DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES OF SOLIDS

Solids are bounded by geometric surfaces:

LATERLAL SURFACE IS SURFACE EXCLUDING SOLID’S TOP & BASE.

Development ~ obtaining the area of the surfaces of a solid.

- Plane Æ Prism, Pyramid
- Single curved Æ Cone, Cylinder
- Double curved Æ sphere
82
 Surface Development of Hollow Solids
• Negligible thickness.
• Cutting hollow solid along any of its edge/generator
and spreading it as sheet of paper.
– All dimensions of the developed surface MUST be of TRUE
LENGTH.
This image cannot currently be display ed.

Front view
may be
utilized for
A1 B1 =20= C1 D1 = E1 F1 development

83
 φ50
j
Cylinder cut by
k

l
i
h
three planes
a g

b f
T c e
d
F G
g' F H
45o
f' E I
e'
d' D J
c’ C K I
b' A B A
15o
a'
100

1 71 6 7 8
51 6 5 9
41 3 4 10
31 11 12
21 2
11 1 1 84
πx50
 Methods to Develop Surfaces
1. Parallel-line development: Used for prisms (full or truncated),
cylinders (full or truncated). Parallel lines are drawn along the
surface and transferred to the development

Cylinder: A Rectangle

πD
D
H= Height D= base diameter

Prisms: No.of Rectangles

S S H= Height S = Edge of base 85

 Ex:
Development by Faces:
Front (Rear)
Right (Left..Symmetry)
Top (Bottom..
Symmetry)

Complete development.
DOTTED LINES are never
shown on development

86
 Methods to Develop Surfaces
1. Parallel-line development

2. Radial-line development: Used for pyramids, cones etc. in which the

true length of the slant edge or generator is used as radius

Cone: (Sector of circle) Pyramids: (No.of triangles)

θ
R=Base circle radius. L= Slant edge.
L=Slant height. S = Edge of base
θ = R 3600
L

87
Parallel vs Radial line method

Parallel line method

Radial line method 88

 FRUSTUMS
DEVELOPMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF
FRUSTUM OF CONE FRUSTUM OF SQUARE PYRAMID
Base side

Top side

θ = R 3600
L
L= Slant edge of pyramid
R= Base circle radius of cone L1 = Slant edge of cut part.
L= Slant height of cone
L1 = Slant height of cut part. Important points.
1. Development is a shape showing AREA, means it’s a 2-D plain drawing.
2. All dimensions of it must be TRUE dimensions.
3. As it is representing shape of an un-folded sheet, no edges can remain hidden
and hence DOTTED LINES are never shown on development.
Development by Radial MethodÆ
Pyramids (full or Truncated) &
Cones (full or Truncated).

If the slant height of a cone is equal to its diameter of base then its development is
a semicircle of radius equal to the slant height.
90
Ex:

91
 4, d

2, b

Complete development of cube cut by cutting plane (inclined to HP at

30 degrees and perpendicular to VP)
92
 4, d

2, b

93
 Intersection of
Plane & Pyramid. 4 1

D
Development of C Develop
BT 0 D 1-D-A-2-1
resulting lateral 1T
2-A-B-3-2
B 3-B-C-4-3
A
truncated Pyramid2’ 3
1-D-C-4-1
2
1’ T
F 0

B’B
4’

A D’

o 1’
3 2
3’

94
2’
Development of Oblique Objects
• Right regular objects – Axis of object
perpendicular to base.
• Axis of any regular object (prism,
pyramid, cylinder, cone, etc.) inclined at
angle other than right angle – Oblique
OBJECT. Use ARC method.

95
 Oblique prism
e d

g f j c

h a i b Parallel

f’ a' b’ c'
a b
f

g' h’ i' j'

g h i

96
 Draw the development of an oblique circular cylinder with base diameter 30 mm and
axis inclined at 75o with the base. Height of the cylinder is 50 mm

• Divide the surface of the cylinder into equal parts as shown, with
the generator lines parallel to the end generators

φ30
g G A • Draw projection lines from top edge of cylinder
a
F B such that they are perpendicular to end
generator
E D C
T • Mark distances AB, BC etc. from one projector
line to the next to complete the profile
F G’ A’ A • Do the similar process for the bottom edge
B
C

50 A
G
75o
g’ a' a
A1
A1
g a 97
A1
Oblique Cone

98
 Methods to Develop Surfaces
1. Parallel-line development: Prismatic objects (cylinder, prism)
2. Radial-line development: Non-prismatic objects (cone, pyramid)..
Apex as center and slant edge as radius.

3. Triangulation development: Complex shapes are divided into a

number of triangles and transferred into the development

EXAMPLES:-
Boiler Shells & chimneys,
Pressure Vessels, Shovels, Trays,
Boxes & Cartons, Feeding
Hoppers, Large Pipe sections,
Body & Parts of automotives,
Ships, Aero planes.

99
Connect two hollow objects having different base.

Transition
Pieces

Triangulation Method:
Dividing a surface into a
number of triangles and
transfer them to the
development.
100
Ex: In air conditioning system, a square duct of 50mm by 50mm is connected to
another square duct of 25mm by 25 mm by using a connector (transition piece) of
height 25mm. Draw development of lateral surface of the connector (Neglect
thickness of connector). Pyramids: (No.of triangles)

O’

a’ A
L= Slant edge.
S = Edge of base

F b’ B
T
b

101
c
 Development of Transition Piece for
Difference Shapes and Sizes
• Connect a Square pipe with circular pipe.
• Ex: Imagine a transition piece (height = 25)
to connect a chimney of square cross
section 50mm * 50 mm to circular pipe of
30mm diameter. Draw the projections and
develop lateral surface of the transition
piece.

102
 2’, 8’ 1’

a’, b’
1/8 of
c b circumference
3
4 1
2

1
5

6 8
A B
7

d a 8 1 I angle projection
103
 Development of Sphere using
Frustum of Cones: Zone Method
Zone 1: Cone

Zone 2: Frustum of cone

Zone 3: Frustum of cone

Zone 4: Frustum of cone

θ = R 3600
L

104
Development of
Sphere/Hemisphere
using Lune Method
25% circ-
umference

50% circumference
105