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Slides 9
Slides 9
Slides 9
Maintenance
Arun Mukhija
Contents
ÿ What is Software Maintenance?
ÿ Facts and Figures
ÿ Maintenance Activities and Costs
ÿ Maintenance Estimation Models
ÿ Conclusion and Discussion
60
40
20
0
Gereral USAF USAF General
Telephone Command command Motors
and Electronics and and control
control No.1 No.2
40
30
20
8
10
0
Maintenance Development Other
0
10
20
30
40
50
Routine debuging
9.3
files
Other
3.4
10
Distribution of Software Maintenance Effort
21.01.2002
percent of user enhancement effort
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
New reports 5
40.8
Other
10.1
Distribution of User Enhancement Effort
11
Maintenance Activities
and Costs
ÿ Defect repairs
l keep software in operational condition
l costs absorbed by software supplier
l low pre-release defect removal efficiency (~85%)
l productivity = 8 defect repairs per month
(can be higher with experienced personnel and defect-tracking tools etc.)
ÿ Customer support
l interface between clients and defect repair teams
l effort depends on number of users
• with phone contact, 1 customer support person for 150 users
• with electronic contact, 1 customer support person for 1000
users
ÿ Mandatory changes
l in response to changes in law or policy
l involve high costs and tight schedules
l difficult to predict in advance
ÿ Enhancements
l adding new features as per user request
l funded by user
l annual rate = 7% increase in FP total of an app.
l high integration and testing costs for poorly structured
apps.
(MM)M = (M/D)(MM)DEV
(MM)M : overall life-cycle maintenance effort in man-month
(MM)DEV : development effort in man-month
M/D : maintenance/development cost ratio
Value of M/D ranges from 0.67 to 4.5, depending on
application type.