Table of Contents

1 Title..........................................................................................................................................3
2 Objectives.................................................................................................................................3
3 Apparatus..................................................................................................................................3
4 Theory......................................................................................................................................3
4.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................3
4.2 Elastic................................................................................................................................3
4.3 Elasticity............................................................................................................................3
4.4 MECHANICS OF MATERIAL
Elastic modulus.................................................................................................................3
5
LAB REPORT # 01
Factors affecting elastic material..............................................................................................4
5.1 Effect of stress...................................................................................................................4
5.2 Effect of annealing............................................................................................................4
5.3 Effect of temperature........................................................................................................4
5.4 Effect of impurities...........................................................................................................4
6 Stress strain curve for elastic material......................................................................................4
7 Procedure..................................................................................................................................5
8 Observations & Calculations....................................................................................................5
9 Graph........................................................................................................................................6
10 Comments.................................................................................................................................6
11 Precautions...............................................................................................................................6
12 Result........................................................................................................................................6
13 References................................................................................................................................6
Submitted by
Abdul Rehman (2019-IM-37)

Submitted to
Sir Kashif Ishfaq
1 Title
To determine the modulus of elasticity of nylon wire.

2 Objectives
 To learn about modulus of elasticity.
 To learn about practical applications of this experiment.
 To know about how we use this apparatus in industry.

3 Apparatus
 Modulus of elasticity apparatus
 Hangers
 Weights
 Meter road
 Vernier caliper

4 Theory
4.1 Introduction
In this experiment, we know about modulus of elasticity. How elasticity depend on materials. What changes occur in the
material when the load is applied on material? The behavior of material under load is to be noted.

4.2 Elastic
The range of deformation of all bodies are defined when some amount of force acting on it. If the body is returned to its
original position from the position of deformation than at this point body called an elastic body[ CITATION htt00001 \l 1033 ].

4.3 Elasticity
The ratio of stress to strain in a body called elasticity. It is the property of material and it is categorized in elastic modulus. In
stress, deformation force occur and in strain changes in dimensions of body occur [ CITATION htt00001 \l 1033 ].

4.4 Elastic modulus

Elastic modulus is subjected to the ratio of stress to strain and stress applied on the, materials after result the changes occur in
the material is strain[ CITATION htt00001 \l 1033 ].

Stress P/ A
Y= =
Strain L/Lo

5 Factors affecting elastic material

 Stress
 Annealing
 Temperature
 Presences of impurities
 Effect of nature

5.1 Effect of stress

When a material is exposed to huge amounts of cycles of stresses than a material loses its elastic property even if the material
not crossed its elastic limit. So, not applied forces on material on large number of cycle. Apply the force on material within the
factor of safety [ CITATION htt00002 \l 1033 ].
5.2 Effect of annealing
If the material is heated at high temperature in a furnace than it will be cooled slowly than this process of heating to cooling is
annealing process. The purpose of this process to increase the softness and ductility of material. If the materials undergo many
number of cycle than plastic property is not occur in material[ CITATION htt00002 \l 1033 ].

5.3 Effect of temperature

If the temperature of material increase than the elastic, property of material is decrease. If we keep the materials in elastic
region than temperature is kept decrease[ CITATION htt00002 \l 1033 ].

5.4 Effect of impurities

If impurities added in the material whose elastic, property is high than this material is going to deformation after added
impurity [ CITATION htt00002 \l 1033 ].

6 Stress strain curve for elastic material

Figure 1 Stress strain curve for elastic material [ CITATION htt00003 \l 1033 ]

7 Procedure
 First, set the apparatus of modulus of elasticity setup.
 Add the load of 0.5 lb with the hanger to remove the wrinkles in string.
 Determine the diameter of string with the help of Vernier caliper.
 Put the load on the hanger to measure the extension in string.
 Repeat this step five times.
 After loading, unloading the load one by one to take the reading.
 Calculate the modulus of elasticity.

8 Observations & Calculations

 Least Count of the scale of apparatus =10-3 in.
 Least Count of Vernier calipers= 0.025 in.
 Least Count of meter rod =0.1 m
 Length of wire (L) =34.8 in
 Dia of wire (d) =0.0393 in
 Initial Load =0.5 lb.
 X-area of wire (A= πd2 /4) =1.21x10-3 in2

No. of Effective load Extension-δl P/δl Modulus of

obs. P (in.) (lb./inch) Elasticity
 (lb.) Loading Unloading Mean From Graph E=(P/δl)(L/
A) (psi)
1 1 36.84 36.86 36.85 y = 5.3227x - 0.157489x106
2 2 36.96 37.25 37.105
195.14
3 3 37.12 37.41 37.265
4 4 37.29 37.49 37.39 Slope=5.3227
5 5 37.57 37.57 37.57

9 Graph
Graph b/w δl and P
6

3
P

0
36.8 36.9 37 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 37.5 37.6 37.7
δl

10 Comments
 By this experiment, we can tell that how much a material can bear stress within its elastic limit.
 This experiment show how Hooke’s law apply on it.

11 Precautions
 The wrinkles in the wire should be avoid.
 Loading and unloading of weight should be done accurately.
 After every loading and unloading wait for few seconds to stable the wire.

12 Result
The modulus of elasticity for nylon wire is 0.157489 Mpsi.
13 References

[1] https://www.studocu.com/en-ca/document/sheridan-college/mechanics-of-material/practical/lab1-youngs-
modulus/3748380/view .

[2] http://www.brainkart.com/article/Factors-affecting-Elasticity_6851/.

[3] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305728176_Active_photonic_devices_based_on_liquid_crystal_elastomers/figures?
lo=1&utm_source=google&utm_medium=organic.