. Content-Based Text-Based Instructio Competency-Based Instruction Task-Based Instruction Instruction Teaching explicitly about the As the framework for a structures and grammatical A focus on successful functioning 1 Pedagogical tasks features of spoken and written in society. unit of work: texts As the guiding Linking spoken and written texts A focus on life skills to the cultural context of their 2 principle for an entire Real-world tasks use course As a course that Designing units of work which Task- or performance-oriented 3 prepares students for Presentation focus on developing skills in instruction relation to whole texts mainstreaming As the rationale for the Providing students with guided use of English as a practice as they develop language 4 Practice skills for meaningful Modularized instruction medium for teaching communication through whole some school subjects texts Outcomes are made explicit Continuous and ongoing assessment