Domestic Hot

Water Systems

CEU 221
Continuing Education from the
American Society of Plumbing Engineers

March 2015

ASPE.ORG/ReadLearnEarn
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1RWH , GHWHUPL L J RXU D VZHUV WR WKH ( TXHVWLR V XVH R O WKH PDWHULDO SUHVH WHG L WKH FRUUHVSR GL J FR WL XL J HGXFDWLR DUWLFOH 8VL J L IRUPDWLR IURP
RWKHU PDWHULDOV PD UHVXOW L D ZUR J D VZHU

3URSHU GHVLJ L J W H GRPHVWLF RW ZDWHU VXSS V VWHP IRU D EXL GL J LV H WUHPH LPSRUWD W WR H VXUH D VDIH D G
DGHTXDWH VXSS RI RW ZDWHU DV ZH DV FR IRUPD FH WR D DSS LFDE H FRGHV S XV W H UHJX DWLR V RI W H DXW RULW DYL J
MXULVGLFWLR - SURSHU GHVLJ HG GRPHVWLF RW ZDWHU GLVWULEXWLR V VWHP V RX G GR W H IR RZL J
• Provide adequate amounts of water at the prescribed temperature to all xtures and equipment at all times of use.
• 3HUIRUP LWV GHVLJ HG IX FWLR VDIH
• 8WL L H D HFR RPLFD HDW VRXUFH
• Provide a cost-effective, ef cient, and durable installation.
• 3URYLGH D HFR RPLFD RSHUDWL J V VWHP ZLW UHDVR DE H PDL WH D FH
• Minimize risk to those using the xtures it serves.
ZH GHVLJ HG V VWHP GH LYHUV RW ZDWHU DW W H SUHVFULEHG WHPSHUDWXUH WR W H RXW HW ZLW YHU LWW H GH D W HUHE
VDWLVI L J W H XVHUV D G DYRLGL J W H ZDVWHIX UX L J RI ZDWHU X WL W H GHVLUHG WHPSHUDWXUH LV DF LHYHG RW ZDWHU
should be available at any time of use, day or night, and during low-demand periods as well as peak ows. Plumbing
FRGHV SURYLGH VRPH JXLGD FH HUH IRU H DPS H SHU W H 8 LIRUP 3 XPEL J &RGH 6HFWLR RW ZDWHU GHDG H G
HJV V RX G EH IHHW RU V RUWHU RZHYHU W H PL LPXP FRGH UHTXLUHPH WV PD EH X VDWLVIDFWRU WR XVHUV 7 H ED D FH
EHWZHH HDU L VWD WD HRXV RW ZDWHU GH LYHU D G L FUHPH WD SURMHFW FRVW D VR PXVW EH PDL WDL HG
Safety must be built into any hot water system, and plumbing codes require speci c methods that must be used to
DF LHYH FHUWDL HYH V RI VDIHW 1DWLR D VWD GDUGV UHFRPPH G DGGLWLR D PHW RGV Z LF Z L H RW DYL J W H IRUFH RI
DZ HYHUW H HVV DUH DFFHSWHG DV JRRG H JL HHUL J GHVLJ SUDFWLFHV
7 H W UHH SDUDPRX W GD JHUV W DW PXVW EH JXDUGHG DJDL VW DUH H FHVVLYH SUHVVXUH H FHVVLYH WHPSHUDWXUH D G FR
WDPL DWLR ( FHVVLYH WHPSHUDWXUHV D G SUHVVXUHV DUH DYRLGHG E XVL J FRUUHFW VL HG WHPSHUDWXUH D G SUHVVXUH 7 3
relief valves at water heaters. Where check valves are present, as on hot water circulation systems and back ow preventers,
W HUPD H SD VLR WD NV DUH WR EH XVHG 7 H ULVN RI VFD GL J D G W HUPD V RFN FD EH UHGXFHG E XVL J PD W SHV RI
PHF D LFD SUHVVXUH ED D FHG RU W HUPRVWDWLF PL L J YD YHV L VWD HG DW W H RW ZDWHU VRXUFH D G RU W H SRL W RI XVH
V ZLW W H GRPHVWLF FR G ZDWHU V VWHP ZDWHU DPPHU DUUHVWHUV V RX G EH XVHG WR PLWLJDWH D WLFLSDWHG SUHVVXUH
VSLNHV DW TXLFN F RVL J VR H RLG RSHUDWHG YD YHV 6WUDWHJLFD S DFHG SUHVVXUH JDXJHV D G W HUPRPHWHUV Z LF PD EH
ZLUHG EDFN WR W H EXL GL J DXWRPDWLR V VWHP 6 D RZ HDV PR LWRUL J RI W H V VWHP
&R WDPL DWLR RI W H GRPHVWLF RW ZDWHU V VWHP LV SUHYH WHG E PD RI W H VDPH PHW RGV XVHG ZLW W H GRPHVWLF
cold water system. Cross-contamination is prevented by using appropriately selected back ow preventers for both hazard
type and temperature. Double-wall heat exchangers are required for use with indirect- red water heaters.
:DUP ZDWHU VXF DV W DW SUHVH W L GHDG H G HJV RZ WHPSHUDWXUH FLUFX DWL J RRSV D G VWRUDJH W SH ZDWHU HDWHUV
DW RZ WHPSHUDWXUHV SURYLGHV W H LGHD H YLUR PH W IRU ZDWHUERU H EDFWHULD JURZW /HJLR H D S HXPRS L D Z LF
experience growth ampli cation at temperatures between 77 ) D G ) &D G & DUH RI SDUWLFX DU FR FHU
7 XV HD W FR FHU V IURP ZDWHUERU H EDFWHULD JURZW PXVW EH FR VLGHUHG L D RW ZDWHU GHVLJ V :DWHUERU H EDFWH
ULD FR WUR PHDVXUHV V RX G EH L F XGHG L W H GHVLJ Z H HYHU RW ZDWHU LV VXSS LHG WR LJ ULVN RFFXSD FLHV VXF DV
RVSLWD V RU XUVL J RPHV ,W LV D VR JRRG H JL HHUL J SUDFWLFH WR DGGUHVV ZDWHUERU H EDFWHULD FR WUR L RWH V JDL
W H GHVLJ HU PXVW ED D FH W H HHG IRU UHDVR DE H SXE LF VDIHW ZLW H FHVVLYH SURMHFW FRVWV
An economical heat source will save on energy costs. Typical energy sources include natural gas, lique ed petroleum
JDV RL H HFWULFLW VWHDP ERL HU RW ZDWHU GUR LFV ZDVWH HDW D G VR DU W HUPD 7 H DYDL DEL LW D G FRVW RI D
RI W HVH VRXUFHV RU FRPEL DWLR V RI W HVH VRXUFHV GLFWDWH HTXLSPH W D G V VWHP VH HFWLR : HUH D HVSHFLD HFR RPL
FD H HUJ VRXUFH LV DYDL DE H EXW RW DGHTXDWH WR VDWLVI W H WRWD GHPD G LW PLJ W EH XVHG WR SUH HDW W H FR G ZDWHU
VXSS WR W H HDWHU
FRVW HIIHFWLYH D G GXUDE H L VWD DWLR EHJL V ZLW W H MXGLFLRXV VH HFWLR RI W H SURSHU PDWHULD V D G HTXLSPH W V
ZLW W H GRPHVWLF FR G ZDWHU V VWHP W H SLSH PDWHULD V D G D RXW MRL L J PHW RGV D JHUV D G L VX DWLR D PXVW
PDWF W H SURMHFW V HHGV D G ZL GHWHUPL H W H FRVW DV ZH DV W H HDVH RI UHS DFHPH W D G UHSDLU
HFR RPLFD RSHUDWL J V VWHP ZLW UHDVR DE H PDL WH D FH GHSH GV R D RI W HVH FR VLGHUDWLR V 7 H RFDWLR RI
SLSL J HDVH RI FLUFX DWLR E SDVVHV DURX G VRXUFH D G PHF D LFD HTXLSPH W DGHTXDWH YD YH S DFHPH W DFFHVVLEL LW
D G SURYLVLR V IRU W H IXWXUH D DUH LWHPV DIIHFWL J W H RSHUDWLR D G PDL WH D FH RI D V VWHP
)L D H WUD FDSDFLW D G UHGX GD F HHG WR EH WDL RUHG WR HDF DSS LFDWLR

5HSUL WHG IURP 3OXPEL J ( JL HHUL J HVLJ +D GERRN 9ROXPH PHULFD 6RFLHW RI 3OXPEL J ( JL HHUV

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 READ, LEARN, EARN: Domestic Hot Water Systems
2 (6 1 67 1 5 6
7 H HHG WR FR IRUP WR YDULRXV FRGHV D G VWD GDUGV GHWHUPL HV PD DVSHFWV RI W H GHVLJ RI D GRPHVWLF RW ZDWHU V V
WHP DV ZH DV W H VH HFWLR RI FRPSR H WV D G HTXLSPH W
6RPH RI W H PRVW RIWH XVHG FRGHV D G VWD GDUGV IR RZ
• 5HJLR D VWDWH D G RFD S XPEL J FRGHV
• 16, 6 5 ( ,(6 H WD D IR L L V FHSW /R LVH HVL H WLD L L V
• 6 5 ( XLGH L H L LPL L W H LV RI /H LR H RVLV VVRFLDWH LW L L DWH VWHPV
• , WHU DWLR D RL HU D G 3UHVVXUH 9HVVH &RGH
• &6 16, H LHI D HV IR RW DWH SS VWHPV
• 8 GHUZULWHUV /DERUDWRULHV 8/ LVWL JV IRU H HFWULFD FRPSR H WV
• 16) , WHU DWLR D LVWL JV
• PHULFD DV VVRFLDWLR LVWL JV IRU JDV EXU L J FRPSR H WV
• 1DWLR D )LUH 3URWHFWLR VVRFLDWLR 1)3 VWD GDUGV
• 1)3 1DWLR D ( HFWULFD &RGH
• 66( , WHU DWLR D VWD GDUGV
, DGGLWLR W H IHGHUD JRYHU PH W DJH FLHV ZLW MXULVGLFWLR RYHU SXE LF VF RR V D G SXE LF RXVL J D G PD RW HU
agencies have speci c requirements that must be observed when designing projects and selecting equipment.

20(67, : 7(5 +( 7(5 6,=,1

6L L J D GRPHVWLF ZDWHU HDWHU LV DV PXF D DUW DV D VFLH FH )RU D W L J RW HU W D D VPD UHVLGH WLD V VWHP LW LV
RW UHDVR DE H WR VLPS JR WR D WDE H RU F DUW D G PDNH D VH HFWLR &RGHV GR RW L GLFDWH RZ PXF RW ZDWHU LV UH
TXLUHG , VWHDG W H FR WDL R JH HUD L DWLR V VXF DV 3URYLGH DGHTXDWH DPRX WV RI RW D G FR G ZDWHU WR D VL NV
lavatories, showers, etc.” Codes do, however, provide information about minimum and maximum ow rates to xtures
D G DGGUHVV VDIHW FR FHU V VXF DV PD LPXP WHPSHUDWXUHV D G UHTXLUHG ZDWHU HDWHU VDIHW GHYLFHV
The design of a domestic water-heating system begins with estimating the facility’s load pro le and identifying the peak
demands. To accomplish these steps, you must talk to the users of the space, determine the building type, gather xture
D G HTXLSPH W L IRUPDWLR D G HDU D RZ HU UHTXLUHPH WV 7 H L IRUPDWLR W XV JDW HUHG ZL HVWDE LV W H UHTXLUHG
FDSDFLW RI W H ZDWHU HDWL J HTXLSPH W D G W H JH HUD W SH RI V VWHP WR EH XVHG
XPEHU RI IDFWRUV PXVW EH FR VLGHUHG Z H VL L J D V VWHP D G H SHULH FH S D V D ELJ SDUW (YHU V VWHP LV GLI
ferent, so the path that leads to nal selection varies for each system. Two buildings might have the same number and
type of xtures, but the water requirements could be vastly different. For instance, an apartment building for retired
SHRS H ZRX G DYH GLIIHUH W RW ZDWHU HHGV W D R H W DW SULPDUL RXVHV IDPL LHV RU FR HJH VWXGH WV
7R H S ZLW VL L J ZDWHU HDWHU PD XIDFWXUHUV PDL WDL VXEVWD WLD VL L J JXLGH L HV D G L VWUXFWLR D PD XD V
D NHSW FXUUH W ZLW L GXVWU VWD GDUGV D G WUH GV

, IRUPDWLR DWKHUL J
The rst step to sizing a domestic hot water system is to collect the information needed to de ne the system parameters.
6RPH RI W H L IRUPDWLR ZL EH UHDGL DYDL DE H D UHDG JDW HUHG DV SDUW RI W H GRPHVWLF FR G ZDWHU V VWHP GHVLJ EXW
VRPH PD UHTXLUH IXUW HU L YHVWLJDWLR )R RZL J LV D SDUWLD LVW RI VDPS H TXHVWLR V
• , Z DW W SH RI EXL GL J ZL W H V VWHP EH L VWD HG
• : HUH LV W H EXL GL J RFDWHG
• : DW FRGHV V RX G EH IR RZHG
• RD RFD FRGH DPH GPH WV DSS
• RHV W H RZ HU RU RSHUDWRU RI W H EXL GL J DYH D X XVXD UHTXLUHPH WV
• RHV W H RZ HU RU RSHUDWRU RI W H EXL GL J SUHIHU D SDUWLFX DU W SH RI V VWHP
• RZ PXF V VWHP UHGX GD F GRHV W H RZ HU RU RSHUDWRU RI W H EXL GL J ZD W
• RHV W H EXL GL J DYH D RW HU RW ZDWHU V VWHPV
• : DW DUHD RI W H EXL GL J ZL W H V VWHP VHUYH
• : DW LV W H DUHD XVHG IRU
• How many plumbing xtures will be installed?
• Who will be using the plumbing xtures?
• Are any high-usage xtures, such as hot tubs, included?
• RHV W H RZ HU S D WR H SD G W H IDFL LW L W H IXWXUH
• RHV W H EXL GL J L F XGH DX GU IRRGVHUYLFH RU HD W F XE DUHDV
• RZ PD DUHDV ZL EH XVHG VLPX WD HRXV
• RZ PXF VSDFH LV DYDL DE H IRU W H V VWHP
• : DW H HUJ VRXUFHV DUH DYDL DE H
• : HUH L W H EXL GL J ZL W H HTXLSPH W EH S DFHG
• Will ues or combustion air be a problem due to the location?

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 READ, LEARN, EARN: Domestic Hot Water Systems
• : DW LV W H EXL GL J V FR G ZDWHU VRXUFH
• : DW DUH W H ZDWHU DUG HVV S WRWD GLVVR YHG VR LGV D G RW HU ZDWHU TXD LW SDUDPHWHUV
• :L W H V VWHP EH L DFWLYH IRU R J SHULRGV
• How far from the heater will the furthest xture be?
• RZ PD V RZHUV ZL EH XVHG VLPX WD HRXV D G IRU Z DW GXUDWLR
:DWHU +HDWHU 6L]L J 0HWKRGV
With the correct information gathered, the load pro le and peak demand can be calculated. Once again, this is not nec
HVVDUL D VWUDLJ WIRUZDUG SURFHVV 6HYHUD PHW RGV IRU FD FX DWL J W H RDG RI D EXL GL J DUH DYDL DE H D G R H PHW RG
LV RW D ZD V EHWWHU W D D RW HU 7ZR PHW RGV IURP W H PHULFD 6RFLHW RI 3 XPEL J ( JL HHUV 63( DUH RXW L HG
here. Other methods are available from other societies, government sources, and water heater manufacturers, and they
DUH YD XDE H UHVRXUFHV DV W H L F XGH EXL GL J W SHV RW DGGUHVVHG E W H IR RZL J WZR PHW RGV 6RPH RZ HUV D G
RWDE JRYHU PH W SURMHFWV SUHVFULEH Z LF PHW RG V RX G EH XVHG

HW RG HUD H R UO HPD G
The rst method utilizes average hourly data in gallons per hour (gph) (liters per hour) for various types of buildings
and occupancies. The sizing chart is shown in Table 6-1. To calculate using this method, count the xtures, multiply the
number of xtures by the gallons per hour (L/h) for the xture in the particular type of building, and add them. Then
PX WLS W LV WRWD E W H VLPX WD HRXV XVDJH IDFWRU WR JHW W H PD LPXP RXU GHPD G IRU W H V VWHP 7 H PL LPXP
UHFRPPH GHG VWRUDJH YR XPH W H LV FD FX DWHG E PX WLS L J W H WRWD GHPD G E W H VWRUDJH IDFWRU 7 LV LV D VLPS H
PHW RG EXW LW DV LPLWDWLR V
• ,W FD EH DSS LHG R WR W H W SHV RI IDFL LWLHV LVWHG
• ,W FD EH XVHG R IRU W H VL L J RI VWRUDJH WD N V VWHPV
• ,W GRHV RW FR VLGHU W H W SHV RI RFFXSD WV
Table 6-1 Hot Water Demand per Fixture for Various Types of Buildings at a final temperature of 140°F (60°C), gph (L/h)
Fixture Apartment Club Gymnasium Hospital Hotel Industrial Office Private School YMCA
Plant Residence
%DVL V SULYDWH
ODYDWRU
%DVL V SXEOLF
ODYDWRU
%DWKWXEV
LVKZDVKHUVD

)RRW EDVL V
.LWFKH VL N
/DX GU
VWDWLR DU WXEV
3D WU VL N
6KRZHUV
6HUYLFH VL N
+ GURWKHUDSHXWLF
VKRZHUV
+XEEDUG EDWKV
/HJ EDWKV
UP EDWKV
6LW] EDWKV
R WL XRXV IORZ
EDWKV
LUFXODU ZDVK
VL NV
6HPLFLUFXODU
ZDVK VL NV
HPD G IDFWRU
6WRUDJH
FDSDFLW IDFWRUE
D
LVKZDVKHU UHTXLUHPH WV VKRXOG EH WDNH IURP WKLV WDEOH RU IURP PD XIDFWXUHUV GDWD IRU WKH PRGHO WR EH XVHG LI WKLV LV N RZ
E
5DWLR RI VWRUDJH WD N FDSDFLW WR SUREDEOH PD[LPXP GHPD G SHU KRXU 6WRUDJH FDSDFLW PD EH UHGXFHG ZKHUH D X OLPLWHG VXSSO RI VWHDP
LV DYDLODEOH IURP D FH WUDO VWUHHW VWHDP V VWHP RU ODUJH ERLOHU SOD W
6RXUFH 6+5 ( +D GERRN +9 SSOLFDWLR V
1RWH DWD SUHGDWHV ORZ IORZ IL[WXUHV
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 READ, LEARN, EARN: Domestic Hot Water Systems
• It does not address high-use or high-volume xtures. Table 6-2 Occupant Demographic Classifications
HW RG 2FF SD F SH 1R RFFXSD WV ZRUN
7 H VHFR G PHW RG RI FD FX DWL J RW ZDWHU XVDJH LV RXW L HG L RPHVWLF 3XEOLF DVVLVWD FH D G ORZ L FRPH PL[
)DPLO D G VL JOH SDUH W KRXVHKROGV PL[ +LJK GHPD G
DWH HDWL HVL D D . It addresses speci c occupancies (see +LJK SHUFH WDJH RI FKLOGUH
7DE HV D G D G WDL RUV W H FD FX DWLR SURFHVV WR W H W SH RI /RZ L FRPH
EXL GL J VHSDUDWH PHW RG IRU FD FX DWL J W H RDG IRU HDF EXL GL J
)DPLOLHV
W SH LV EDVHG R D EXL GL J V L GLYLGXD RSHUDWL J F DUDFWHULVWLFV 1RW 3XEOLF DVVLVWD FH
D W SHV RI IDFL LWLHV DUH DGGUHVVHG EXW W RVH W DW DUH FD EH DFFXUDWH 6L JOHV 0HGLXP GHPD G
FD FX DWHG XVL J W LV PHW RG ,W FD EH XVHG WR HVWDE LV W H VL L J IRU 6L JOH SDUH W KRXVHKROGV
V VWHPV XVL J D VWRUDJH WD N L VWD WD HRXV HDWHU RU VHPL L VWD WD RXSOHV
HRXV HDWHU ,W D VR DGGUHVVHV DGGLWLR D FR FHU V VXF DV LJ XVDJH +LJK SRSXODWLR GH VLW
and high-volume xtures. 0LGGOH L FRPH
6H LRUV /RZ GHPD G
2 H SHUVR ZRUNV R H VWD V KRPH
% 6, )2508/ 6 1 81,76 OO RFFXSD WV ZRUN
7 H HTXDWLR V L W LV F DSWHU DUH EDVHG R W H SUL FLS H RI H HUJ FR
VHUYDWLR 7 H IX GDPH WD IRUPX D IRU W LV H SUHVVHV D VWHDG VWDWH
HDW ED D FH IRU W H HDW L SXW D G RXWSXW RI W H V VWHP
(TXDWLR
q = r w c ΔT
where
T 7LPH UDWH RI KHDW WUD VIHU %ULWLVK WKHUPDO X LWV SHU KRXU %WXK NLORMRXOHV SHU KRXU
U )ORZ UDWH JSK / K
Z :HLJKW RI KHDWHG ZDWHU SRX GV NLORJUDPV
F 6SHFLILF KHDW RI ZDWHU %WX SHU SRX G SHU ) NLORMRXOHV SHU NLORJUDPV SHU .
Δ7 KD JH L KHDWHG ZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUH WHPSHUDWXUH RI OHDYL J ZDWHU PL XV WHPSHUDWXUH RI
L FRPL J ZDWHU UHSUHVH WHG DV 7K 7F ) .
For purposes of this discussion, the speci c heat of water is constant, c = 1 Btu/lb/°F (c = 4.19 kJ/kg/°K), and the weight
RI ZDWHU LV FR VWD W DW E JD NJ P
(TXDWLR

%WX OE
T JSK ΔT
OE ) JDO

P N- NJ
> T ΔT)
K NJ . P

DPSOH
&D FX DWH W H HDW RXWSXW UDWH UHTXLUHG WR HDW JS IURP ) WR ) P /h from 283.15°K to 333.15°K).
)URP (TXDWLR

T JSK %WX > ) %WX K

JDO )

> T P K N- > . N- K
P .
1RWH RX V RX G EH DZDUH W DW ZDWHU HDWHUV L VWD HG L LJ H HYDWLR V PXVW EH GHUDWHG EDVHG R W H H HYDWLR
The water heater manufacturer’s data should be consulted for information on the required modi cations.

Table 6-3 Hot Water Demand and Use for Multifamily Buildings, gal (L)/person
Demand Peak 5 Peak 15 Peak 30 Maximum Maximum 2 Maximum 3 Maximum Average
Minutes Minutes Minutes per Hour Hours Hours Day Day
/RZ
0HGLXP
+LJK
1RWH 7KHVH YROXPHV DUH IRU GRPHVWLF KRW ZDWHU GHOLYHUHG WR WKH WDS DW )
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 READ, LEARN, EARN: Domestic Hot Water Systems
+( 7 5( 29(5< (/( 75, : 7(5 +( 7(56
,W WDNHV WX RI H HUJ WR UDLVH R H SRX G RI ZDWHU ) 6L FH NL RZDWW LV HTXD WR WX D G JD R RI ZDWHU
ZHLJ V SRX GV W H LW ZRX G WDNH NL RZDWW RI H HFWULFD SRZHU WR UDLVH JD R V / RI ZDWHU ) 7 LV
FD EH H SUHVVHG L D VHULHV RI IRUPX DV DV IR RZV
(TXDWLR

JDO
= gal of water per kW at ΔT
ΔT
/
> = L of water per kW at ΔT ]
ΔT
(TXDWLR

gph × ΔT
N: UHTXLUHG
JDO

> / N: UHTXLUHG
ΔT
(TXDWLR

JSK N: UHTXLUHG
gal of water per kW at ΔT
/K
> N: UHTXLUHG
L of water per kW at ΔT
where
Δ7 7HPSHUDWXUH ULVH WHPSHUDWXUH GLIIHUH WLDO )
JSK DOOR V SHU KRXU RI KRW ZDWHU UHTXLUHG
/K /LWHUV SHU KRXU RI KRW ZDWHU UHTXLUHG
(TXDWLR FD EH XVHG WR HVWDE LV D VLPS H WDE H EDVHG R W H UHTXLUHG WHPSHUDWXUH ULVH VHH 7DE H Z LF FD
EH XVHG ZLW (TXDWLR WR VR YH IRU W H H HFWULF H HPH W L NL RZDWWV HHGHG WR HDW W H UHTXLUHG UHFRYHU YR XPH
RI ZDWHU
DPSOH
H HFWULF ZDWHU HDWHU PXVW EH VL HG EDVHG R W H IR RZL J L IRUPDWLR
• JS / RI RW ZDWHU DW D WHPSHUDWXUH RI ) & LV UHTXLUHG
• 7 H L FRPL J ZDWHU VXSS GXUL J ZL WHU LV ) &
8VL J (TXDWLR D G 7DE H
JSK
N: UHTXLUHG
JDO )
/K
> N: UHTXLUHG
/

+27 : 7(5 7(03(5 785( Table 6-4 Required Temperature Rise

7 H JH HUD DFFHSWHG PL LPXP RW ZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUHV IRU YDULRXV S XPE
Temperature Rise, ΔT, Gal (L) of Water per
ing xtures and equipment are given in Table 6-5. Both temperature and kW
°F (°C)
pressure should be veri ed with the client and checked against local codes
D G W H HTXLSPH W PD XD V

0,;( : 7(5 7(03(5 785(

)UHTXH W LJ HU WHPSHUDWXUH RW ZDWHU PXVW EH E H GHG ZLW FR G RU FRR HU
WHPSHUDWXUH ZDWHU WR REWDL D GHVLUHG PL HG ZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUH , VXF D
FDVH LW LV XVHIX WR DYH D TXLFN PHW RG IRU GHWHUPL L J W H UH DWLYH YR XPHV
RI D W UHH ZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUHV L YR YHG

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Table 6-5 Typical Hot Water Temperatures for Plumbing Fixtures and Equipment
Temperature,
Use °F (°C)
6L N KD GZDVKL J
6L N VKDYL J
6KRZHUV D G WXEV
7KHUDSHXWLF EDWKV
6L N VXUJLFDO VFUXEEL J
RPPHUFLDO D G L VWLWXWLR DO ODX GU
5HVLGH WLDO GLVKZDVKL J D G ODX GU
RPPHUFLDO VSUD W SH GLVKZDVKL J VL JOH RU PXOWLSOH WD N KRRG RU UDFN W SH ZDVK PL PL
RPPHUFLDO VSUD W SH GLVKZDVKL J VL JOH RU PXOWLSOH WD N KRRG RU UDFN W SH IL DO UL VH
RPPHUFLDO VSUD W SH GLVKZDVKL J VL JOH WD N FR YH RU W SH ZDVK PL PL
RPPHUFLDO VSUD W SH GLVKZDVKL J VL JOH WD N FR YH RU W SH IL DO UL VH
RPPHUFLDO VSUD W SH GLVKZDVKL J VL JOH WD N UDFN RU GRRU W SH VL JOH WHPSHUDWXUH ZDVK D G UL VH PL PL
RPPHUFLDO VSUD W SH GLVKZDVKL J FKHPLFDO VD LWL]L J JODVVZDUH ZDVK
RPPHUFLDO VSUD W SH GLVKZDVKL J FKHPLFDO VD LWL]L J JODVVZDUH UL VH PL PL
1RWH %H DZDUH WKDW WHPSHUDWXUHV DV GLFWDWHG E FRGHV RZ HUV HTXLSPH W PD XIDFWXUHUV RU UHJXODWRU DJH FLHV RFFDVLR DOO ZLOO
GLIIHU IURP WKRVH VKRZ

, (TXDWLR 3 LV D RW ZDWHU UDWLR RU PX WLS LHU D G LW FD EH XVHG WR GHWHUPL H W H SHUFH WDJH RI VXSS RW
ZDWHU W DW ZL E H G ZLW W H FRR HU ZDWHU WR SURGXFH D GHVLUHG PL HG ZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUH
(TXDWLR

7P 7F
3
7K 7F
where
3 +RW ZDWHU UDWLR X LWOHVV
7K = Supply hot water temperature, ˚F (˚C)
7F = Inlet cold water temperature, ˚F (˚C)
7P = Desired mixed water temperature, ˚F (˚C)
9D XHV RI 3 IRU D UD JH RI RW D G FR G ZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUHV DUH JLYH L 7DE H

DPSOH
JURXS RI V RZHUV UHTXLUHV JD R V SHU PL XWH JSP LWHUV SHU VHFR G RI ) & PL HG ZDWHU WHPSHUD
WXUH HWHUPL H RZ PXF ) & RW ZDWHU PXVW EH VXSS LHG WR W H V RZHUV Z H W H FR G ZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUH
LV ) &
)
3
)

> 3
Therefore, 0.61 (25 gpm) = 15.25 gpm of 140°F water required [0.61 (1.58 L/s) = 0.96 L/s of 60°C water required]. Table
D VR PD EH XVHG WR GHWHUPL H 3

: 7(5 +( 7(56
Many types of domestic water heaters are available. The most commonly used type of water heater for homes, of ce
buildings, multiple-unit dwellings, and similar establishments is the direct- red automatic storage water heater. Such
HDWHUV DUH VLPS H L H SH VLYH WR L VWD D G RZ PDL WH D FH 7 H JH HUD DYH D RZ WX L SXW ZLW W H HDWL J
RI W H ZDWHU VSUHDG RYHU W H GHVLJ RXU &RPPR XVHG H HUJ VRXUFHV L F XGH H HFWULFLW IXH RL D G DWXUD JDV
Instantaneous-type (also called tankless) water heaters must have suf cient capacity to provide the maximum instan
taneous ow rate of hot water. Historically, a gas- red instantaneous heater nds its best application where water-heating
GHPD GV DUH FR VWD W VXF DV VZLPPL J SRR V FHUWDL GLV ZDV HU ERRVWHU UHTXLUHPH WV D G L GXVWULD SURFHVVHV EXW
currently available models have much improved electronic modulating control. They also are bene cial where space
FR GLWLR V DUH D SULPH FR VLGHUDWLR , VWD WD HRXV ZDWHU HDWHUV DYH HDU HUR VWD GE RVVHV

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 READ, LEARN, EARN: Domestic Hot Water Systems

Table 6-6 Hot Water Multiplier, P

110°F (43°C) Hot Water System Temperature
Cold Water Water Temperature at Fixture Outlet, °F (°C)
Temperature, 110 (43) 105 (41) 100 (38) 95 (35)
°F °C)

120°F (49°C) Hot Water System Temperature

Cold Water Water Temperature at Fixture Outlet, °F (°C)
Temperature, 120 (49) 115 (46) 110 (43) 105 (41) 100 (38) 95 (35)
°F °C)

130°F (54°C) Hot Water System Temperature

Cold Water Water Temperature at Fixture Outlet, °F (°C)
Temperature, °F °C) 130 (54) 125 (52) 120 (49) 115 (46) 110 (43) 105 (41) 100 (38) 95 (35)

140°F (60°C) Hot Water System Temperature

Cold Water Water Temperature at Fixture Outlet, °F (°C)
Temperature, °F
°C) 140 (60) 135 (58) 130 (54) 125 (52) 120 (49) 115 (46) 110 (43) 105 (41) 100 (38) 95 (35)

RRVWHU HDWHUV DUH XVHG WR UDLVH W H WHPSHUDWXUH RI W H UHJX DU RW ZDWHU VXSS WR VRPH LJ HU W D RUPD WHP
SHUDWXUH HHGHG WR SHUIRUP VSHFLD IX FWLR V RRVWHU HDWHUV DUH XWL L HG L DSS LFDWLR V VXF DV FRPPHUFLD GLV ZDV HUV
D G VWHUL L HUV ZLW D LPLWHG XVH RI YHU RW ZDWHU 7 H FD EH RFDWHG HDU W HLU SRL W RI L WH GHG XVH D G DYH VLPS H
FR WUR V
6HPL L VWD WD HRXV HDWHUV FR WDL DSSUR LPDWH WR JD R V RI VWRUDJH YDU L J DFFRUGL J WR W HLU UDWHG HDWL J
capacity. This small quantity of water is adequate to allow the temperature control system to react to sudden uctua
tions in water ow and to maintain the outlet water temperature within “ ) & 7 H WHPSHUDWXUH FR WUR V VWHP
LV D PRVW D ZD V L F XGHG ZLW W LV W SH RI HDWHU DV D SDFNDJH
Indirect- red water heaters, including solar thermal systems, have the advantage of physically separating the produc
WLR RI W H HFHVVDU HDWL J H HUJ H J ERL HU RU VR DU FR HFWRU IURP W H RW ZDWHU VWRUDJH WD N 7 LV PRGX DU GHVLJ
permits ef cient and economical servicing. Copper-type heat exchanger boilers can be used in conjunction with a storage
WD N Z H D LJ WHPSHUDWXUH FLUFX DWL J RRS LV XVHG WR SUHYH W FR GH VDWLR WDNL J DGYD WDJH RI FRSSHU V VXSHULRU
thermal ef ciency. Steam indirect- red water heaters generally are used where large quantities of hot water are needed
and they can ef ciently tap into the building’s steam supply.

8 Read, Learn, Earn March 2015

 READ, LEARN, EARN: Domestic Hot Water Systems

Table 6-6 Hot Water Multiplier, P (continued)

150°F (66°C) Hot Water System Temperature
Cold Water Water Temperature at Fixture Outlet, °F
Temperature, °F 150 145 140 135 130 125 120 115 110 105 100
°C) (66) (63) (60) (58) (54) (52) (49) (46) (43) (41) (38)

160°F (71°C) Hot Water System Temperature

Cold Water Water Temperature at Fixture Outlet, °F
Temperature, °F 160 155 150 145 140 135 130 125 120 115 110
°C) (71) (68) (66) (63) (60) (58) (54) (52) (49) (46) (43)

180°F (82°C) Hot Water System Temperature

Cold Water Water Temperature at Fixture Outlet, °F
Temperature, °F 180 175 170 165 160 155 150 145 140 135 130
°C) (82) (79) (77) (74) (71) (68) (66) (63) (60) (58) (54)

R WUROV
The purpose for having controls on a hot water generator is to ensure a safe and suf cient volume of hot water at the
GHVLUHG WHPSHUDWXUH :DWHU HDWHU FR WUR V DUH SURYLGHG E W H HTXLSPH W PD XIDFWXUHU 7 H FR WUR FRPSR H WV IRU
ZDWHU HDWHUV GLIIHU GHSH GL J R W H W SH RI HDWHU D G W H PD XIDFWXUHU D G DFFHSWDE H RXW HW WHPSHUDWXUH YDULD
WLR V GLIIHU DV ZH VR W H YDULRXV UHJX DWRU D G WHVWL J DJH FLHV DYH UHTXLUHPH WV IRU FR WUR V W DW GHSH G R W H
VL H D G W SH RI HTXLSPH W XVHG
The distinction between water heater outlet temperature and plumbing xture delivery temperature is critical. ASSE
H IR PD FH HT L HPH WV IR HPSH DW H FW DWH L L D HV IR RW DWH LVW LE WLR VWHPV DGGUHVVHV
source distribution temperature requirements, and other ASSE standards apply to the various plumbing xtures. Three
primary ASSE standards addressing xture delivery temperature include ASSE 1016/ASME A112.1016/CSA B125.16:
H IR PD FH HT L HPH WV IR WRPDWLF RPSH VDWL D HV IR , L L D R H VD E R H RPEL DWLR V
66( H IR PD FH HT L HPH WV IR WRPDWLF HPSH DW H R W R L L D HV D G 66( H IR PD FH
HT L HPH WV IR DWH HPSH DW H /LPLWL H LFHV 66( H IR PD FH HT L HPH WV IR HPSH DW H FW
DWH L L D HV IR PEH PH H F T LSPH W ZDV SXE LV HG L IRU HPHUJH F H HZDV HV IDFH ZDV HV
D G GUH F V RZHUV

9 Read, Learn, Earn March 2015

 READ, LEARN, EARN: Domestic Hot Water Systems

6WUDWLILFDWLR L 6WRUDJH 7 SH +HDWHUV D G 7D NV

HFDXVH RI LWV LJ W GH VLW ZDUP ZDWHU ULVHV WR W H WRS RI D VWRUDJH WD N 7 H UHVX W RI W LV ULVL J DFWLR N RZ DV
strati cation, occurs in all uncirculated tanks. It has been found that the amount of usable water in strati ed horizontal
D G YHUWLFD WD NV FRX G EH DV RZ DV SHUFH W D G SHUFH W UHVSHFWLYH GHSH GL J R W H GHVLJ
Strati cation during recovery periods can be reduced signi cantly by mechanical circulation of the water in the tank.
During periods of high demand, however, it might be useful to have strati cation since this increases the availability
of water at a usable temperature. For example, if a tank were equally strati ed between 140°F (60°C) at the top and
) & DW W H ERWWRP W LV WD N L W HRU FRX G VWL GH LYHU D I LWV YR XPH DW ) & ,I W H WZR D HUV ZHUH
FRPS HWH PL HG W H WD N WHPSHUDWXUH ZRX G GURS WR ) & Z LF L PRVW FDVHV LV D X XVDE H WHPSHUDWXUH

+27 : 7(5 7(03(5 785( 0 ,17(1 1 (

Hot water of a desired temperature should be readily available at any xture. Hot water supply piping transmits heat
WR W H VXUURX GL J RZHU WHPSHUDWXUH DLU E FR GXFWLR FR YHFWLR D G UDGLDWLR , VX DWLR UHGXFHV EXW GRHV RW
H LPL DWH W LV HDW RVV , DUJH V VWHPV LI W H HDW RVV LV RW DGGUHVVHG XVHUV PD EHFRPH IUXVWUDWHG ZDLWL J IRU W H
GHVLUHG WHPSHUDWXUH ZDWHU :DWHU LV ZDVWHG D G W H DVVRFLDWHG H HUJ D G ZDVWHZDWHU XWL LW FRVWV DUH L FXUUHG 7 LV
is particularly true in systems using low- ow and electronic faucets where the wait time can be very long.
7ZR FRPPR PHW RGV XVHG WR DF LHYH VDWLVIDFWRU UHPRWH WHPSHUDWXUH PDL WH D FH L F XGH D RW ZDWHU FLUFX DWLR
V VWHP RU D VH I UHJX DWHG H HFWULFD HDWHG V VWHP EULG FLUFX DWLR D G HDW WUDFH V VWHPV PD EH XVHG DV ZH

6WD GDUGV D G RGHV

7 HUH LV LWW H UHJX DWLR UHJDUGL J FLUFX DWLR D G HDW WUDFH V VWHPV 7 H WZR DVSHFWV RI V VWHPV PRVW RIWH UHIHUH FHG
are the system temperature and the volume of hot water between the main and the xture.
Table 6-7 provides limitations based on the volume of water from the temperature-maintained piping to the xtures.
7 LV LV SRWH WLD W H DPRX W RI FR G ZDWHU W DW ZL EH GLVF DUJHG EHIRUH RW ZDWHU DUULYHV

RPHVWLF +RW :DWHU 5HFLUFXODWLR 6 VWHPV

RPHVWLF RW ZDWHU UHFLUFX DWLR V VWHPV PDL WDL W HLU WHPSHUDWXUH E XVL J D SXPS WR FR WL XRXV SDVV RW ZDWHU
W URXJ W H V VWHP D G UHWXU LW WR W H HDWL J VRXUFH WR EH UHFLUFX DWHG 7 LV SURYLGHV UHDGL DYDL DE H RW ZDWHU HDU
the xtures for delivery. With that in mind, the system can be thought of as an extension of the water heater.

6 SSO 6 VWHP
The supply system is the recirculated portion of domestic hot water piping that supplies hot water to the xtures. This
does not include the entire domestic hot water supply, as uncirculated xture branches are not included. The sizing of this
system is discussed earlier in this chapter and should take into consideration the continuous ow from the recirculation
system. The heat loss from the supply system is what determines the recirculation system ow.

5HW U 6 VWHP
The connection to the return system is made near the end of a branch supplying hot water to one or more xtures needing
temperature maintenance. The connection is followed by a balancing valve to throttle the ow and check valve to prevent
reversal of ow caused by the discharging of xtures. The return system passes the water that has dropped below the
design temperature back to the water heater to be reheated. Since the return system has no xture connections, the heat
loss from this system is irrelevant when determining the necessary recirculation system ow. Sizing the return piping is
dependent on the ow in each segment. The piping should be sized well below the 5-fps (1.5-m/s) velocities required for
W H RW ZDWHU V VWHP 6L FH IULFWLR LV W H SULPDU GHVLJ IDFWRU Z H GHWHUPL L J UHWXU V VWHP SLSH VL HV VH HFWLR V
V RX G EH EDVHG R X LIRUP IULFWLR RVV

DOD F DO HV
The ow through each segment is
D VHW SHUFH WDJH RI W H WRWD V VWHP Table 6-7 Volume Limitation Standards
ow and is regulated by the balanc IPC ASHRAE IgCC (Faucets) IgCC (Other Fixtures)
L J YD YHV SURSHU ED D FHG Volume JDO / D
JDO / / JDO /
UHFLUFX DWLR V VWHP ZL UHVX W Length IW PP IW PP D
IW PP IW PP D
L W H VDPH WHPSHUDWXUH GURS DW
Wait Time to a P V V V V
HDF ED D FL J YD YH D D FL J 0.5-gpm (1.89-L/
YD YHV FD EH DGMXVWHG E PD XD min) Fixture
FD LEUDWLR RU W HUPRVWDWLF PHD V D
%DVHG R L WHU DO GLDPHWHUV RI 136 1 W SH / FRSSHU SLSH
7 HUPRVWDWLF ED D FL J YD YHV ZL 6RXUFHV 6+5 ( 37KH6WD GDUG IRU WKH (IILFLH W 8VH RI :DWHU L %XLOGL J 6LWH D G 0HFKD LFDO 6 VWHPV , WHU DWLR DO 3OXPEL J
DGMXVW W HLU RSH L J GHSH GL J R RGH , WHU DWLR DO UHH R VWUXFWLR RGH

10 Read, Learn, Earn March 2015

 READ, LEARN, EARN: Domestic Hot Water Systems
W H WHPSHUDWXUH RI W H ZDWHU H WHUL J W H UHWXU V VWHP SURYLGL J D HTXD WHPSHUDWXUH GURS DW HDF YD YH ZLW RXW
FD LEUDWLR
3 PS
The total ow through the system is selected based on the heat loss from the supply system when xtures are not in use.
This is controlled by the pump. The necessary ow through the system is a function of the heat loss over time and the
acceptable temperature drop to the balancing valves (see Equation 6-7). If this ow is increased, the temperature drop
ZL GHFUHDVH 7 HUHIRUH WDNH SUHFDXWLR V Z H XVL J VDIHW IDFWRUV HVSHFLD LI W HUPRVWDWLF ED D FL J YD YHV DUH XVHG
If a thermostatic mixing valve is used, the pump should discharge the ow into both the water heater and the mixing
YD YH 7 LV D RZV D SRUWLR RI W H ZDWHU WR EH H F D JHG L W H ZDWHU HDWHU D G W H PL HG ZLW W H RZHU WHPSHUDWXUH
water from the return, providing the design temperature to be recirculated back to the xtures.
(TXDWLR
6 VWHP KHDW ORVV [ 7HPSHUDWXUH GURS JSP
>6 VWHP KHDW ORVV [ 7HPSHUDWXUH GURS / VHF
&RPPR SUDFWLFH DV EHH WR SURYLGH D DTXDVWDW R W H UHFLUFX DWLR SXPS WR V XW GRZ W H V VWHP GXUL J SHULRGV
of no demand. However, this practice has been condemned by OSHA and the ASHRAE 188P standard as it has been
GLVFRYHUHG WR FUHDWH VXLWDE H L FXEDWLR H YLUR PH WV IRU /HJLR H D
5HIHU WR PEL L HH L HVL D ERR R PH IRU SXPS VH HFWLR V D G HDG RVV IURP IULFWLR FD FX DWLR V

HUPRVWDW F DO H
, V VWHPV Z HUH W H GRPHVWLF RW ZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUH LV WR EH RZHU W D W H WHPSHUDWXUH VWRUHG L W H ZDWHU HDWHU D
W HUPRVWDWLF PL L J YD YH 709 V RX G EH XVHG IRU WHPSHUL J 709 SHUIRUPV EHVW Z H PL L J ZDWHU RI WZR H WUHPH
temperatures to create tempered water for supplying xtures. If the temperature of the cold water inlet is too close to
W H VHW WHPSHUDWXUH DV LV W H FDVH Z H EHL J UHFLUFX DWHG W H 709 ZL WHPSHU L DFFXUDWH 7 HUHIRUH LW LV FULWLFD
W DW D FD LEUDWHG ED D FL J YD YH EH DGGHG WR W H VXSS L HW RI W H UHWXU SLSL J WR W H ZDWHU HDWHU WR UHJX DWH W H
ow (Knight, 2012).

:DWHU HDWHU
V W H V VWHP UHFLUFX DWHV HDW LV RVW W URXJ W H SLSL J D G L VX DWLR 7R PDL WDL W H V VWHP WHPSHUDWXUH W H HDW
RVV HHGV WR EH L HTXL LEULXP ZLW W H HDW JDL HG IURP W H ZDWHU HDWHU 7 H GHPD G W DW W LV HTXL LEULXP LPSRVHV
R W H ZDWHU HDWHU LV GHSH GH W R W H HDW RVV IURP W H VXSS D G UHWXU SLSL J 8VL J D YDULDWLR RI W H HTXDWLR
DERYH W H WHPSHUDWXUH GURS DW W H H G RI W H UHWXU V VWHP FD EH GHWHUPL HG DV IR RZV
(TXDWLR
%WXK [ JSP )
>N- K [ / 6HF
Using the equation for mixed water temperature (Equation 6-6), calculate the ratio of ow to be reheated by substi
WXWL J W H WHPSHUDWXUH DW W H H G RI W H UHWXU V VWHP IRU W H FR G ZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUH 7 H SURGXFW RI W LV YD XH ZLW
the system ow is the ow from the return system to the water heater. This ow should be calibrated with a balancing
valve. The rest of the ow is directed to the cold water inlet on the thermostatic mixing valve.

DOF ODW W H DOD F DO H OR V

The ow required to compensate for the heat loss of the supply system is easily calculated as shown earlier. However, the
ow at each balancing valve requires calculations to be made for each division of ow (node) in the recirculated supply
piping. Each node represents a division of ow direction or a connection to the return system. Since the piping closer to
the water heater will be carrying the ow of more balancing valves, the compensation for the heat loss will be distributed
DPR J W H ED D FL J YD YHV EHL J VXSS LHG
The rst node divides the entire system in two segments: segment a and segment b. Segment a will ow to node a,
and segment b will ow to node b. Supposing that node a is another division of ow (as opposed to being a connection to
W H UHWXU V VWHP VHJPH WV DD D G DE DUH IR RZHG E RGH D HDF HDGL J WR RGHV ZLW W HLU UHVSHFWLYH GHVLJ DWLR V
This designation is represented by the variable n and is used for de ning nodes and segments for the system.
The ratio of ow through each segment is de ned by the relative heat loss of either segment to the total heat loss of
ERW VHJPH WV DW D JLYH RGH 7 LV LV GHPR VWUDWHG EH RZ L (TXDWLR V DD G E 7 LV UDWLR LV FDUULHG RYHU Z H
calculating the ratio of the next consecutive node. The segment ow is a product of the ow ratio and the total system
ow as shown in Equation 6-10.

11 Read, Learn, Earn March 2015

 READ, LEARN, EARN: Domestic Hot Water Systems
(TXDWLR D

U ∑L D
U D
∑L
(TXDWLR E

U ∑L E
U E
∑L
(TXDWLR
TV U T
After calculating the ow for each balancing valve, values can be con rmed by determining the temperature drop for
the piping between each node according to the ow. Equation 6-11 can be used to perform this calculation.
(TXDWLR

∑L – (∑L D + ∑L E
ΔT
c•q
where
1RGH LGH WLW
D 6HJPH W RI ORZHU KHDW ORVV
E 6HJPH W RI KLJKHU KHDW ORVV
U D 5DWLR RI IORZ WR VHJPH W D
U E 5DWLR RI IORZ WR VHJPH W E
TV 6 VWHP IORZ
T )ORZ WKURXJK VHJPH W
∑L D 6XP RI KHDW ORVVHV IURP VHJPH WV ZLWK WKH SUHIL[ D
∑L E 6XP RI KHDW ORVVHV IURP VHJPH WV ZLWK WKH SUHIL[ E
ΔT 7HPSHUDWXUH GURS EHWZHH WZR FR VHFXWLYH RGHV
F

1RWH RPSRX GL J YDOXHV D D G E DUH XVHG IRU :LWK HDFK RGH D D RU E LV DGGHG DV WKH VXIIL[ RI
WKH SUHYLRXVO FRPSRX GHG YDOXHV 7KLV WD[RPHWULF VWUXFWXUH UHIOHFWV WKH SDWK D G GLYLVLR RI IORZ WR
WKH RGH 7KH ILUVW RGH LV HTXDO WR 7KH IROORZL J RGHV ZLOO EH D D G E ED D G EE D G VR IRUWK
VHJPH W LV GHIL HG E WKH ILUVW RGH L WKH GLUHFWLR RI IORZ
V D JXLGH WR VL L J FLUFX DWLR SLSL J D G FLUFX DWLR SXPSV W H IR RZL J HPSLULFD PHW RGV DUH JLYH EXW W H DUH
RW UHFRPPH GHG L LHX RI W H PRUH DFFXUDWH SURFHGXUHV RXW L HG DERYH
• An allowance of 0.5 gpm (1.8 L/m) is assigned for each small hot water riser (¾–1 inch [19–25 mm]), 1 gpm (3.8
L/m) for each medium-size hot water riser (1¼–1½ inches [32–38 mm]), and 2 gpm (7.6 L/m) for each large hot
water riser (2 inches [50 mm] and larger).
• An allowance of 1 gpm (3.8 L/m) is assigned for each group of 20 hot water-supplied xtures.

6HOI 5HJXODWL J +HDW 7UDFH 6 VWHPV

HDW WUDFH V VWHP LV XVHG IRU RW ZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUH PDL WH D FH 7 LV W SH RI V VWHP XWL L HV VH I UHJX DWL J H HFWUL
FD FDE H L VWD HG R W H RW ZDWHU VXSS SLSHV X GHU HDW W H VWD GDUG SLSH L VX DWLR 7 H FDE H DGMXVWV LWV SRZHU
RXWSXW WR FRPSH VDWH IRU YDULDWLR V L ZDWHU D G DPELH W WHPSHUDWXUHV ,W SURGXFHV PRUH HDW LI W H WHPSHUDWXUH GURSV
D G HVV HDW LI W H WHPSHUDWXUH ULVHV 7 H HDWL J FDE H UHS DFHV VXSS SLSH HDW RVVHV DW W H SRL W Z HUH HDW RVV
RFFXUV W HUHE SURYLGL J FR WL XRXV RW ZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUH PDL WH D FH D G H LPL DWL J W H HHG IRU D UHFLUFX DWL J
system. Heat trace systems are practical for small systems, systems where added exibility of terminal runs is needed,
RU VLWXDWLR V Z HUH UHFLUFX DWLR SLSL J LV LPSUDFWLFD
6H HFWLR YDULDE HV DIIHFWL J W H SHUIRUPD FH RI W H HDW WUDFH V VWHP L F XGH W H V VWHP WHPSHUDWXUH UD JH WLPH WR
tap, water wastage, and energy ef ciency. Installation and life-cycle costs also should be considered.

12 Read, Learn, Earn March 2015

 READ, LEARN, EARN: Domestic Hot Water Systems
HDWL J FDE H FRPSR H WV DUH 8/ LVWHG IRU XVH DV D SDUW RI W H V VWHP WR PDL WDL RW ZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUH &RP
SR H W H F RVXUHV DUH UDWHG 1(0 ; WR SUHYH W ZDWHU L JUHVV D G FRUURVLR ( HFWUR LF FR WUR PRGX HV DUH DYDL DE H
permitting programmed temperature pro les, including bacteria-killing high-temperature nighttime programs.

5(/,() 9 /9(6
:DWHU HDWL J V VWHPV V D EH SURWHFWHG IURP H FHVVLYH WHPSHUDWXUHV D G SUHVVXUHV E UH LHI YD YHV 7HPSHUDWXUH D G
SUHVVXUH UH LHI YD YHV DUH DYDL DE H HLW HU VHSDUDWH RU FRPEL HG FRPEL DWLR 7 3 UH LHI YD YH RIIHUV HFR RPLFD D G
HIIHFWLYH SURWHFWLR
UH LHI YD YH R D ZDWHU VXSS V VWHP LV H SRVHG WR H HPH WV W DW PD DIIHFW LWV SHUIRUPD FH VXF DV FRUURVLYH ZDWHU
that attacks materials and deposits of lime that close up waterways and ow passages. For these reasons, the minimum
VL H RI W H YD YH V RX G EH L F PP IRU L HW D G RXW HW FR HFWLR V ZLW W H ZDWHUZD V ZLW L W H YD YH RI D
DUHD RW HVV W D W H DUHD RI W H L HW FR HFWLR 5H LHI YD YHV V RX G EH WHVWHG R D UHJX DU EDVLV WR H VXUH VDIH D G
SURSHU RSHUDWLR
UH LHI YD YHV V RX G DYH D GLVF DUJH SLSH FR HFWHG WR W HLU RXW HW D G WHUPL DWH DW D SRL W Z HUH W H GLVF DUJH
ZL FDXVH R GDPDJH RU L MXU 7 H GLVF DUJH SLSH VL H V D EH DW HDVW W H VL H RI W H YD YH GLVF DUJH RXW HW EH DV V RUW
DV SRVVLE H D G UX GRZ WR LWV WHUPL D ZLW RXW VDJV RU WUDSV
7 SLFD 7 3 UH LHI YD YHV DUH WHVWHG WR FRPS ZLW W H VWD GDUGV RI 60( , WHU DWLR D PHULFD DV VVRFLD
WLR RU 1DWLR D RDUG RI RL HU D G 3UHVVXUH 9HVVH , VSHFWRUV D G DUH VR DEH HG 7 H GHVLJ HU V RX G YHULI Z LF
DJH F V VWD GDUGV DUH DSS LFDE H WR W H ZDWHU HDWL J V VWHP EHL J GHVLJ HG D G IR RZ W RVH VWD GDUGV IRU W H VL HV
W SHV D G RFDWLR V RI UHTXLUHG UH LHI YD YHV

6L]L J 3UHVVXUH D G 7HPSHUDWXUH 5HOLHI 9DOYHV

7 H IR RZL J L IRUPDWLR DSS LHV WR HDWHUV ZLW PRUH W D WX NL RMRX H L SXW 7HPSHUDWXUH UH LHI
YD YHV V D DYH W H FDSDFLW WR SUHYH W ZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUHV IURP H FHHGL J ) & 7 H V D EH ZDWHU UDWHG R
W H EDVLV RI WX NL RMRX HV IRU HDF JS RI ZDWHU GLVF DUJHG DW SRX GV NL RJUDPV ZRUNL J SUHVVXUH
D G D PD LPXP WHPSHUDWXUH RI ) &
7 H WHPSHUDWXUH UDWL J LV W H PD LPXP UDWH RI HDW L SXW WR D HDWHU R Z LF D WHPSHUDWXUH UH LHI YD YH FD EH
L VWD HG D G LV GHWHUPL HG DV IR RZV
(TXDWLR

gph water heated × 8.33 × ΔT(°F)

%WX YDOYH FDSDFLW UHTXLUHG

> L/h water heated × 1 kg/L × ΔT(°C) N- YDOYH FDSDFLW UHTXLUHG

3UHVVXUH UH LHI YD YHV V D DYH W H FDSDFLW WR SUHYH W D SUHVVXUH ULVH L H FHVV RI SHUFH W RI W H VHW RSH L J
SUHVVXUH 7 H V D EH VHW DW D SUHVVXUH RW H FHHGL J W H ZRUNL J SUHVVXUH RI W H WD N RU HDWHU
7 H SUHVVXUH UDWL J LV W H PD LPXP RXWSXW RI D ERL HU RU HDWHU R Z LF D SUHVVXUH UH LHI YD YH FD EH XVHG D G LV
GHWHUPL HG DV IR RZV
(TXDWLR
gph water heated × 8.33 × ΔT(°F) = Btu valve capacity required
[L/h water heated × 1.0 kg/L × ΔT(°C) = kJ valve capacity required]
HWHUPL H W H WX FDSDFLW UHTXLUHG D G W H UHIHU WR W H PD XIDFWXUHU V FDWD RJ IRU YD YH VL H VH HFWLR 1RWH W DW
R LJ WX V VWHPV PX WLS H 7 3 UH LHI YD YHV PD EH UHTXLUHG DW W H VWRUDJH WD N

7+(50 / (;3 16,21

:DWHU H SD GV Z H HDWHG D G W LV H SD VLR PXVW EH DFFRPPRGDWHG L D GRPHVWLF RW ZDWHU V VWHP WR DYRLG GDPDJH
to the piping, xtures, and accessories. Use of a properly sized thermal expansion tank will accomplish this. Plumbing
codes require some type of thermal expansion compensation, especially when there is either a back ow prevention device
R W H FR G ZDWHU VHUYLFH WR W H EXL GL J RU D F HFN YD YH L W H V VWHP
5H L J R R W H 7 3 UH LHI YD YH WR UH LHYH W H SUHVVXUH LV RW JRRG SUDFWLFH 0RVW RFD FRGHV RZ UHTXLUH W HUPD
H SD VLR WD NV IRU V VWHPV PRUH W D JD R V / L FDSDFLW
7 H UH HYD W SURSHUWLHV RI ZDWHU DUH V RZ L 7DE H
DPSOH
8VL J 7DE H GHWHUPL H W H W HUPD H SD VLR RI D W SLFD UHVLGH FH VVXPH W H L LWLD HDWL J F F H DV L FRPL J
ZDWHU DW ) & D G D WHPSHUDWXUH ULVH RI ) & 7 H ZDWHU HDWHU DV JD R V / RI FDSDFLW D G W H
SLSL J V VWHP YR XPH LV JD R V /

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 READ, LEARN, EARN: Domestic Hot Water Systems

Table 6-8 Thermal Properties of Water

Temperature Saturation Pressure Specific Volume Density Weight Specific Heat
°F (°C) psig (kPa) ft3/lb (m3/kg) lb/ft3 (kg/m3) lb/gal (kg/m3) Btu/lb-°F-h (J/kg-°C-h)

FFRUGL J WR 7DE H
• Speci c volume of water at 40°F (4°C) = 0.01602 cubic foot per pound (0.00100 m NJ
• Speci c volume of water at 140°F (60°C) = 0.01629 cubic foot per pound (0.00102 m NJ

SHUFH W L FUHDVH L YROXPH

7RWDO YROXPH JDOOR / WD N JDOOR / V VWHP JDOOR V /
JDOOR V / [ SHUFH W YROXPH L FUHDVH JDOOR / H[SD VLR
JDOOR / [ OE JDO NJ / [ IW OE P NJ
IW P
L FP

7+(50 / ()), ,(1 <

No water heating process is 100 percent ef cient. The actual input energy is always higher than the usable, or output,
energy. The four primary measurements of water heater ef ciency (among the common 12 to 15 measurements) are
combustion ef ciency, thermal ef ciency, energy factor, and annual fuel utilization ef ciency (AFUE).
Combustion ef ciency (for fuel- red water heaters) is a misnomer, as it has little to do with the ef ciency of the com
bustion process. Rather, combustion ef ciency is simply the total input energy minus the ue losses.
Thermal ef ciency is a re nement of combustion ef ciency, also accounting for jacket losses. In equation form:

7KHUPDO HIILFLH F RPEXVWLR HIILFLH F -DFNHW ORVVHV

14 Read, Learn, Earn March 2015
 READ, LEARN, EARN: Domestic Hot Water Systems
Energy factor and AFUE are continued re nements, attempting to bring real-world meaningful values to consumers.
Not every ef ciency measurement is applicable to every water heater. For example, AFUE only applies to water heaters
ZLW D L SXW RI WX RU HVV 6LPL DU W H WHVWL J SURWRFR XVHG WR REWDL D H HUJ IDFWRU UDWL J L F XGHV D
19-hour standby period, obviously bene ting instantaneous and tankless water heaters.
New government-mandated energy-ef ciency rules are issued through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and
W H 8 6 HSDUWPH W RI ( HUJ 7 H PHULFD 6RFLHW RI HDWL J 5HIULJHUDWL J D G LU &R GLWLR L J ( JL HHUV LV D
industry leader in promoting part-load ef ciency ratings for modulating equipment and seasonal ef ciency information.
7 H LU &R GLWLR L J HDWL J D G 5HIULJHUDWLR , VWLWXWH LV W H SULPDU WHVWL J D G FHUWLI L J RUJD L DWLR
Direct- red gas water heaters lose part of their total energy capabilities to heated ue gases, inef ciencies of com
bustion, and radiation at heated surfaces. Their thermal ef ciency, EW, is de ned as the heat actually transferred to the
GRPHVWLF ZDWHU GLYLGHG E W H WRWD HDW L SXW WR W H ZDWHU HDWHU ( SUHVVHG DV D SHUFH WDJH W LV LV
(TXDWLR

(W q−B
T
where
(W 7KHUPDO HIILFLH F UDWLR X LWOHVV
% , WHU DO KHDW ORVV RI WKH ZDWHU KHDWHU %WXK N- K
T 7LPH UDWH RI KHDW WUD VIHU %WXK N- K
5HIHU WR (TXDWLR V D G WR GHWHUPL H T 0D ZDWHU HDWHUV D G ERL HUV SURYLGH L SXW D G RXWSXW H HUJ
L IRUPDWLR

DPSOH
Calculate the heat input rate required for the water heater in Example 6-1 if this is a direct gas- red water heater with
a thermal ef ciency of 80 percent.
From Example 6-1, q = 449,820 Btuh (475,374 kJ/h). Thus, the heat input is:
T %WXK
%WXK
(W
T N- K
> N- K
(W

/( ,211 ,5(6 ,6( 6(

/HJLR DLUHV GLVHDVH LV D SRWH WLD IDWD UHVSLUDWRU L HVV W DW JDL HG RWRULHW Z H D XPEHU RI PHULFD /HJLR
DLUHV FR WUDFWHG LW GXUL J D FR YH WLR 7 DW RXWEUHDN ZDV DWWULEXWHG WR W H ZDWHU YDSRU IURP W H EXL GL J V FRR L J
WRZHUV 7 H EDFWHULD FDXVL J /HJLR DLUHV GLVHDVH DUH ZLGHVSUHDG L DWXUD VRXUFHV RI ZDWHU L F XGL J ULYHUV DNHV
VWUHDPV D G SR GV , ZDUP ZDWHU W H EDFWHULD FD JURZ D G PX WLS WR LJ FR FH WUDWLR V
3UHYH WLR D G FR WUR RI /HJLR H D EDFWHULD LV D PDMRU FR FHU L HD W FDUH IDFL LWLHV : L H W HUH DUH VHYHUD SR
WH WLD VRXUFHV RI W H EDFWHULD L RVSLWD V ZDWHU IHDWXUHV DUH HVSHFLD SURE HPDWLF IRU W H SXUSRVHV RI W LV VHFWLR
R /HJLR H D L GRPHVWLF RW ZDWHU V VWHPV LV DGGUHVVHG
7 H /HJLR H D EDFWHULD FD EH IRX G L PD GRPHVWLF RW D G FR G ZDWHU V VWHPV L WUDFH DPRX WV 7 HUH DUH R
HD W FR FHU V ZLW W H EDFWHULD X WL LW FR R L HV IRUPL J LJ HU FR FH WUDWLR V D G W H EDFWHULD DUH DWRPL HG D G
L D HG RU DVSLUDWHG , PRVW GRFXPH WHG FDVHV RI /HJLR DLUHV GLVHDVH WUD VPLVVLR RFFXUUHG Z H ZDWHU FR WDL L J W H
RUJD LVP ZDV DHURVR L HG L UHVSLUDE H GURS HWV PLFURPHWHUV L GLDPHWHU D G L D HG RU DVSLUDWHG E D VXVFHSWLE H
RVW 1R GDWD L GLFDWHV W DW W H EDFWHULD DUH RI FR FHU Z H VZD RZHG D G R GDWD VXSSRUWV /HJLR H D EHL J VSUHDG
W URXJ SHUVR WR SHUVR WUD VPLVVLR /HJLR H D DV EHH V RZ WR PRVW JUHDW DIIHFW LPPX RVXSSUHVVHG SHRS H
, D RVSLWD RUJD WUD VS D W SDWLH WV FD FHU SDWLH WV UHFHLYL J UDGLDWLR RU F HPRW HUDS SDWLH WV ZLW ,9 D G
VXUJLFD SDWLH WV DUH PRVW VXVFHSWLE H WR /HJLR H D L IHFWLR

7HPSHUDWXUH 5D JH IRU /HJLR HOOD URZWK

0D GLIIHUH W WHPSHUDWXUH UD JHV IRU /HJLR H D EDFWHULD JURZW DUH SXE LV HG 7 H &H WHUV IRU LVHDVH &R WUR D G
3UHYH WLR & & LVWV D IDYRUDE H EDFWHULD JURZW UD JH RI ) & 6 5 ( LVWV D IDYRUDE H EDFWHULD
JURZW UD JH RI ) & D G /H LR H DH R W R L HD W FD H DFL LWLHV LVWV W H RSWLPD WHPSHUDWXUH UD JH
for bacterial growth at 68–122°F (20–50°C) (95–115°F [35–46°C] ideal). The American Society for Healthcare Engineering
6 ( D G W H -RL W &RPPLVVLR LVW D UD JH RI ) & &RPEL L J W HVH UD JHV ZRX G L GLFDWH D SRWH WLD
UD JH RI JURZW RI ) & DYDL DE H L IRUPDWLR L GLFDWHV W DW D PRVW D EDFWHULD GLH DW WHPSHUDWXUHV
DERYH ) & 7 H LJ HU W H WHPSHUDWXUH W H IDVWHU W H EDFWHULD GLH

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 READ, LEARN, EARN: Domestic Hot Water Systems

/HJLR HOOD +RW 6SRWV

V PH WLR HG DYDL DE H L IRUPDWLR L GLFDWHV D PRVW D /HJLR H D EDFWHULD GLH DW WHPSHUDWXUHV DERYH ) &
7 HUHIRUH D FRPPR PHW RG RI /HJLR H D FR WUR LV WR PDL WDL W H GRPHVWLF RW ZDWHU V VWHP WHPSHUDWXUH DERYH
) & ZLW D SUHIHUDE H GLVWULEXWLR V VWHP WHPSHUDWXUH RI ) & D G D UHWXU RW ZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUH RI
DW HDVW ) &
RZHYHU R R GHU SLSL J V VWHPV W DW GR W DYH W HUPRVWDWLF PL L J YD YHV DW D RXW HWV D V VWHP FD RW EH RSHU
DWHG DW ) & RU DERYH D G VWL PDL WDL FRGH FRPS LD FH V PD GDWHG E PRVW RFD FRGHV W H PD LPXP RW
water temperature to plumbing xtures in patient care areas is 115°F (46°C). This is to minimize scalding hazards due
to excessive water temperature. Often, the shower valves in a hospital facility are not of the thermostatic mixing valve
W SH Z LF ZRX G D RZ W H V VWHP WR EH RSHUDWHG DW D H HYDWHG WHPSHUDWXUH V D UHVX W D RVSLWD V GRPHVWLF RW
ZDWHU V VWHP LV RSHUDWHG DW DSSUR LPDWH ) & ZLW D UHWXU RW ZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUH RI ) &
8 IRUWX DWH UHJDUG HVV RI W H FRGH W LV WHPSHUDWXUH UD JH LV L W H /HJLR H D EDFWHULD JURZW WHPSHUDWXUH UD JH
DFWHULD JURZW LV PRVW SURPL H W L VWDJ D W DUHDV VXF DV VWRUDJH WD NV D G GHDG H GV RI SLSL J DFWHULD W SL
cally grow in the bio lm, scale, slime, and sediment found in these locations. It tends to not grow in sections of the piping
distribution system that are actively owing and have little bio lm or sediment buildup. Increased water velocity in a
piping system can help reduce bio lm, but excessive water velocity can be detrimental to a piping system. Care should
EH WDNH WR RW H FHHG ISV P V RI YH RFLW L W H SLSH RU HURVLR FRX G WDNH S DFH FDXVL J SLSH IDL XUH
/HJLR H D EDFWHULD D VR FD UHVLGH L W H VFD H EXL GXS R V RZHU HDGV 7 H V RZHU HDG SURYLGHV D VLHYH HIIHFW D G
the additional rough surface of the scale provides additional area for bio lm. Other locations of bacterial growth include
VSDV Z LU SRR V D G ZDWHU IHDWXUH SRR V 7 HUH D VR DYH EHH UHSRUWV RI EDFWHULD JURZL J R DWXUD UXEEHU ZDV HUV

R WUROOL J /HJLR HOOD

0D PHW RGV RI FR WUR L J W H FR R L DWLR RI /HJLR H D EDFWHULD DUH DYDL DE H 7 HVH L F XGH H HYDWHG WHPSHUDWXUH
maintenance, heat and ush cycles, copper-silver ionization, chlorine dioxide injection, halogenization, ultraviolet (UV)
radiation, ozonation, hyper-chlorination, ltration/rechlorination, and combinations of these.

OH DWHG HPSHUDW UH D WH D FH
7 LV L YR YHV NHHSL J W H V VWHP WHPSHUDWXUH FR WL XD DW RU DERYH ) & DV UHFRPPH GHG E VHYHUD RI W H
DJH FLHV RWHG SUHYLRXV RZHYHU LW LV IUHTXH W LPSUDFWLFD L DUJH R G IDFL LWLHV Z HUH SRL W RI XVH W HUPRVWDWLF
PL L J YD YHV DYH RW EHH L VWD HG

HDW D G O V
7 LV LV D PHW RG RI GLVL IHFWL J W H SLSL J V VWHP E H HYDWL J W H V VWHP WHPSHUDWXUH WR ) & RU LJ HU D G
ushing the high-temperature water through every outlet for at least 30 minutes. This method has proven effective in
killing the bacteria present in most domestic hot water systems. Large quantities of bio lm in the piping system might
UHTXLUH DGGLWLR D FR WDFW WLPH ZLW W H LJ WHPSHUDWXUH ZDWHU
7 H DGYD WDJHV RI W LV PHW RG DUH W DW LW L YR YHV R FDSLWD H SH GLWXUHV IRU HTXLSPH W D G FD EH LPS HPH WHG
immediately. Disadvantages include increased labor, dif culty coordinating the ushing of the system without risking
a scalding injury to patients, and inef ciency on xtures with thermostatic mixing valves. There is no residual protec
WLR VR W LV LV D R SHUPD H W VR XWLR WR /HJLR H D FR WDPL DWLR 7 H EDFWHULD ZL HYH WXD UHWXU D G FR R L H
L W H V VWHP

RSSHU 6 O HU R DW R
This method involves installing a ow-through ionization chamber containing copper-silver electrodes. As electrical
FXUUH W LV DSS LHG WR W H H HFWURGHV SRVLWLYH F DUJHG FRSSHU D G VL YHU LR V DUH UH HDVHG L WR W H ZDWHU V VWHP 7 H
SRVLWLYH F DUJHG LR V ER G WR W H PLFURRUJD LVPV FDXVL J W HP WR GLH 7 H RSWLPD FR FH WUDWLR RI FRSSHU VL YHU LR V
LV VDLG WR EH SDUWV SHU EL LR SSE IRU FRSSHU D G SSE IRU VL YHU
7 H DGYD WDJHV RI W LV D WHU DWLYH DUH W DW W H HTXLSPH W LV UH DWLYH HDV WR L VWD D G PDL WDL D G LW SURYLGHV
SHUPD H W FR WL XRXV GLVL IHFWLR 7 H GLVDGYD WDJHV DUH W H L LWLD HTXLSPH W FRVWV D G FR WL XL J RSHUDWL J D G
PDL WH D FH FRVWV &RSSHU VL YHU LR L DWLR RIWH LV UHFRPPH GHG DV D RSWLR IRU XVH R GRPHVWLF RW ZDWHU V VWHPV
serving immunode cient patient care areas.

ORU H R GH DV MHFW R
This is effective in the control of Legionella bacteria in domestic hot water systems. It penetrates bio lm and slime and
NL V EDFWHULD DW LWV JURZW VLWHV ,WV DGYD WDJHV DUH W DW LW VWD V L VR XWLR IRU R J SHULRGV D G VL FH LW UHTXLUHV RZ
FR FH WUDWLR V LW PL LPL HV F RUL H L GXFHG FRUURVLR FR FHU V 7 H GLVDGYD WDJHV DUH W DW W H HTXLSPH W LV EHVW
VXLWHG IRU XVH L VPD WR PHGLXP VL H DSS LFDWLR V W H HTXLSPH W LV IDLU H SH VLYH D F RUL H GLR LGH JDV JH HUDWRU
LV UHTXLUHG IRU HDF RW ZDWHU V VWHP D G ZDWHU F HPLVWU PXVW EH PR LWRUHG F RVH )RU DUJH IDFL LWLHV LW PLJ W EH

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 READ, LEARN, EARN: Domestic Hot Water Systems
HFHVVDU WR L VWD PX WLS H L MHFWRUV & RUL H GLR LGH LV D YLDE H RSWLR IRU XVH R GRPHVWLF RW ZDWHU V VWHPV VHUYL J
immunode cient patient care areas if closely monitored.
DOR H DW R
7 H XVH RI D RJH V F RUL H EURPL H D G LRGL H DW GRVDJHV UD JL J IURP SDUWV SHU PL LR SSP LV D YLDE H RS
tion only if the water pH is controlled precisely. As the water pH drops, so does the ef ciency of the halogen as a biocide.
A nal but critical consideration is the issue of carcinogenic halogenated compounds being released into the waterway. A
E SURGXFW RI F RUL H WUHDWPH W RI ZDWHU LV WRWD WUL D RPHW D HV 77 0 Z LF PD H HYDWH W H ULVN RI FHUWDL FD FHUV
: L H W H ULVN PD EH VPD W H (3 LV DWWHPSWL J WR UHGXFH 77 0 FR FH WUDWLR V L 8 6 ZDWHU V VWHPV D RJH V
W HUHIRUH DUH VH GRP UHFRPPH GHG IRU XVH L HD W FDUH IDFL LWLHV

OWUD ROHW 5DG DW R

UV radiation is effective in killing the bacteria as it ows through a single point in the system. It is effective only for use
R VPD RFD L HG V VWHPV D G V RUW UX V RI SLSH ,W LV L HIIHFWLYH L DUJH V VWHPV D G GRHV RW H LPL DWH W H JURZW
RI H LVWL J FR R LHV L RW HU SRUWLR V RI W H V VWHP 7 H HIIHFW RI 89 R /HJLR H D ZLW L SURWR RD YHVLF HV SURWR RD
ERGLHV RDGHG ZLW /HJLR H D FH V LV D VR RW N RZ

2 R DW R
Ozone is effective in killing the bacteria in the immediate vicinity of the ozone generator. Its advantage is that TTHMs are
RW SURGXFHG E R R H WUHDWPH W ,WV GLVDGYD WDJHV DUH W DW GHFRPSRVLWLR RI W H R R H L W H V VWHP TXLFN GLVVLSDWHV
W H FR FH WUDWLR V UHTXLUHG WR NL EDFWHULD LW FD FDXVH FRUURVLR SURE HPV L R G SLSL J LW LV L HIIHFWLYH L DUJH V VWHPV
D G LW GRHV RW H LPL DWH W H JURZW RI H LVWL J FR R LHV L RW HU SRUWLR V RI W H V VWHP 7 LV LV D VR D H SH VLYH RSWLR

SHUF ORU DW R
7 LV PHW RG LV HIIHFWLYH L NL L J W H EDFWHULD EXW LW DV VHYHUD YHU LPSRUWD W HJDWLYH DVSHFWV )LUVW LJ F RUL H
FR FH WUDWLR V DUH UHTXLUHG WR NL W H EDFWHULD 6HFR G F RUL H E SURGXFWV DUH 77 0V Z LF DUH SRWH WLD FDUFL R
JH V 7 LUG F RUL H LV FRUURVLYH D G FD FDXVH GHJUDGDWLR HDGL J WR SRWH WLD IDL XUH RI W H SLSL J ,W W HUHIRUH LV RW
UHFRPPH GHG IRU UHJX DU XVH L PRVW RVSLWD IDFL LWLHV

OWUDW R 5HF ORU DW R

This involves the use of 5-micron lters in conjunction with a rechlorination system. It rst lters foreign matter be
ing introduced into the piping system from an un ltered water supply, thus reducing the scale and sediments in which
the bio lm can propagate. Rechlorination then is used to maintain a chlorine level more conducive to inhibiting bio lm
JURZW & RUL H FR FH WUDWLR V V RX G EH F RVH PR LWRUHG WR SUHYH W RYHU F RUL DWLR 7 LV W SH RI V VWHP W SLFD
LV XVHG R R PX LFLSD W SH ZDWHU V VWHPV D G GRHV RW DSS WR RVSLWD V UHFHLYL J D FH WUD ZDWHU VXSS

/HJLR HOOD R WURO 5HFRPPH GDWLR V

)RU RVSLWD V -RL W &RPPLVVLR ( YLUR PH W RI &DUH 6WD GDUG (& UHTXLUHV W H IDFL LW WR GHYH RS D PD DJHPH W
S D HVWDE LV L J D G PDL WDL L J D XWL LW V VWHPV PD DJHPH W SURJUDP WR UHGXFH W H SRWH WLD IRU RUJD L DWLR D
L HVV 7 LV PD DJHPH W S D V D SURYLGH SURFHVVHV IRU PD DJL J SDW RJH LF DJH WV L GRPHVWLF ZDWHU D G DHUR
VR L L J ZDWHU V VWHPV
Two approaches are recommended in the CDC guidelines for Legionella prevention and control. The rst approach
L YR YHV SHULRGLF URXWL H FX WXUL J RI ZDWHU VDPS HV IURP W H RVSLWD V SRWDE H ZDWHU V VWHP )RU DUJH RVSLWD V W H
& & GRHV RW UHFRPPH G UD GRP VDPS L J )RU DUJH RVSLWD IDFL LWLHV W H VHFR G DSSURDF LVWHG LV PRUH SUDFWLFD WR
LPS HPH W 7 H UHFRPPH GHG DSSURDF IR RZV
• (GXFDWH W H RVSLWD VWDII WR L FUHDVH W HLU DZDUH HVV RI W H V PSWRPV RI /HJLR H RVLV 0DL WDL D LJ L GH
RI VXVSLFLR IRU /HJLR H RVLV D G DSSURSULDWH XVH GLDJ RVWLF WHVWV IRU /HJLR H RVLV L SDWLH WV ZLW RVRFRPLD
S HXPR LD Z R DUH DW ULVN RI GHYH RSL J W H GLVHDVH D G G L J IURP W H L IHFWLR
• Initiate an investigation for a hospital source of Legionella upon identi cation of one case of de nite or two cases
RI SRVVLE H RVRFRPLD /HJLR H D GLVHDVH
• Routinely use only sterile water for lling and terminal rinsing of nebulization devices.
)RU LJ ULVN DUHDV VXF DV RSHUDWL J URRPV ,&8 , 6 D G FD FHU WUHDWPH W DUHDV LW RIWH LV UHFRPPH GHG W DW
W H RVSLWD L VWD F RUL H GLR LGH RU FRSSHU VL YHU LR L DWLR HTXLSPH W R W H GRPHVWLF RW ZDWHU V VWHPV IHHGL J
W HVH DUHDV
)R RZL J LV D F HFN LVW IRU H LVWL J GRPHVWLF RW ZDWHU SLSL J V VWHPV WR H S PL LPL H V VWHP ZLGH /HJLR H D JURZW
• 5HPRYH GHDG HJV L W H GRPHVWLF RW ZDWHU V VWHP (VWDE LV D SR LF RI UHPRYL J HIWRYHU SLSL J
• 5HS DFH HDYL VFD HG V RZHU HDGV
• ( WH G RW ZDWHU UHFLUFX DWLR L HV WR W H IXUW HVW SRL W IURP W H VXSS WR H VXUH IX V VWHP FLUFX DWLR

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 READ, LEARN, EARN: Domestic Hot Water Systems
• HZ SLSL J V RX G EH FRSSHU Z LF LV PRUH FRUURVLR UHVLVWD W W D Table 6-9 Time/Water Temperature
JD YD L HG VWHH SLSL J 7 H IRUPDWLR RI UXVW SRFNHWV LV FR GXFLYH WR Combinations Producing Skin Damage
ward bio lm proliferation and Legionella growth. Corrosion also leads Water Temperature, °F
WR V LPH D G VFD H EXL GXS Time, seconds
(°C)
• & D JH W H ZDWHU D G VD LWL H W H L WHJUD SLSL J L Z LU SRR V D G
VSDV IUHTXH W
If the disease is detected and con rmed, disinfection of the piping system
will be required. Of the above methods, the most immediately available form
of disinfection is usually the heat and ush method. This will involve the least
FDSLWD L YHVWPH W LW FD EH TXLFN LPS HPH WHG D G Z H SURSHU H HFXWHG
LW LV HIIHFWLYH L HUDGLFDWL J PRVW H LVWL J EDFWHULD FR R LHV IWHU GLVL IHFWLR
D /HJLR H D FR WUR V VWHP V RX G EH L VWD HG D G D SURJUDP V RX G EH
L VWLWXWHG WR PR LWRU EDFWHULD HYH V L W H SLSL J ,W LV D VR DGYLVDE H WR JHW 1RWH 7KH DERYH GDWD L GLFDWH FR GLWLR V SURGXFL J
FR FXUUH FH IURP W H PHGLFD IDFL LW V UH HYD W FRPPLWWHHV VXF DV W H L IHF WKH ILUVW HYLGH FH RI VNL GDPDJH L DGXOW PDOHV
WLR FR WUR FRPPLWWHH

6 / ,1
UHVHDUF SURMHFW E 0RULW D G H ULTXHV DW DUYDUG 0HGLFD &R HJH RRNHG DW W H UH DWLR V LS EHWZHH WLPH D G
the water temperature necessary to produce a rst-degree burn, which is the least serious type of burn and results in
R LUUHYHUVLE H GDPDJH 7 H UHVX WV RI W H UHVHDUF V RZ W DW LW WDNHV D VHFR G H SRVXUH WR ) & ZDWHU WR SUR
duce a rst-degree burn. At 130°F (54°C), it takes approximately 20 seconds, and at 120°F (49°C) it takes 8 minutes to
produce a rst-degree burn.
7 H RUPD W UHV R G RI SDL LV DSSUR LPDWH ) & SHUVR H SRVHG WR ) & ZDWHU ZRX G LPPH
GLDWH H SHULH FH GLVFRPIRUW VR LW V X LNH W DW W H SHUVR ZRX G EH H SRVHG IRU W H PL XWHV UHTXLUHG WR SURGXFH D
rst-degree burn. However, people in some occupancies (e.g., hospitals), as well as those over the age of 65 and under the
DJH RI R H PD RW VH VH SDL RU PRYH TXLFN H RXJ WR DYRLG D EXU R FH SDL LV VH VHG ,I VXF D SRVVLEL LW H LVWV
VFD GL J SURWHFWLR V RX G EH FR VLGHUHG D G LW RIWH LV UHTXLUHG E FRGH )RU PRUH L IRUPDWLR R VNL GDPDJH FDXVHG
E H SRVXUH WR RW ZDWHU VHH 7DE H

18 Read, Learn, Earn March 2015

 READ, LEARN, EARN: Domestic Hot Water Systems

ASPE Read, Learn, Earn Continuing Education

You may submit your answers to the following questions online at aspe.org/readlearnearn. If you score 90 percent or higher on the test,
you will be noti ed that you have earned 0.1 CEU, which can be applied toward CPD renewal or numerous regulatory-agency CE pro-
grams. (Please note that it is your responsibility to determine the acceptance policy of a particular agency.) CEU information will be kept
on le at the ASPE o ce for three years.
Notice for North Carolina Professional Engineers: State regulations for registered PEs in North Carolina now require you to complete ASPE’s
online CEU validation form to be eligible for continuing education credits. After successfully completing this quiz, just visit ASPE’s CEU Valida-
tion Center at aspe.org/CEUValidationCenter.
Expiration date: Continuing education credit will be given for this examination through March 31, 2016.

CE Questions — “Domestic Hot Water Systems” (CEU 221)

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZL J LV D GD JHU WKDW PXVW EH JXDUGHG DJDL VW ,I WKH V VWHP KRW ZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUH PXVW EH ORZHU WKD WKH
ZKH GHVLJ L J D GRPHVWLF KRW ZDWHU V VWHP WHPSHUDWXUH RI WKH ZDWHU VWRUHG L WKH ZDWHU KHDWHU D BBBBBBBB
D H[FHVVLYH SUHVVXUH VKRXOG EH XVHG IRU WHPSHUL J
E FR WDPL DWLR D EDOD FL J YDOYH
F H[FHVVLYH WHPSHUDWXUH E WKHUPRVWDWLF PL[L J YDOYH
G DOO RI WKH DERYH F SUHVVXUH EDOD FL J YDOYH
G DTXDVWDW
:KLFK RI WKH IROORZL J LV D OLPLWDWLR RI WKH DYHUDJH KRXUO
GHPD G PHWKRG IRU VL]L J ZDWHU KHDWHUV 3UHVVXUH UHOLHI YDOYHV VKDOO KDYH WKH FDSDFLW WR SUHYH W D SUHV
D ,W FD EH DSSOLHG WR D W SH RI IDFLOLW VXUH ULVH L H[FHVV RI BBBBBBB RI WKH VHW RSH L J SUHVVXUH
E ,W FD R O EH XVHG IRU WD NOHVV V VWHPV D SHUFH W
F ,W GRHV RW DGGUHVV KLJK YROXPH IL[WXUHV E SHUFH W
G ,W R O DGGUHVVHV KLJK XVH IL[WXUHV F SHUFH W
G SHUFH W
:KDW LV WKH KRW ZDWHU GHPD G RI D NLWFKH VL N L D KRWHO DW D
IL DO WHPSHUDWXUH RI ) :KDW LV WKH VSHFLILF YROXPH RI ) ZDWHU
D JSK D IW OE
E JSK E IW OE
F JSK F IW OE
G JSK G IW OE

,W WDNHV BBBBBBB %WX RI H HUJ WR UDLVH SRX G RI ZDWHU ) V D PHDVXUH RI ZDWHU KHDWHU HIILFLH F BBBBBBB LV WKH WRWDO
D L SXW H HUJ PL XV WKH IOXH ORVVHV
E D H HUJ IDFWRU
F E WKHUPDO HIILFLH F
G F FRPEXVWLR HIILFLH F
G R H RI WKH DERYH
:KDW LV WKH JH HUDOO DFFHSWHG PL LPXP KRW ZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUH
IRU D UHVLGH WLDO GLVKZDVKHU :KLFK RI WKH IROORZL J FD EH XVHG WR FR WURO WKH FROR L]DWLR
D ) RI /HJLR HOOD EDFWHULD
E ) D XOWUDYLROHW UDGLDWLR
F ) E FRSSHU VLOYHU LR L]DWLR
G ) F R]R DWLR
G DOO RI WKH DERYH
BBBBBBB ZDWHU KHDWHU IL GV LWV EHVW DSSOLFDWLR ZKHUH ZDWHU
KHDWL J GHPD GV DUH FR VWD W ,W WDNHV D VHFR G H[SRVXUH WR BBBBBBB ZDWHU WR SURGXFH D
D GLUHFW ILUHG DXWRPDWLF VWRUDJH ILUVW GHJUHH EXU
E VHPL L VWD WD HRXV D )
F JDV ILUHG L VWD WD HRXV E )
G L GLUHFW ILUHG F )
G )

19 Read, Learn, Earn March 2015