XG BLOOD GROUP

PRIYANKA SAH
1840646
6 BCZ
BLOOD GROUPING
• A blood type (also known as a blood group) is a classification of blood, based on
the presence and absence of antibodies and inherited antigenic substances on the
surface of red blood cells (RBCs).
• These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids,
depending on the blood group system.
• There are 4 main blood groups (types of blood) – A, B, AB and O. Your blood
group is determined by the genes you inherit from your parents.
• Each group can be either Rh positive or Rh negative,
• Apart from these there are other groups also.
 XG BLOOD GROUP
• Xg antigen is a red blood cell surface antigen discovered in 1962 by researchers
at the MRC Blood Group Unit (University college, London)
• The XG blood group system is best known for its contributions to the fields of
genetics and chromosome mapping.
• The PBDX gene that encodes the antigen is located on the short arm of the X
chromosome.
• Only blood group in which the antigen-encoding genes are located on the X
Chromosome.
• XG gene, which encodes Xg(a), is located in the pseudoautosomal boundary on short p arm
of the X chromosome at Xp22.3.
• Pseudoautosomal region- The pseudoautosomal regions, PAR1, PAR2, are homologous
sequences of nucleotides on the X and Y chromosomes.
• The pseudoautosomal regions get their name because any genes within them are inherited just
like any autosomal genes.
• Pseudoautosomal regions , At either end of the X and Y chromosomes are homologous regions
known as the pseudoautosomal regions (PARs). PAR1 is at the tip of the short 'p' arms and PAR2
is at the tip of the long 'q' arms .
 CYTOGENETIC BAND:
XP22.33
XG GENE IN GENOMIC LOCATION: BANDS ACCORDING TO ENSEMBL,
LOCATIONS ACCORDING TO GENELOC
INHERITANCE
• X-LINKED DOMINANT - X-linked dominant inheritance, sometimes referred
to as X-linked dominance, is a mode of genetic inheritance by which a dominant
gene is carried on the X chromosome.
• X-linked dominant traits do not necessarily affect males more than females
(unlike X-linked recessive traits). The exact pattern of inheritance varies,
depending on whether the father or the mother has the trait of interest.
❑The group consists of one identifiable antigen, Xga.
❑This blood group follows the pattern for sex-chromosome inheritance.
❑The antigen is developed at birth but does not readily induce the development of
antibodies.
❑anti-Xg(a) is rare.
❑Anti-Xg(a) is considered clinically insignificant.
❑Inheritance is controlled by two alleles (Xga and Xg) with Xga being dominant
and Xg being recessive .
❑Because the system is sex-linked, the frequency of the Xg(a+) phenotype varies
in males and females.
❑The female frequency is 88% and the male frequency is 66%.
❑Males can be positive (XgaY) or negative (XgY). If positive, they are said to
be hemizygous.
❑Females, if positive, can be homozygous (XgaXga) or heterozygous (XgaXg).
XgXg females are Xg(a-).
 EXAMPLES OF INHERITANCE

A PEDIGREE FOR AN XGA-NEGATIVE MALE MATING

WITH A HOMOZYGOUS-POSITIVE FEMALE.
AN XGA-NEGATIVE MALE MATES WITH A
HETEROZYGOUS-POSITIVE FEMALE
LASTLY, THE MATING OF AN XGA+POSITIVE MALE
WITH A NEGATIVE FEMALE
DISORDERS:
❑RED-GREEN COLOUR BLINDNESS.
❑ICHTHYOSIS: is a family of genetic skin disorders characterized by dry,
thickened, scaly skin. There are more than 20 types of ichthyosis range in
severity of symptoms, outward appearance, underlying genetic cause and mode
of inheritance (e.g., dominant, recessive, autosomal or X-linked).
❑KALLMANN SYNDROME: is a condition characterized by delayed or absent
puberty and an impaired sense of smell. This disorder is a form of
hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, which is a condition resulting from a lack of
production of certain hormones that direct sexual development.
SIGNIFICANCE:

❖The Xga system is not very significant in transfusion medicine because the sole antibody in the
system (anti-Xga) is extremely rare. This suggests that the Xga antigen must be poorly
immunogenic.
❖The system is of interest to blood bankers because it is one of the few blood group systems whose
genes are sex-linked. (It seems to interest blood bank instructors because it give them a chance to
ask questions about terms like hemizygous.)
❖It can sometimes be of use to geneticists in explaining genetic accidents (e.g., X-chromosome
aneuploidy) or in helping to map the X chromosome
REFERENCES:
• “Xg blood group system,” Encyclopædia Britannica. [Online]. Available:
https://www.britannica.com/science/Xg-blood-group-system. [Accessed: 24-Feb-2021].
• G. C. H. G. Database, “XG Gene (Protein Coding),” GeneCards. [Online]. Available:
https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=XG#diseases. [Accessed: 24-Feb-2021].
• “Xga Blood Group System,” Xga Blood Group Systems. [Online]. Available:
https://sites.ualberta.ca/~pletendr/tm-modules/genetics/70gen-xga.html. [Accessed: 24-Feb-
2021].
• “X-linked dominant inheritance,” Wikipedia, 20-Oct-2020. [Online]. Available:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_dominant_inheritance. [Accessed: 24-Feb-2021].
• "Xg antigen system", En.wikipedia.org, 2021. [Online]. Available:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xg_antigen_system. [Accessed: 24- Feb- 2021].
THANK YOU