Science 8

Science – Grade 8
Quarter 4 – Module2 -Digestion
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that no copyright shall subsist in
any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things,
impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective
copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to
use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and
authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education - Schools Division of Pasig City

Development Team of the Self-Learning Module

Writer: Leah M. Ramos
Editor: Annalyn M. Macasinag
Reviewers: Name
Illustrator: Name
Layout Artist: Jean Rean M. Laurente
Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin
OIC-Schools Division Superintendent
Carolina T. Rivera CESE
OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Manuel A. Laguerta EdD
Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division

Education Program Supervisors

Librada L. Agon EdD (EPP/TLE/TVL/TVE)

Liza A. Alvarez (Science/STEM/SSP)
Bernard R. Balitao (AP/HUMSS)
Joselito E. Calios (English/SPFL/GAS)
Norlyn D. Conde EdD (MAPEH/SPA/SPS/HOPE/A&D/Sports)
Wilma Q. Del Rosario (LRMS/ADM)
Ma. Teresita E. Herrera EdD (Filipino/GAS/Piling Larang)
Perlita M. Ignacio PhD (EsP)
Dulce O. Santos PhD (Kindergarten/MTB-MLE)
Teresita P. Tagulao EdD (Mathematics/ABM)

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of

Pasig City
 Science 8
Quarter 4
Self-Learning Module2
Digestion
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Science 8 Self-Learning Module on Digestion

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and
reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and

independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims
to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely:
Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them
to manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Science Self-Learning Module!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an
active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

This module is about the processes of ingestion, absorption,

assimilation and excretion.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Discuss how digestive organs work together to carry out digestion of
food and assimilation of nutrient
2. Cite some problems and disorders related to digestion
3. practice moderation and healthy lifestyles

PRETEST

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on
a separate sheet of paper.
1. What happens to the food in your small intestine?
A. Mechanical digestion happens
B. Water is absorbed
C. Undigested food is stored
D. Final digestion occurs

2. How does the food moves through the digestive tract?

A. By gravity
B. By cilia
C. Chemical absorption
D. Wavelike muscle contraction

3. Bile is stored and concentrated in the

A. Gall bladder
B. Urinary bladder
C. liver
D. Pancreas

4. Which of the following best maintain intestinal health?

A. Fatty food C. starch
B. fiber D. vitamin
 5. Which of the following is a tube which connects the mouth and
stomach?
A. Trachea C. Esophagus
B. Larynx D. pharynx

RECAP

Identify the following life processes .

I - putting food in the mouth
D – break down of food molecules into simple and soluble form.
A – digested food are absorbed by the villi of small intestine
A – simple products are used to build up bigger molecules of proteins,
carbohydrates
E – undigested food are moved out of the body

LESSON

Food fuels the body for the needed energy and to maintain its basic
life processes. What will happen to the food once we put it in our mouth? We
will now explore the breaking down processes of food as it moves along the
alimentary canal. We will divide the topic into a bite sizes and hoping that at
the end of the module you get nuggets of vital information.
Part 1- The Organs of digestion
Part II – Healthy Practices for the Digestive System
What are the organs of digestion?
The human digestive system is tube-like because it has an opening
where food enters the mouth and the waste products exit through an anus.
The organs of digestion are divided into two main parts: the organs of
alimentary tract and accessory organs.
Digestion begins in the mouth or oral cavity. It contains 32 teeth that
break down food into small pieces, tongue that mixes food with saliva and
ducts of salivary glands, secrete ptyalin that start the chemical digestion of
carbohydrates. Partially digested food mixes with saliva and lubricated and
chewed until it forms into a ball-shaped bolus. Swallowing pushes the bolus
into the pharynx or throat.
Pharynx is 5-6 inches long, during swallowing, the sphincter muscles
relaxes and raises the epiglottis to cover the opening of trachea so food
passes from the pharynx to the esophagus then into the stomach by
wavelike contraction and relaxation of involuntary muscles called
peristalsis.
Stomach is a pear-shaped organ , about 30.5cm long and 15.2 cm
wide and has the capacity of about 1 liter. Stomach has many folds called
rugae. Within the rugae are gastric glands secreting gastric juices and
hydrochloric acid that digest proteins. The contraction or churning of the
stomach mixes the food with gastric juices and the food is converted into
chyme, a semifluid partially digested food. During the churning , the
sphincter muscles on both side of the stomach are closed. Food usually
remains in the stomach for 2-3 hours.
The pyloric valve at the intestinal end, opens and closes several times
emptying or moving the chyme to the small intestine. Small intestine is
about 6 meters long and approximately 2.5 cm in diameter for adult. It is
divided into 3 sections: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Small intestine is
considered as organ of complete digestion because it secretes the enzymes
that change food materials into their simplest components. The walls of the
small intestine contain many folds that are lined up with villi. Every villus
has epithelial cells for covering and blood vessels scattered within. On the
surface of every epithelial cells it has tinier projection called microvilli add
up a wide surface area for the absorption of nutrients. and into the
bloodstream and get transported to various parts of the body.
Not all food are completely digested. These undigested materials
become watery and pass from small intestine into the large intestine. Large
intestine or colon is about 5cm wide and 1.5 meters long. Water is absorbed
from undigested food and the remaining materials which then become more
solid are pass into the rectum where they are temporarily stored, and are
eventually eliminated through the anus as waste..
Here are some of the accessory organs of digestion.
1. Salivary glands – these include parotid, sublingual and
submandibular which secretes saliva that contains salivary
amylase or ptyalin
2. Liver is located at the right side of upper abdomen. It is
responsible for production of bile, about 500mL -1,000 mL daily.
Bile is temporarily stored and concentrated in the gallbladder. Bile
emulsifies fats and neutralizes the chyme from the stomach.
 3. Pancreas – is yellowish gland about 18cm long and 4 cm wide. The
acinar cells of pancreas secretes amylopsin, trypsin, steapsin and

nuclease

Below is a summary of the digestion and absorption process.

https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/23-7-chemical-digestion-and-
absorption-a-closer-look

Healthy Practices that can promote proper nutrition and over all wellness

1. A diet rich in raw, living food like fruits and vegetables. They are rich with
enzymes which hasten the chemical breakdown of food.
2. Food rich in fibers. Fibers “sweep” the large intestine to keep it clean and to
assist in elimination.
3. Drinking enough amount of water.
4. Drinking warm liquid. Ice cold drinks stiffen the muscles of the digestive
organs.
5. Light exercises after eating. Brisk walking can increase breathing and
heartrate that can jumpstart the digestive process.
6. Probiotics are available as nutritional supplements. Probiotics can help
increase digestive time. .
 ACTIVITIES

Explore and strengthen your understanding of the topic by answering these

activities
Activity 1- Can you help me identify my digestive organs?

Direction. Label the organs and glands for digestion.

1
.

7
2

8
4
9
5

10
6

https://www.austincc.edu/apreview/PhysText/Digestive.html

Activity 2- How will I take care of my digestive organs?

A healthy digestive system improves the person’s capacity to eat well and the
body’s capacity to derive optimum energy from food. Just complete the following:

1. I can help my digestive systems by eating……

2. I rather chose to drink………..

3. I need to improve on……..

4. I don’t eat when I am…..

 Activity 3 – Match Me

Sometimes, digestive problems may occur due to several reasons.

Direction: Match the items in column A with the items in column B
A B
a. Caused by excess secretion of
1. Heartburn
stomach acid
2. Flatulence
b. Presence of excess amount of
3. Colitis
gas
4. Constipation
c. Inflammation of large intestine
5. Indigestion
d. discomfort like bloating and
pain in upper abdomen
e. Bowel movement become
frequent and difficult.

WRAP-UP

Let’s wind up this lesson by completing the statements. Choose from the following
words.

Diet practices breaking alimentary tract accessory

Digestion is a process of _________ down food into simple components that the cells
can use. The human digestive system has the organs of ______________
____________ that comes in contact with the food and the ____________ organs to
pour out secretions to assist in the digestive process.

A healthy _________ and __________ plus some technologies will promote proper
nutrition and overall wellness.

VALUING

“A healthy body starts with a healthy plate. “

( What do you think are the contents of a healthy plate? Can you and your
family find ways to have it in your dining table?)
 POSTTEST

1. In what organ is food completely digested and absorbed?

A. liver
B. Mouth
C. Stomach
D. Small intestine
2. Which of the following is a function of the gall bladder?
A. Produce bile
B. Attached the pancreas
C. Stores and concentrates bile
D. produce insulin
3. Which of the following practices is helpful to our digestive organs?
A. Ice cold drinks after meal
B. Intake of ready to eat food
C. Raw diet and rich in fiber
D. Eating small portion of food
4. This is where the digestion and respiration both occur ,
A. trachea
B. Nose
C. pharynx
D. Larynx

5. Many people died of colon cancer. We can prevent this from happening
to us by
A. Consulting a doctor
B. Eating food rich in fiber
C. Drinking enough amount of water
D. All of the above
 digestion-and-absorption-a-closer-look
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/23-7-chemical-
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zwqycdm/revision/7
pages 95-111
Aquino, Valdez et al 2013, Science Links Rex Book Store Copyright 2013
References
Wrap up Acitivity 3
Breaking accessory 1. A 4. E
2. B 5. D
Alimentary tract diet practices
3. C
practices
Activity 2 Activity 1 PRETEST
1. Salivary glands
1. Varied 1. D
2. Pharynx
answer 2. D
2. varied 3. Esophagus
3. A
answer 4. Stomach
4. B
3. varied 5. Pancreas
5. D
answer 6. Small intestine
4. varied 7. Mouth POSTTEST
answer 8. Liver
9. Gall bladder 1. D
10. Large intestine 2. C
3. C
4. C
5. D
KEY TO CORRECTION