AP Biology

Cell division / Asexual reproduction

Mitosis
 produce cells with same information
Chapter 13.
identical daughter cells
 exact copies
Meiosis &
clones

Sexual Reproduction  same amount of DNA

same number of chromosomes

same genetic information

Aaaargh!
I’m seeing
AP Biology 2005-2006 AP Biology double!

Asexual reproduction Budding in Yeast

Single-celled eukaryotes
reproduce asexually
 yeast
 Paramecium
 Amoeba

Simple multicellular
eukaryotes reproduce
asexually
 Hydra

budding
What are the
disadvantages of
asexual reproduction? Binary fission in Amoeba
What are the
AP Biology advantages? AP Biology

How about the rest of us? Human female karyotype

What if a complex multicellular organism
(like us) wants to reproduce?
 joining of egg + sperm

Do we make egg & sperm by mitosis?

46 + 46 92

egg sperm zygote

AP Biology AP Biology

2005-2006
1
 AP Biology

Human male karyotype How do we make sperm & eggs?

reduce 46 chromosomes → 23 chromosomes
 half the number of chromosomes

46 23
23
meiosis egg 46
23
46 23
fertilization
sperm
AP Biology AP Biology

Meiosis: production of gametes Homologous chromosomes

Alternating processes,
Paired chromosomes
alternating stages  both chromosomes of a pair carry genes
 chromosome number
control same inherited characters
must be reduced
homologous = same information

diploid → haploid diploid homologous

2n → n 2n chromosomes
 humans: 46 → 23

meiosis reduces
chromosome number
 fertilization restores
chromosome number

haploid → diploid

n → 2n double stranded
AP Biology AP Biology
homologous chromosomes

Sexual reproduction: Fertilization Making gametes for the next

generation - 2 copies
- 1 copy
- haploid - diploid
- 1n - 2n
from Mom from Dad
We’re
mixing things
up here!

- 2 copies - 1 copy
- diploid - haploid
AP Biology - 2n AP Biology - 1n

2005-2006
2
 AP Biology

Meiosis = reduction division Double division

Meiosis of meiosis
 special cell division in
sexually reproducing
organisms DNA replication
 reduce 2n → 1n
 diploid → haploid

half 1st division of
 makes gametes meiosis separates

sperm, eggs homologous pairs

Warning: meiosis evolved from mitosis, so stages 2nd division of

& “machinery” are similar but the processes are meiosis separates
AP radically
Biology different. Do not confuse the two! sister chromatids
AP Biology

2n = 4
Preparing for meiosis Preparing for meiosis single
stranded

1st step of meiosis
1st division of

 Duplication of DNA meiosis separates
 Why bother?
2n = 6
single
homologous pairs 2n = 4
double
prophase1
stranded stranded

meiosis evolved after mitosis

convenient to use
“machinery” of mitosis
2n = 4

DNA replicated in metaphase1 double
S phase of interphase synapsis stranded

of MEIOSIS
(just like in mitosis)
telophase1
2n = 6 tetrad 1n = 2
double double
AP Biology M1 prophase stranded AP Biology stranded

Meiosis 2 Steps of meiosis

2nd division of
Meiosis 1 1st division of
1n = 2
meiosis separates double  interphase meiosis separates
stranded
sister chromatids  prophase 1 homologous pairs
 metaphase 1
What does
(2n → 1n)
this division prophase2  anaphase 1
look like?
1n = 2
 telophase 1
2nd division of
double
stranded
metaphase2
Meiosis 2 meiosis separates
 prophase 2 sister chromatids
 metaphase 2 (1n → 1n)
1n = 2
single  anaphase 2
stranded * just like mitosis *
 telophase 2
AP Biology AP Biology
telophase2

2005-2006
3
 AP Biology

AP Biology AP Biology

Meiosis 1 Meiosis 2

AP Biology AP Biology

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Mitosis
Meiosis
 1 division
 daughter cells
genetically identical
to parent cell
 produces 2 cells
 2n → 2n
 produces cells for
growth & repair
 no crossing over
 2 divisions
 daughter cells
genetically different
from parent
 produces 4 cells
 2n → 1n
 produces gametes
 crossing over

AP Biology AP Biology

2005-2006
4
 AP Biology

Crossing over Crossing over What are the

advantages of
sexual reproduction?

During Prophase 1
3 steps
 homologous pairs swap  cross over
pieces of chromosome  breakage of DNA
 sister chromatids intertwine  re-fusing of DNA
 crossing over

New combinations of traits

tetrad

AP Biology
synapsis AP Biology

Genetic variation The value of meiosis

Meiosis & crossing over introduce
Meiosis introduces genetic variation
great genetic variation to population  gametes of offspring do not have same
 drives evolution genes as gametes from parents
 genetic recombination

random assortment in humans produces 223

(8,388,608) different combinations

new gametes
AP Biology APfrom Mom
Biology from Dad
made by offspring

And more variation… Random fertilization

Crossing over
Any 2 parents will produce a zygote
 creates completely new with over 70 trillion (223 x 223) diploid
combinations of traits combinations
in next generation

AP Biology AP Biology

2005-2006
5
 AP Biology

Sources of genetic variability Sexual reproduction creates variability

Genetic variability in sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction allows us to maintain both
genetic similarity & differences.
 independent assortment

homologous chromosomes in Meiosis 1
Michael & Kirk
 crossing over Douglas

between homologous chromosomes in
prophase 1
 random fertilization

random ovum fertilized by a random sperm

AP Biology
metaphase1 AP Biology
Baldwin brothers Martin & Charlie Sheen, Emilio Estevez

Differences across kingdoms What are the

DISadvantages of
sexual reproduction?

Not all organisms use haploid & diploid
stages in same way
 which one is dominant (2n or n) differs
 but still alternate between haploid & diploid

have to for sexual reproduction
Any Questions??

AP Biology AP Biology 2005-2006

2005-2006
6