25.3.

2015

Basic Principles of Electromagnetical

Energy Conversion

EES 472 Electric Drives

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mutlu BOZTEPE
Ege University, 2015

Introduction
 Electric machines, as motors, convert electrical power input into
mechanical output.
 These machines may be operated solely as motors, but they also
enter the generating mode when slowing down (during regenerative
braking) where the power flow is reversed.
 We will briefly look at the basic structure of electric machines and
the fundamental principles of the electromagnetic interactions that
govern their operation.
 We will limit our discussion to rotating machines, although the
same principles apply to linear machines.

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 2

1
 25.3.2015

Basic structure
 Cross-section view, as if the machine were “cut” by a plane
perpendicular to the shaft axis and viewed from one side.
 Stator: Stationary part
 Rotor: Rotating part.
 Air gap: a small distance between stator and motor.

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 3

Structure of machine
 In order to require small ampere-turns to create flux lines shown
crossing the air gap in the figure, both the rotor and the stator are
made up of high-permeability ferromagnetic materials, and the
length of the air gap is kept as small as possible.
 In machines with ratings under 10 kW, a typical length of the air gap
is about 1mm, which is shown highly exaggerated for ease of
drawing.
 Due to complete symmetry around the periphery of the air gap, it is
sufficient to consider only one pole pair consisting of adjacent north
and south poles. Other pole pairs have identical conditions of
magnetic fields and currents.

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 4

2
 25.3.2015

Saliency
 If the rotor and the stator are perfectly round, the air gap is uniform,
and the magnetic reluctance in the path of flux lines crossing the air
gap is uniform. Machines with such structures are called non-
salient pole machines (Cylindrical rotor) .
 Sometimes, the machines are purposely designed to have saliency
so that the magnetic reluctance is unequal along various
paths (Salient pole
machines). Such
saliency results in
what is called the
reluctance
torque, which may
be the primary or
a significant
means of
producing
the torque.

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 5

Lamination
 To reduce eddy-current losses, the stator and the rotor often
consist of laminations of silicon steel, which are insulated from each
other by a layer of thin varnish.
 These laminations are stacked together, perpendicular to the shaft
axis.
 Conductors that run parallel
to the shaft axis may be
placed in slots cut into these
laminations to place.

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 6

3
 25.3.2015

Production of magnetic field

 Radial field (H,F,B) in the air gap
H positive if away from the center
 Using Ampere’s law, field
produced by the stator is

 mmf acting on air gap

 Flux density in air gap

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 7

Example 6.1
 In Figure, consider a concentrated coil with Ns=25 turns, and air gap
length lg=1 mm. The mean radius (at the middle of the air gap) is
r=15 cm, and the length of the rotor is l=35 cm. At an instant of time
t, the current Is=20 A.
(a) Calculate the Hs, Fs , and Bs distributions in the air gap as a
function of θ, and
(b) Calculate the total flux crossing the air gap.

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 8

4
 25.3.2015

Example 6.1 - Solution

Note that the length of the air gap in electrical machines is extremely small, typically
1-2 mm. Therefore, we will use the radius r at the middle of the air gap to
also represent the radius to the conductors located in the rotor and the stator slots.
EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 9

Electromagnetic force
 A force is produced on a current-carrying conductor when it is
subjected to an externally established magnetic field.
 B is uniform and perpendicular to conductor length.
 A force fem is exerted on the conductor due to the electromagnetic
interaction is given as;

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 10

5
 25.3.2015

Force direction
 From higher concentration to lower concentration

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 11

Induced EMF
 Magnetic force on electric charges

q: electron charge (1.60217657×10-19C)

u: speed vector (m/s)
B= Magnetic flux density (Tesla)
 In this example a net positive charge accumulates at the top and a
net negative charge accumulates at the bottom

Electric force vs. magnetic force on electric charge

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 12

6
 25.3.2015

Magnitude of Induced EMF

 Magnitude of induced emf

 Polarity of induced emf is given by fq

and is independent of current flowing
through the conductor
 Thus, the upper end will have a positive
potential with respect to the lower end.
 With the current flowing, the voltage
across the conductor will be the
induced-emf e(t)=Blu minus the
voltage drops across the conductor
resistance and inductance.

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 13

Example 6.3
 In Figs. 6.8a and 6.8b, the conductors perpendicular to the paper
plane are moving in the directions shown, in the presence of an
external, uniform B-field. Determine the polarity of the induced emf.

 Solution: The vectors representing u and B are shown. In

accordance with , the top side of the conductor in Figure
6.8a is positive. The opposite is true in Figure 6.8b

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 14

7
 25.3.2015

Motional EMF and Faradays Law

 The motional emf expression is an application of Faraday's Law, as

can be seen from:

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 15

Faradys law

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 16

8
 25.3.2015

Summary

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 17

Application of basic principals

 Assumptions
– Uniform Bs, in radial direction
– Nr-turn coil in rotor at a radius r
– Coil inductance is negligible
– CCW torque is positive
– Rotor current is constant but
polarity changes with position
 Force acting on the conductor

and torque on coil

torque remains constant as rotor turns

 EMF induced in coil Why torque
does not
change
direction?
EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 18

9
 25.3.2015

Energy conservation

Electrical input power = Mechanical output power

 The above relationship is valid in the presence of losses. For this

case
– The power drawn from the electrical source is
Pel + electrical losses
– The mechanical power available at the shaft is
Pmech – mechanical system losses.

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 19

Example 6.4
 The machine shown in the figure has a radius of 15 cm and the
length of the rotor is 35 cm. The rotor coil has Nr = 15 turns, and
Bs = 1.3 T (uniform). The current ir as plotted in figure, has a
magnitude I = 10 A. m = 100 rad/s.
 Calculate and plot Tem and the induced emf er.
 Also, calculate the power being converted.

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 20

10
 25.3.2015

Example 6.4 - Solution

 Electromagnetic torque on the rotor will be in a counter-clockwise
direction and of a magnitude

 The electromagnetic torque is constant as

shown in figure

 At a speed of m = 100 rad/s, the

electrical power absorbed for
conversion into mechanical power is

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 21

Energy conservation

Motoring
mode

Note that the torque and current

directions are different!

Regenerative
braking
mode

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 22

11
 25.3.2015

Power losses and energy efficiency

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 23

Machine ratings
 The name-plate includes: Safe Operating Area
– Rated torque, speed and power

– Rated voltage & current

– Rated freq. & power factor
(for AC machines)
 Max. speed due to bearings,
structure etc.
 Max. Torque due to temperature rise caused by due to losses,
magnetic saturation etc.
 In self cooled machines, cooling is not enough at low speed
 As a rule of thumb, operation at 10°C above the limit reduces the
motor life expectancy by 50 percent.
 Expanded safe operating area during transients and for intermittent
operation

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 24

12
 25.3.2015

SUMMARY/REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is the role of electric machines? What do the motoring-mode and
the generating-mode of operations mean?
2. What are the definitions of stator and rotor?
3. Why do we use high-permeability ferromagnetic materials for stators
and rotors in electric machines? Why are these constructed by
stacking laminations together, rather than as a solid structure?
4. What is the approximate air gap length in machines with less than l0
kW ratings?
5. What are multi-pole machines? Why can such machines be analyzed
by considering only one pair of poles?
6. Assuming the permeability of iron to be infinite, where is the mmf
produced by machine coils " consumed"? What law is used to
calculate the field quantities, such as flux density, for a given current
through a coil? Why is it important to have a small air gap length?

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 25

SUMMARY/REVIEW QUESTIONS
7. What are the two basic principles of operation for electric machines?
8. What is the expression for force acting on a current-carrying conductor
in an externally established B-field? What is its direction?
9. What is slot shielding, and why can we choose to ignore it?
10. How do we express the induced emf in a conductor " cutting" an
externally established B-field? How do we determine the polarity of the
induced emf?
11. How do electrical machines convert energy from one form to another?
12. What are various loss mechanisms in electric machines?
13. How is electrical efficiency defined, and what are typical values of
efficiencies for the machines, the power-processing units, and the
overall drives?
14. What is the end-result of power losses in electric machines?
15. What is meant by the various ratings on the name-plates of machines?

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 26

13
 25.3.2015

Problems

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 27

Problems

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 28

14
 25.3.2015

Problems

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 29

Problems

EE472 Electric Drives, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2015 30

15