MECHANICS OF MATERIAL

LAB REPORT # 02

Submitted by
Abdul Rehman (2019-IM-37)
Submitted
Submittedtoto
Sir Syed Farhan Raza
Sir Kashif Ishfaq
Table of Contents
1 Title.......................................................................................................................................... 3
2 Objective .................................................................................................................................. 3
3 Apparatus ................................................................................................................................. 3
4 Theory...................................................................................................................................... 3
4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 3
4.2 Rigidity of material .......................................................................................................... 3
4.3 Modulus of rigidity........................................................................................................... 3
4.4 Torque .............................................................................................................................. 3
4.5 Torsional effect ................................................................................................................ 3
4.6 Shear stress ....................................................................................................................... 4
5 Factors affecting stiffness of material ..................................................................................... 4
5.1 Dimensional tolerance ...................................................................................................... 4
Temperature effect ...................................................................................................................... 4
5.2 Cyclical effect .................................................................................................................. 4
6 Procedure ................................................................................................................................. 5
7 Observations & calculations .................................................................................................... 5
8 Graph ....................................................................................................................................... 6
9 Comments ................................................................................................................................ 6
10 Precautions............................................................................................................................... 6
11 Result ....................................................................................................................................... 6
12 References ............................................................................................................................... 6

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1 Title
To determine the modulus of rigidity of circular shaft.

2 Objective
 To learn about modulus of rigidity.
 To learn about practical applications of this experiment.
 To know about how we use this apparatus in industry.

3 Apparatus
 Torsion of shaft apparatus
 Weights
 Hangers
 Meter road
 Vernier caliper

4 Theory
4.1 Introduction
In this experiment, we know about modulus of rigidity. How rigidity depend on materials. What
changes occur in the material when the torque applied on material? The behavior of material under
load is to be noted.

4.2 Rigidity of material

The force require twisting a material at certain angle called rigidity. It is also known as stiffness.

It can be characterized in modulus of rigidity [1].

4.3 Modulus of rigidity

It is the ratio of shear stress to shear strain [1].
𝝉
G=
𝜸

4.4 Torque
The product of force to radius called torque. The rotational effect in the material produced the
torque [2].

𝜏=r×F

4.5 Torsional effect

The shear strength of material is increased by torsional effect. If the material is twisted or rotate
about shaft than torsional effect produced in the material. Therefore this equipment called torsional
effect apparatus. The stress that applied on material is shear stress [2].

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4.6 Shear stress
When the force tend to produce deformation in material by cutting the plane along plane or plane
that is parallel to stress than at this point stress occur is shearing stress [3].
F
𝜏=A

Here 𝝉 represent the shearing stress.

Figure 1 Normal and shear stress [3]

5 Factors affecting stiffness of material

Few factors depend on stiffness of material

 Dimensional Tolerance
 Temperature effect
 Cyclical effect

5.1 Dimensional tolerance

All the materials that is made under the limit of some define dimensional limit. If the materials is
dimensionally inaccurate than stiffness of materials is decreases and cannot increase. The accurate
and define dimensions material is perfectly for shear modulus [4].

Temperature effect
if the temperature of material is increases than stiffness or rigidity of material is decreases.
Keeping the temperature at normal state is the best way to keep the material at stiffness region. If
temperature increase than there is chance of breakage of material. Stiffness of material is not
maintain at high temperature. [4]

5.2 Cyclical effect

If the material undergo many cyclical effect than the rigidness of material is not maintain. More
cyclical effect damage the material, so when using the material it is insure that no more numbers
of cyclical effect occur that define scientifically [4].

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 6 Procedure
 Adjust the setup for torsion shaft apparatus.
 Measure the effective length of shaft using meter road.
 Determine the diameter of shaft using Vernier caliper.
 Put the load in the hanger to measure the angle of twist for first arm of shaft and second
arm of shaft.
 Repeat the experiment for 5 more times.
 Measure the modulus of rigidity.

7 Observations & calculations

 The effective length of the shaft (L) = 9.4 in.
 Diameter of shaft (d) = 0.157 in.
 Diameter of torque pulley (D) = 5.05 in.
 Radius of torque pulley (R=D/2) = 2.525 in.
 Polar Moment of Inertia of the shaft (J=πd4 /32) = 5.96x10-5 in4.
No. Load Torque Angle of twist at 1st arm Angle of twist at 2nd arm Angle Modulus of
of W WR 𝜽𝟏 𝜽𝟐 of twist rigidity
obs. (lb.) (lb.in.) (radian) (radian) for G= (TL)/J 𝜽
effective
length
(rad)
load Unload Avg. Load Unload Avg. 𝜽
= 𝜽𝟏
− 𝜽𝟐
1 1 2.525 0.0436 0.0506 0.0471 0.01308 0.01308 0.01308 0.03402 11703423.8
332 145 239 997 997 997
2 2 5.05 0.101 0.102 0.1021 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.08114 9815774.84
229 974 018 944 944 944
3 3 7.575 0.144 0.155 0.150 0.0558 0.0471 0.05148 0.09859 12117704.3
862 334 098 505 239 721
4 4 10.1 0.2007 0.20507 0.202894 0.0558 0.0663 0.0610 0.14178 11235286.9
129 619 526 505 225 865
5 5 12.625 0.261 0.261 0.261799 0.244 0.244 0.244 0.01745 114108383

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 799 799 346 346 346 Gavg=3179611.4

8 Graph
Graph b/w load vs angle of twist
6

5
Load Applied

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
Angle of Twist

9 Comments
 When load is put on hanger than if some jerks are producer it may result errors in the
values of angle of twist in measuring arms.
 During the loading and unloading of loads it might be different values, which cause small
errors in readings.

10 Precautions
 Use the apparatus carefully.
 If small jerk produce than value is not accurately.

11 Result
Calculated value of G= 3.17 Mpsi. Which is very close to experimental value that measure from
graph.

12 References

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[1] https://byjus.com/physics/shear-modulus-elastic-moduli/.

[2] https://www.studocu.com/row/document/university-of-engineering-and-technology-
lahore/engineering-mechanics-dynamics/practical/torsion-of-shaft-dynamics-lab-
experiments/3017012/view.

[3] https://www.britannica.com/science/shear-stress.

[4] https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/25/064/25064135.pdf.

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