01/03/2019

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT
CE474
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SOLID WASTE
• All the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are
normally solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted
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SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE

Typical facilities, activities, or locations where
Source Types of solid wastes
wastes are generated
Residential Single-family and multifamily dwellings; low-, Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather,
medium-, and high-density apartments; etc. yard wastes, wood, glass, tin cans, aluminum, other
metal, ashes, street leaves, special wastes (including
bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, yard
wastes collected separately, batteries, oil, and tires),and
household hazardous wastes
Commercial Stores, restaurants, markets, office buildings, Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes, glass,
hotels, motels, print shops, service stations, metal wastes, ashes, special wastes (see
auto repair shops, etc. preceding),hazardous wastes, etc.
Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons, governmental Same as for commercial
centers, etc.
Industrial (non- Construction, fabrication, light and heavy Same as for commercial
process wastes) manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants,
power plants, demolition, etc.
Municipal solid All of the preceding All of the preceding
waste
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SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE (Cont…)

Typical facilities, activities, or locations where
Source Types of solid wastes
wastes are generated
Construction and New construction sites, road repair, renovation Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.
demolition sites, razing of buildings, broken pavement, etc.
Municipal Street cleaning, landscaping, catch-basin Special wastes, rubbish, street sweepings, landscape and
services cleaning, parks and beaches, other recreational tree trimmings, catch basin debris; general wastes from
(excluding areas, etc. parks, beaches, and recreational areas
treatment
facilities)

Treatment Water, wastewater, industrial treatment
facilities processes, etc.
Industrial Construction, fabrication, light and heavy
manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants,
power plants, demolition, etc.
Agricultural Field and row crops, orchards, vineyards,
dairies, feedlots, farms, etc.
Treatment plant wastes, principally composed of residual
sludges and other residual materials
Industrial process wastes, scrap materials, etc.;
nonindustrial waste including food wastes, rubbish,
ashes, demolition and construction wastes, special
wastes, and hazardous waste
Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, rubbish, and
hazardous wastes
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• The term municipal solid waste(MSW) is normally assumed to include

all of the wastes generated in a community, with the exception of
waste generated by municipal services, treatment plants, and
industrial and agricultural processes.
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CHARECTERISTICS OF MSW
• If MSW is to be disposed of by landfill  Little need to analyse
further
• If gas has to be collected from land fill  Amount of organic matter is
important
• If recycling or material recovery or energy recovery is planned
Characterisation of waste is necessary
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CHARECTERISTICS OF MSW (Cont…)

1. Composition by identifiable items
2. Moisture content
3. Particle size
4. Chemical composition
5. Heat value
6. Density
7. Mechanical properties
8. biodegradability
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COMPOSITION BY IDENTIFIABLE ITEMS

• Some determination of the components in a municipal solid waste is
necessary if the various fraction are to be separated and recovered
• Measuring the composition of a totally heterogeneous material like
solid waste is not a simple task but necessary if various fractions are
to be separated and recovered
• The waste composition can be estimated by using either input
method or output method
• Out method followed by sampling study is the most reliable method
• The composition of waste can be found by manual sampling or
photogrammetry
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Waste composition can be found out by,

MATERIAL FLOW METHODOLOGY
• Here mass of material entering the waste stream are estimated from
the amount of materials predicted to be discarded based on the
amount of materials produced. For example, certain number of
aluminum cans are produced very year in a country and these
products have certain life span before they enter the waste stream.
Thus the magnitude of the waste can be estimated from the
production statistics
SOURCE SPECIFIC APPROACH
• Mass of waste is estimated from the actual waste that has been
produced
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Manual sampling
• The truck load which represent the average production of refuse in
the community is selected
• Before sampling the contents are thoroughly mixed
• Samples(in terms of weight) should be small enough to be analysed
but big enough to be statistical representative of MSW
• Number of samples required depends on the components under
consideration and desired precision
• Larger the article to be separated, the number of samples required to
achieve better precision will be more
• The components to be separated depends on the use of study
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COMPOSITION BY IDENTIFIABLE ITEMS

The readily identifiable items in solid waste are:
• Paper • Glass
• Plastics • Tin cans
• Food waste • Nonferrous metals
• Textiles • Ferrous metals
• Rubber • Dirt
• Cardboard • Ashes
• Leather • Brick
• Garden trimmings • Electronic components
• Wood
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MOISTURE CONTENT
• Moisture content of various components changes with time
• Important factor to be considered when the solid waste is to be
processed into fuel or when it is fired directly
• Moisture content,
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MOISTURE CONTENT (Cont…)

• Drying is usually done in an oven at 770C for 24h
• This ensures complete dehydration and avoids undue vapourisation
of volatile materials
• During rainy season the moisture content will be high.
• In a collection truck moisture transfer takes place and moisture
content of various components changes
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MOISTURE CONTENT TABLE

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PARTICLE SIZE
• Municipal refuse is possibly the worst material for particle size
analysis but yet much of the MSW processing technology depends on
accurate description of particle size
• The size of component materials in solid wastes is of importance in
the recovery of materials especially with mechanical means
• The best way to describe the particle size of solid waste which is
composed of number of different sized particle is by means of a curve
showing percent of particle versus particle size
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• The size of a waste component may be defined by one or more of the

following measures:
ࢉ

ࢉ
૚
ࢉ ૛
૚
ࢉ ૜

ࢉ = size of component
= length
= width
= height
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Particle size distribution curve

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WHEN THE MIXTURE OF PARTICLES IS NON-UNIFORM, THE PARTICLE SIZE IS OFTEN EXPRESSED IN
TERMS OF MEAN PARTICLE DIAMETER:
஽భ ା஽మ ା஽య ା⋯.….ା஽೙
• ARITHMATIC MEAN : ஺ ௡

೙
• GEOMETRIC MEAN : ீ ଵ ଶ ଷ ௡

ௐభ ஽భ ାௐమ ஽మ ାௐయ ஽య ା⋯.….ାௐ೙ ஽೙

• WEIGHTED MEAN : ௐ ௐభ ାௐమ ାௐయ ା⋯.….ାௐ೙

ெభ ஽భ ାெమ ஽మ ାெయ ஽య ା⋯.….ାெ೙ ஽೙

• NUMBER MEAN : ே ெభ ାெమ ାெయ ା⋯.….ାெ೙
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ெభ ஽భ య ାெమ ஽మ య ାெయ ஽య య ା⋯.….ାெ೙ ஽೙ య

• SURFACE AREA MEAN : ௌ ெభ ஽భ మ ାெమ ஽మ మ ାெయ ஽య మ ା⋯.….ାெ೙ ஽೙ మ

ெభ ஽భ ర ାெమ ஽మ ర ାெయ ஽య ర ା⋯.….ାெ೙ ஽೙ ర

• VOLUME MEAN : ௏ ெభ ஽భ య ାெమ ஽మ య ାெయ ஽య య ା⋯.….ାெ೙ ஽೙ య
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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
• It is important factor to be known, for the economic recovery of
materials and/or energy from the solid waste
• Two methods of analysis are used to determine the chemical
composition of solid wastes- proximate analysis & ultimate analysis
• PROXIMATE ANALYSIS
• This is important in evaluating the combustion properties of wastes or a
waste or refuse derived fuel.
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• The fractions of interest in a proximate analysis are:

1. Moisture content, which adds weight to the waste without increasing
its heating value, and the evaporation of water reduces the heat
released from the fuel
2. Ash, which adds weight without generating any heat during
combustion
3. Volatile matter, i.e., that portion of the waste that is converted to
gases before and during combustion
4. Fixed carbon, which represents the carbon remaining on the surface
grates as charcoal. A waste or fuel with a high proportion of fixed
carbon requires a longer retention time on the furnace to achieve
complete combustion than a waste or fuel with a low proportion of
fixed carbon
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Ultimate analysis
• This refers to an analysis of waste to determine the proportion of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and Sulphur
• The analysis is done to make mass balance calculation for a chemical
or thermal process
• Besides, ash fraction is also determined because of its potentially
harmful environmental effects, brought about by the presence of
toxic metals such as cadmium, chromium, mercury, nickel, lead, tin
and zinc
• Other metals (e.g., iron, magnesium, etc.) may also be present but
they are non-toxic
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HEAT VALUE /ENERGY CONTENT

• The heat value is having importance in resource recovery
• An evaluation of the potential of waste material for use as fuel
requires a determination of its heating value, expressed as kilojoules
per kilogram (kJ/kg).
• The heating value is determined experimentally using the Bomb
calorimeter test
• In calorimeter test the sample will be combusted and the
temperature rise will be recorded
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calorimetry
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• Heat value
௖ೡ ∆்
ெ

Rise temperature (0C)

0
௩ = Heat capacity of calorimeter (cal/ C)
=Mass of unknown material
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• An important aspect of calorimetric heat value is the distinction

between higher heat value(HHV) and lower heat value(LHV)
• As organic matter combusts there will be water produced in vapor
form.
• As the bomb cools, however this water condenses, yielding heat that
is measured as a part of temperature rise.
• The HHV is calculated by including the contribution of latent heat of
vapourisation
• LHV is the higher heat value minus latent heat of vapourisation
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• Refuse can be characterised as being made up of organic materials,

inorganic materials and water
• Usually heat value is expressed in terms of all three
components(kJ/kg)
• But sometimes heat value is expressed as moisture-free
• There is a third means of defining heat value that is by excluding
inorganics also. So the heat value will be moisture and ash free
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௞௃
௞௚
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• MODIFIED DULONG FORMULA

ଶ ଶ

Where C, ଶ, ଶ, S, and N are % by weight of each component

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DENSITY
• MSW has highly variable bulk density depending on the pressure
exerted
• The densities of solid wastes vary markedly with geographic location,
season of the year and length of time in storage. So, great care must
be taken in selecting typical values
• When MSW is placed in garbage can in loose it’s bulk density
between 90-150 kg/m3 on pushing it into the can the density reaches
180 kg/m3
• In a collection truck that compacts the refuse bulk density will be
between 450-600 kg/m3
• Once it is deposited in a landfill and compacted with machinery, it can
achieve bulk density about 700 kg/m3
• Because of highly variable nature of density MSW quantities are
almost always expressed in mass terms as kilograms or tonnes
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BIODEGRADABILITY
• Knowledge about the biodegradable fraction in an MSW is important
for deciding the treatment technique
• Methods such as composting must taken into account that there is
non-biodegradable fraction in MSW and this must be disposed of by
means other than producing useful products using biodegradation
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INDUSTRIAL WASTE
• These are wastes arising from industrial activities and typically include
rubbish, ashes, demolition and construction wastes, hazardous
wastes etc.
• Food processing wastes, boiler house cinders, wood, plastic and metal
scraps also comes under industrial wastes which are the results of
various industrial process and manufacturing operations.
• Industrial solid wastes are sources of toxic metals and hazardous
wastes, which may spread on land and can cause changes in
physicochemical and biological characteristics thereby affecting
productivity of soils.
• About 10 to 15 percent of wastes produced by industries are
hazardous and the generation of hazardous wastes is increasing at the
rate of 2 to 5 percent per year.
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WASTE SOURCE
Conversion of pig iron to steel and manufacture of
Steel and Blast furnace slag
Iron
Brine mud Caustic soda industry
Copper slag By product from smelting of copper
Fly ash Coal based thermal power plants
Kiln dust Cement plants
Lime sludge Sugar, paper, soda ash, calcium carbide industries
Mica scraper waste Mica mining areas
Phosphogypsum Phosphoric acid plant, Ammonium phosphate
Red mud/ Bauxite Mining and extraction of alumina from Bauxite
Coal washery dust Coal mines
Iron tailing Iron Ore
Lime stone wastes Lime stone quarry
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
• Wastes that pose a substantial danger immediately or over a period
of time to human, plants, or animal life are classified as hazardous
wastes
• This is due to their physical, chemical and biological or radioactive
characteristics like ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity and toxicity.
• Note that in some cases, the active agents may be liquid or gaseous
hazardous wastes. These are, nevertheless, classified as solid wastes
as they are confined in solid containers
• Typical examples of hazardous wastes are empty containers of
solvents, paints and pesticides, which are frequently mixed with
municipal wastes and become part of the urban waste stream.
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• Certain hazardous wastes may cause explosions in incinerators and

fires at landfill sites
• Others such as pathological wastes from hospitals and radioactive
wastes also require special handling
• Effective management practices should ensure that hazardous wastes
are stored, collected, transported and disposed of separately,
preferably after suitable treatment to render them harmless.
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MEDICAL WASTE
• Medical wastes are wastes generated by healthcare facilities like
physician’s offices, hospitals, dental practices, laboratories, medical
research facilities, and veterinary clinics.
• The term “medical waste” can cover a wide variety of different
byproducts of the healthcare industry. The broadest definition can
include office paper and hospital sweeping waste.
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Most common waste categories of medical wastes:

• Sharps. This kind of waste includes anything that can pierce the skin, including needles,
scalpels, lancets, broken glass, razors, ampules, staples, wires, and trocars
• Infectious Waste. Anything infectious or potentially infectious goes in this category,
including swabs, tissues, excreta, equipment, and lab cultures.
• Radioactive. This kind of waste generally means unused radiotherapy liquid or lab
research liquid. It can also consist of any glassware or other supplies contaminated with
this liquid.
• Pathological. Human fluids, tissue, blood, body parts, bodily fluids, and contaminated
animal carcasses come under this waste category.
• Pharmaceuticals. This grouping includes all unused, expired, and/or contaminated
vaccines and drugs. It also encompasses antibiotics, injectables, and pills.
• Chemical. These are disinfectants, solvents used for laboratory purposes, batteries, and
heavy metals from medical equipment such as mercury from broken thermometers.
• Genotoxic Waste. This is a highly hazardous form of medical waste that’s either
carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic. It can include cytotoxic drugs intended for use in
cancer treatment.
• General Non-Regulated Medical Waste. Also called non-hazardous waste, this type
doesn’t pose any particular chemical, biological, physical, or radioactive danger.
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UNIVERSAL WASTE
• Universal wastes are hazardous wastes that are widely produced by
households and many different types of businesses. Universal wastes
include televisions, computers and other electronic devices as well as
batteries, fluorescent lamps, mercury thermostats, and other mercury
containing equipment.
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Universal wastes are:

1.Electronic devices: Includes any electronic device that is a hazardous
waste (with or without a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)), including
televisions, computer monitors, cell phones, VCRs, computer CPUs and
portable DVD players.
2.Batteries: Most household-type batteries, including rechargeable
nickel-cadmium batteries, silver button batteries, mercury batteries,
alkaline batteries and other batteries that exhibit a characteristic of a
hazardous waste
3. Electric lamps: Fluorescent tubes and bulbs, high intensity discharge
lamps, sodium vapor lamps and electric lamps that contain added
mercury, as well as any other lamp that exhibits a characteristic of a
hazardous waste.
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4.Mercury-containing equipment: Thermostats, mercury thermometers,

pressure or vacuum gauges, dilators and weighted tubing, mercury rubber
flooring, mercury gas flow regulators, dental amalgams, counterweights,
dampers and mercury added novelties such as jewelry, ornaments and
footwear.
5.CRTs: The glass picture tubes removed from devices such as televisions and
computer monitors.
6.CRT glass: A cathode ray tube that has been accidently broken or processed
for recycling.
7. Non-empty aerosol cans
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RADIOACTIVE WASTE
Radioactive waste is waste that contains radioactive material.
Radioactive waste is usually a by-product of nuclear power generation
and other applications of nuclear fission or nuclear technology, such as
research and medicine. Radioactive waste is hazardous to all forms of
life and the environment and is regulated by government agencies in
order to protect human health and the environment.
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TYPES OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE

• Very low level waste (VLLW)
• Low-level waste (LLW)
• Intermediate-level waste (ILW)
• High-level waste (HLW)
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VERY LOW LEVEL WASTE

• Consists mainly of demolished material (such as concrete, plaster,
bricks, metal, valves, piping etc. ) produced during dismantling
operations on nuclear industrial sites and naturally-Occurring
Radioactive Materials (NORM)
• Not harmful to humans or environment
LOW LEVEL WASTE
• Produced from electricity generation, diagnosis and treatment of
disease, medical research, testing of new pharmaceuticals,
nondestructive testing of airplanes and bridges, smoke detectors,
hardening of materials like hardwood flooring, breeding of new
varieties of seed with higher crop yields, eradication of insect pests,
food preservation.
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• Low level wastes are having short lived radioactivity and are suitable
for shallow land burial
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL WASTE
• Contains higher amounts of radioactivity and some requires shielding
• Present in resins, chemical sludges, and in metal fuel cladding
HIGH LEVEL WASTE
• Arises from the 'burning' of uranium fuel in a nuclear reactor
• Produced during reprocessing of used fuel
• For used fuel designated as high-level radioactive waste (HLW), the
first step is storage to allow decay of radioactivity and heat, making
handling much safer.
• Storage of used fuel may be in ponds or dry casks, may be at reactor
sites itself
• The most widely favoured solution for disposal is deep geological
disposal.
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E-WASTE

• Electronic waste, or e-waste, is a term for electronic products that

have become unwanted, non-working or obsolete, and have
essentially reached the end of their useful life.
• E-waste is created from anything electronic: computers, TVs,
monitors, cell phones, VCRs, CD players, fax machines, printers, etc.
• This includes used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale,
salvage, recycling, or disposal as well as re-usables (working and
repairable electronics) and secondary scraps (copper, steel, plastic,
etc.)
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• An estimated 50 million tons of E-waste are produced each year

• E-Waste contains several different substances and chemicals, many of
which are toxic and are likely to create adverse impact on environment
and health, if not handled properly
• Classification of E-Waste as hazardous or otherwise shall depend upon
the extent of presence of hazardous constituents in it
• The treatment and disposal of E-waste include landfilling, incineration,
pyrolysis. It can be reused and recycled
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MINING WASTE
• Wastes that occur in several stages of the mining process and
throughout the life of the mine, from the first exploration drilling
project to the last processed material before mine closure
• Several types of waste are generated in a mine, but three types stand
out with the largest volume: waste rock, tailings and mine water.
• In some cases, the mine uses certain chemicals such as cyanide in the
processing stage. These chemicals often account for a small volume of
the total waste, but can pose a large risk due to their high toxicity.
• Depending on the composition of the waste rock, elements are
released in the atmosphere. Some may be highly toxic
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• As the ore gets processed and the valuable minerals gets separated, a
fine-grained mineral sand remains as waste, called tailings.
• The amount of tailings that remain is controlled by the percentage of
valuable minerals in the ore
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CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE

• Waste building materials, • Concrete
dredging materials that are • Bricks
produced in the process of
constructions, remodeling, • Timber
repair, or demolition of • Sanitary ware
residential buildings, • Glasses
commercial buildings and other
structure and pavements are • Steel
called as construction and • Plastic
demolition waste • Tiles
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CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE

• Bricks, stone slabs, timber, conduits, piping railings etc. can be reused
• Plastics, broken glass, scrap metal etc. can be used by recycling
industries
• Rubble, brick bats, broken plaster/concrete pieces etc. can be used
for building activity, such as leveling
• Larger unusable pieces can be sent for filling up low-lying areas
• Fine material, such as, sand, dust etc. can be used as cover material
over landfill
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AGRICULTURAL WASTE
• Agricultural waste refers to waste produced from agricultural
operations, including waste from farms, poultry houses, and
slaughterhouses.
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FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF MSW

MANAGEMENT
• Activities involved with the management of solid wastes from the
point of generation to final disposal have been grouped into six
functional elements
• Waste generation
• On-site handling, storage and processing
• Collection
• Transfer and transport
• Processing and recovery
• disposal
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WASTE
GENERATION

STORAGE

COLLECTION

TRANSFER

TRANSFER PROCESSING
AND AND
TRANSPORT RECOVERY
AND
TRANSPORT

DISPOSAL
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• WASTE GENERATION: Those activities in which materials are

identified as no longer being of value and are either thrown away or
gathered together for disposal.

• ON- SITE HANDLING, STORAGE, AND PROCESSING: Those activities

associated with the handling, storage, and processing of solid wastes
at or near the point of generation.
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• COLLECTION: Those activities associated with the gathering of solid

wastes and the hauling of wastes after collection to the location
where the collection vehicle is emptied.

• TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT: Those activities associated with the

transfer of wastes from the smaller collection vehicle to the larger
transport equipment and the subsequent transport of the wastes,
usually over long distance to the disposal site.
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• PROCESSING AND RECOVERY: Those techniques, equipment and

facilities used both to improve the efficiency of the other functional
elements and to recover usable materials, conversion products, or
energy from solid wastes.

• DISPOSAL: Those activities associated with ultimate disposal of solid

wastes including those wastes collected and transported directly to a
landfill site, semisolid wastes (sludge) from wastewater treatment
plants, incinerator residue, or other substances from various solid
waste processing plants that are of no further use.
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WASTE GENERATION
• Includes those activities in which materials are identified as no longer
being of value and are either thrown away or gathered together for
disposal

• Determination of the generation rate of solid waste is important to

obtain data in order to determine waste volume and for subsequent
solid waste management

• Waste quantities are usually estimated on the basis of data gathered

by conducting a waste characterization study or using previous waste
generation data or some combination of the two approaches.
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WASTE GENERATION
• Solid waste generation rates estimate the amount of waste created by
different sources over a certain amount of time (day, year, etc.)

• The generation rates of household wastes are usually expressed in

kg/capita/day

• The quantity and general composition of waste materials generated is

of critical importance in the design and operation of solid waste
management systems
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Solid waste quantities can be estimated by using following methods

1. Load-count analysis
• In this method, the quantity and composition of solid wastes are
determined by recording the estimated volume and general
composition of each load of waste delivered to a landfill or transfer
station during a specified period of time.

• The total mass and mass distribution by composition is determined

using average density data for each category
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2. Mass-volume analysis
• This is similar to load-count analysis but here mass of each load is also
recorded
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FACTORS AFFECTING GENERATION RATE

1. GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
2. SEASON OF THE YEAR
3. COLLECTION FREQUENCY (AFFECTS AMOUNT COLLECTED)
4. POPULATION DIVERSITY
5. EXTEND OF SALVAGING AND RECYCLING
6. PUBLIC ATTITUDES
7. LEGISLATION
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• Geographic location: The influence of geographic location is related

primarily to different climates that can influence both the amount of
certain types of solid wastes generated and the collection operation.

• Seasons: Seasons of the year have implications for the quantities and
composition of certain types of solid wastes.

• Collection frequency: A general observation is that in localities,

where there are ultimate collection services, more wastes are
collected. Note that this does not mean that more wastes are
generated.
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• Population diversity: The characteristics of the population influence

the quantity and composition of waste generated. The amount of
waste generated is more in low-income areas compared to that in
high-income areas.

• Extent of salvaging and recycling: The extend of salvaging and

recycling operation within a community definitely affects the quantity
of wastes collected.
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• Public attitude: Significant reduction in the quantity of solid waste is

possible, if and when people are willing to change – on their own
volition – their habits and lifestyles to conserve the natural resources
and to reduce the economic burden associated with the management
of solid wastes.

• Legislation: This refers to the existence of local and state regulations

concerning the use and disposal of specific materials and is an
important factor that influences the composition and generation of
certain types of wastes.
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STORAGE OF SOLID WASTE

• Waste storage is an important component of a waste management
system
• Solid waste is stored in a verity of containers
• The type of container used is a function of:
The type of waste stored
Time limit of storage
The amount and density of the waste
Method of collection and transport
the frequency of collection
Local regulations or ordinances
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STORAGE OF SOLID WASTE (Cont…)

CONTAINERS OR STORAGE BINS
• The design of an efficient waste collection system requires careful
consideration of the type, size and location of containers at the point
of generation for storage of wastes until they are collected
• Single family household-small containers
• Residential units, commercial units, institutions and industries-Large
containers
• A well designed container should have low cost, appropriate size,
shape, weight, resistance corrosion, strength, water tightness and
durability
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STORAGE OF SOLID WASTE (Cont…)

• Containers may be stationary containers or hauled containers

• Containers should not have rough or sharp edges, and preferably have
a handle and a wheel to facilitate mobility.

• They should be covered to prevent rainwater from entering

• The container body must be strong enough to resist and discourage

stray animals and scavengers from ripping it
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STORAGE OF SOLID WASTE (Cont…)

• Generally, the containers used for waste storage are communal/public
containers.
• Communal containers may be fixed on the ground (stationary) or
movable (hauled)
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STORAGE OF SOLID WASTE (Cont…)

• Movable containers are provided with hoists and tails compatible
with lifting mechanism of collection vehicles and such containers have
capacities of 1-4 m3
• In areas with very high waste generation rates, i.e., rates exceeding
two truckloads daily, hoisted communal containers with capacities of
12 – 20 m3 and a strong superstructure with wheels are used.
• It is advisable to place the containers 100 – 200 m apart