HYDRAULIC TURBINE

Definition:
The machine/device which converts hydraulic
energy into mechanical energy is called as hydraulic
turbine.

Examples:
1) Pelton Wheel Turbine
2) Francis Turbine
3) Kaplan Turbine

Prof. V. R. Muttagi 1
Classification of Hydraulic Turbine

1) According to Energy at Inlet:

a) Impulse Turbine: Kinetic Energy is Maximum than Pressure Energy.
e.g. Pelton Wheel Turbine
b) Reaction Turbine: Pressure Energy is Maximum than Kinetic Energy.
e.g. Francis Turbine and Kaplan Turbine

2) According to Direction of Flow Through Runner:

a) Tangential Flow: Water flows along the tangent of runner.
e.g. Pelton Wheel Turbine
b) Radial Flow: Water flows along the radius through runner.
c) Axial Flow: Water flows along the axis of rotation of runner.
d) Mixes Flow: Water inlet radial direction and exit in axial direction.

Prof. V. R. Muttagi 2
Classification of Hydraulic Turbine

3) According to Head Available at Inlet:

a) Low Head: Head < 60 meters
e.g. Kaplan Turbine
b) Medium Head: 60 meters < Head < 250 meters
e.g. Francis Turbine
c) High Head: 250 meters < Head
e.g. Pelton Wheel Turbine
4) According to Specific Speed of Turbine:
a) Low Specific Speed: Specific Speed < 60
e.g. Pelton Wheel Turbine
b) Medium Specific Speed: 60 < Specific Speed < 300
e.g. Francis Turbine
c) High Specific Speed: 300 < Specific Speed
e.g. Kaplan Turbine

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Hydro-Electric Power Plant

Prof. V. R. Muttagi 4
Hydro-Electric Power Plant

1) Dam:
A wall constructed across the flow of river.
2) Penstock:
A pipe which convey the water from dam to turbine
house.
3) Turbine House:
Assembly of runner, shaft to convert hydro energy into
mechanical energy.
4) Surge Tank:
A storage tank fitted on penstock before valve to avoid
water hammer.
5) Valve House:
To control the rate of flow of water through penstock.

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Pelton Wheel Turbine - Construction

Prof. V. R. Muttagi 6
Pelton Wheel Turbine – Main Components
1) Nozzle:
a) It is fixed on end of penstock.
b) Area of nozzle is gradually decreasing.
c) Convert pressure energy of water into kinetic
energy.
2) Spear and Spear Rod Assembly:
a) Spear is at opening end of nozzle.
b) Spear connected to spear rod and hand wheel.
c) Regulate the discharge through nozzle according to load on turbine.
3) Runner or Wheel:
a) It is a circular disc keyed with the shaft.
b) To transmits the power to shaft.
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Pelton Wheel Turbine – Main Components
4) Buckets:
a) Hemispherical in shape.
b) Fixed on the circumference of the runner or wheel.

Where,
d = Diameter of jet
L = Length or height of bowl = 2d to 3d
B = Width of bucket = 3d to 4d
T = Depth of bucket = 0.27B to 0.32B
M = Notch width = 1.1d to 1.2d
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Pelton Wheel Turbine – Main Components

5) Breaking Jet:
a) Applied in opposite direction to rotation of wheel.
b) Resistance to rotation of wheel due to inertia forces
while to stop wheel.
6) Deflector:
a) Fixed below the nozzle.
b) Deflects the direction of jet while to stop wheel.
c) No hydraulic function.
7) Casing:
a) Avoid splashing of water over runner.

b) No hydraulic function.

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Pelton Wheel Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
Velocity Triangle
1) Low Speed Turbine
Inlet Velocity Triangle

Outlet Velocity Triangle

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Pelton Wheel Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
Velocity Triangle
2) Medium Speed Turbine
Inlet Velocity Triangle

Outlet Velocity Triangle

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Pelton Wheel Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
Velocity Triangle
3) High Speed Turbine
Inlet Velocity Triangle

Outlet Velocity Triangle

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Pelton Wheel Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
1) Velocity of Jet at Inlet

2) Uniform Velocity of Bucket

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Pelton Wheel Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
3) Mass Flow Rate of Water

4) Force Exerted by Jet on Bucket

From inlet velocity triangle, initial velocity of jet is,

From outlet velocity triangle, final velocity of jet is,

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Pelton Wheel Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
Hence, force exerted by jet on bucket for all speed runner is,

5) Work Done by Jet on Runner per Second

6) Power Developed

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Pelton Wheel Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
7) Hydraulic Efficiency

8) Mechanical Efficiency

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Pelton Wheel Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
9) Overall Efficiency

10) Specific Speed

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Pelton Wheel Turbine – Design Aspects
1) Speed Ratio

2) Friction Factor

3) Jet Ratio

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Pelton Wheel Turbine – Design Aspects
4) Number of Buckets

5) Angle of Deflection
The angle of deflection of jet through the bucket varies between 160°
to 170°. Take as 165°.

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Francis Turbine – Construction

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Francis Turbine – Main Components
1) Scroll Casing
a) It is surrounding to the runner, guide
vanes and moving vanes.
b) It is always full with water.
c) Shape is spiral.
d) Reducing area is to maintain velocity of
water at constant.

2) Runner
a) It is rotary part of turbine keyed with
shaft.
b) Vanes are fixed on inlet ring and outlet
ring.
c) Water enters radially and exit axially.

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Francis Turbine – Main Components
3) Guide Vanes
a) It is surrounding to the moving vanes.
b) Guide vanes are fixed vanes.
c) Shape is like aerofoil.
d) Guide the water from casing to runner.

4) Moving Vane
a) It is surrounding to the runner.
b) Shape is aerofoil.
c) One end is pivoted on fixed ring and
another end is pivoted on moving ring.
d) Regulating the discharge of water from
casing to runner as per desired load.

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Francis Turbine – Main Components
5) Draft Tube
a) It is fixed at exit of turbine to tail race.
b) Convert kinetic energy of water to pressure energy.
c) Increase head on turbine.
d) Improve efficiency and reduces cavitations.

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Francis Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
Velocity Triangle

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Francis Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
1) Uniform Velocity of Inlet and Outlet Tip

2) Work Done

Work done per second per unit weight of water

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Francis Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
3) Discharge of Turbine

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Francis Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
4) Hydraulic Efficiency

5) Mechanical Efficiency

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Francis Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
6) Overall Efficiency

7) Speed Ratio

8) Flow Ratio

9) Ratio of Width to Diameter

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Kaplan Turbine – Construction

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Kaplan Turbine – Working

1) Propeller type turbine.

2) Scroll casing is surrounding to the runner, guide blades and
moving blades to maintain kinetic energy at constant.
3) Fixed guide vanes are surrounding to the runner.
4) Hub or boss of runner is keyed with the shaft of turbine.

5) The movable blades are fixed on

the circumference of hub which
may change an angle according to
load on turbine. As shown in figure.
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Draft Tube – Definition, Function and Types
A draft tube is a pipe of gradually increasing area which connects the
exit of runner of a turbine to tail race.
It discharges the water from runner to tail race.
Functions of Draft Tube
1) It increases the net head available on turbine.
2) To convert the kinetic energy of water at exit of runner into pressure
energy so that useful head at runner exit is increased.
3) It reduces the cavitations in reaction turbine.
Types of Draft Tube
1) Conical Draft Tube
2) Simple Elbow Draft Tube
3) Elbow Draft Tube with Circular Inlet and Rectangular Outlet
4) Moody’s Spreading Draft Tube
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Draft Tube – Types
1) Conical Draft Tube

1) It has circular inlet and circular outlet.

2) It is a simple taper tube.
3) The taper angle varies from 4° to 7°.
4) It is fabricated by mild steel plates.
5) It has an efficiency up to 90%.
6) It is employed for vertical shaft reaction
turbines.

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Draft Tube – Types
2) Simple Elbow Draft Tube

1) It has circular cross-section throughout

from inlet to outlet.
2) It is a simple tube with uniform section
turned into 90°.
3) It reduces depth and cost of excavation.
4) It is made of concrete with steel lining
at inlet to reduce cavitation.
5) It is having an efficiency up to 60%.

Prof. V. R. Muttagi 33
Draft Tube – Types
2) Elbow Draft Tube with Circular Inlet and Rectangular Outlet

1) It has circular inlet and rectangular outlet.

2) It reduces depth and cost of excavation.
3) It is made of concrete with steel lining at inlet to reduce cavitation.
4) It is having an efficiency up to 60% to 80%.

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Draft Tube – Types
2) Moody’s Spreading Draft Tube

1) It is similar to conical draft tube.

2) A solid central core at centre to reduce the whirling.
3) It is used for vertical shaft turbine.
4) It is having an efficiency up to 85%.

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