last Monday?
78
Note: mistakes are expected (to occur)
79
80
TRANSFORMATIONAL RULES
The total of our transformational rules
AFFIX-HOPPING RULE (OBLIGATORY)
Tns (M)
SD: X (en) (have) Y
(ing) (be)
V
1 2 3 4
SC: 1 3+2 4
YES/NO QUESTION RULE (OPTIONAL)
SD: NP Tns Have X
Be
1 2 3
SC: 2+1 3
81
DO SUPPORT RULE (OBLIGATORY)
SD: X Tense
1 2
SC: 2#do 1
PASSIVIZATION RULE (OPTIONAL)
SD: NP1 aux v NP2
1 2 3 4
SC: 4 2 + be-en 3 by 1
AGENT DELETION RULE (OPTIONAL)
1 2 3 4 5
SC: 1 2 3 4 Ø
WH-QUESTION RULE (OBLIGATORY)
82
SD: Q X Wh Y
1 2 3 4
SC: 1 3+2 4
DATIVE MOVEMENT RULE (OPTIONAL)
SD: X V NP (TO/FOR) NP
1 2 3 4 5
SC: 1 2 5+3 Ø
COMPLEX NP SHIFT RULE (OPTIONAL)
SD: X V NP Y
1 2 3 4
SC: 1 2 Ø 4+3
THERE INSERTION RULE (OPTIONAL)
SD: NP[- def ] Tns (M) (Have-en) be
1 2 (3) (4) 5
SC: There 2 (3) (4) 5+1
83
REFLEXIVIZATION RULE (Obligatory)
SD: NPi Aux V NPi
1 2 3 4
SC: 1 2 3 4 [+Réflexive]
TAG-QUESTION RULE (OPTIONAL)
SD: NP Tns have (not) X
Be
1 2 (3) 4
SC: 1 2 (3) 4 ‚ 2#nʼt + 1[+pronominal]
IMPERATIVE RULE (OPTIONAL)
SD: YOU Pre will/shall VP
1 2 3
SC: Ø Ø 3
84
Advanced Generative Syntax Exams

English studies track
Module Advanced Generative syntax
Semester 6
A) - Comment on the following transformational generative rule:
SD: NP AUX X
1 2 3
SC: 2 1 3
B) - Account syntactically for the derivation of the following sentences
-Were my friends given the money?
-Which color did Bill prefer ?
-There was a boy hurting himself.
-Join the group, haven’t you?
-Where have the boys been found?
85
MODULE: ADVANCED GENERATIVE SYNTAX
Semester: 6
A)- comment on the following transformational generative rule
SD: NP AUX VP
1 2 3
SC: There 2+1 3
B)- Account Syntactically for the derivation of the following sentences
-There were some cars crashed in the street
-Few girls have been offered flowers by the audience
-Did the artist kill himself by the end?
-Which bad did the young boy carry?
-Enjoy yourself, won’t you?
86
SPRING SESSION EXAM 2015/2016
SEMESTER 6
A)- Explain the following terms:
-Relational Grammar
-Morphosyntactic rule
B)- Analyze syntactically the following sentences, using Transformational

Generative Grammar:
-Which cup was being broken by Mary?
-Show himself the little girl, won’t she
-There were some immigrants kidnapped in the sea
-Leave the children at school, won’t you?
87
ENGLISH STUDIES TRACK
SEMESTER 6
A)- Comment on the following Transformational Generative Rule:
SD: NP AUX BE VP
1 2 3 4
SC: There 2 3+ 1 4
B)-What are the operations performed by transformational generative rules?
C)-Account for the derivation of the following sentences
-Were there being some trees cut from the forest?
-Whose country did they invade last year?
-Mary was offered a ring
-Enjoy yourself, can’t you?
-When has the treaty been singed
88
Sultan Moulay Sliman University June12th, 2019
Faculty of Arts and Humanities
Department of English
Semester 6 : MOD 35 Advanced Generative Syntax
I-a) Account syntactically for the following sentences:
1-Lead the army yourself, won’t you?
2-There were many people offered new houses by the ministry, weren’t they?
3-*Has been the student absent in the last three months?
4-Mary sent to Paris the gift that she bought from Casablanca
b) Then give an account of the operations performed by the witnessed

transformational rules
II- Why the following examples can’t surface in English?
I- Are quiet
II-Pre John leave the university?
III- I kicked me
89
Sultan Moulay Sliman University July4th,2019
Faculty of Arts and Humanities
Department of English
Semester 6 : MOD 35 Advanced Generative Syntax
Catch-up Exam
I-) Account syntactically for the derivation of the following sentences:
-There would have been a cat killed in the yard
-Shave yourself, won’t you?
-Did John rely on himself ?
-Marry sent Bill an e-mail last week
II- Why the following transformational rules are not adequate?
1-
SD: X V NP PP
1 2 3 4
SC: 1 2 4+3
2-
SD: NP X be
1 2 3
SC: There 2 3+1
90
FACULTY OF LETERS AND HUMANITIES Academic year: 2017-2018
F.E.ANG: SEMESTER6
Catch-up Exam
MODULE: Advanced Generative Syntax
I-Comment on the following transformational rule:
SD: NP X be-en
1 2 3
SC: There 2 3+1
II- Account syntactically for the derivation of the following sentences:
1 - Were there many elephants hunted by the soldiers
2 - John bought himself a big car last summer
3 - Would they have been coming the following year?
4 - Mary sent to London a big parcel which she bought from Madrid, didn’t she?
91
ENGLISH STUDIES TRACK
SEMESTER 6
Catch-up Exam
I- Comment on the following transformational generative rule
SD: NP AUX X
1 2 3
SC: 2 1 3
II- Account syntactically for the derivation of the following sentences
-Were my friends given money?
-Which color did Bill Prefer?
-There was a boy hurting himself
-Join the group, haven’t you?
-Where have the boys been found?
92
Bibliography
Albert Ramsdell Gurney,
The Comeback, toughtco echo Questions 1993
Andrew Radford, English Syntax:
An Introduction, Cambridge University Press, 2004
Michael Swan, Practical English Usage.
Oxford University Press, 1995
An Introduction to the principles of transformational syntax by Adrian Akmajian

and frank Heny.
Aspects of the theory of syntax by Noam Chomsky
93
94
95
96
SALAH-EDDINE BELJADID
&
ABDERRAZEK EL KADI
UNIVERSITE SULTAN MOULAY SLIMANE,

CONCISE STYLE
FACULTE DES LETTRERS ET SCIENCE
HUMANES
20/01/2020

Transformational Generative Rules

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Transformational Generative Rules

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TRANSFORMATIONAL

UNIVERSITE SULTAN MOULAY

to complete such a piece as not to forget the others.

Application of yes/no question……………………………………………………………..…….24

A brief introduction to passive voice ………………………………………………………….40

Examples and Applications of passive transformation……………………………….49

Examples and application of Agent Deletion…………………………………….…………57

Advanced Generative Syntax Exams……………………………………………………………85

Two levels of analysis

Examples of simple declarative sentences:

Marouane is explaining superstring theory

Hajar went home very quickly

Youssef likes doughnuts

Kati has been writing her lessons

Marouane pre be-ing explain superstring

Hajar past go home very quickly

Youssef pre like doughnuts

Kati pre have-en be-ing write her lessons

Aux Tns (M) (have-en) (be-ing)

Transformational Generative Grammar (TGG) is an improvement of Phrase Structure

DEEPSTRUCTURE AND SURFACE STRUCTURE:

In short, transformational-generative grammar is a linguistic theory associated with Noam

A SET OF TRANSFORMATIONAL RULES AND THEIR APPLICATION

The maximal projection of aux is

Affix Affix Affix

Tns(Past/pre) M(Will/can /should...) have-en be-ing V( leave/Go/ tell...)

(A2) : will past have be-en leave –ing

Applying the notion.

1 3+2 3+2 3+2 4

The Final result:

1) STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION (SD):

2) STRUCTURE CHANGE (SC):

AFFIX-HOPPING is an obligatory rule

The final version:

Examples and Applications:

➢ 1) Salah-Eddine and hajar have postponed their research paper

APPLYING AFFIX-HOPPING (Obligatory)

SD: Tns (M)

➢ 2) Hamza has been preparing some food

SD: Hamza pre have-en be-ing prepare some food

APPLYING AFFIX-HOPPING (Obligatory)

SD: Tns (M)

SD: hamza pre have-en be-ing prepare some food

SC: hamza have pre be-en prepare-ing some food

The final result: Hamza has been preparing some food

➢ 3) Simo scheduled a trip to Ouchrah

SD: simo past schedule a trip to Ouchrah

APPLYING AFFIX-HOPPING (Obligatory)

SD: Tns (M)

SD: Simo past schedule a trip to Ouchrah

SC: Simo schedule past a trip to Ouchrah

The final result: Simo scheduled a trip to Ouchrah

APPLYING AFFIX-HOPPING (Obligatory)

SD: Tns (M)

➢ 5) She is teasing me all the time

SD: She pre be-ing tease me all the time

SD: She pre be-ing tease me all the time

SC: She be pre tease-ing all the time

The final result: She is teasing me all the time

➢ 6) She had moved before him

SD: She past have-en move before him

SD: She past have-en move before him

SC: She have past move-en before him