1.

1 FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF THE HEART AND

BLOOD VESSELS
KEY CONCEPT: The cardiovascular system transports essential nutrients to all body tissue,
delivers oxygen to varied body sites and removes waste products. It does this by the heart pumping
blood throughout the body.

Questions
1. In your own words, list the five functions of the cardiovascular system.

 Circulates blood to all parts of the body.

 Transports water, oxygen and nutrients to cells.

 Transport wastes including carbon dioxide away from cells.

 Helps maintain correct body temperature.

 Helps fight disease through whit blood cells and antibodies contained in the blood.

2. Describe the following structures located in the heart.

 The upper chambers that receive blood

Atrium

 Are the lower chambers of the heart that pump blood

Ventricles

 Divides the heart into two pumps

Septum

 Located between the atria and ventricles

Valves
The entrance to the arteries from the heart

3. Define the following terms.

Oxygenated: refers to oxygen-rich blood.

Deoxygenated: refers to oxygen-poor (carbon dioxide rich) blood.

 Aorta  Inferior vena cava  Left atrium
 Left ventricle  Right atrium  Bicuspid valve
 Pulmonary vein  Right ventricle  Septum
 Pulmonary artery  Tricuspid valve  Superior vena cava

4. Label the diagram of the heart below using the following list of words:

5. Compare the difference between the three types of blood vessels – arteries, veins and
capillaries.

Blood Vessels Image Differences

 
Carry oxygen
Arteries
Expands each heart beat

 
Veins Thin walls and volume

Capillaries Smallest blood vessels

 1.2 BLOOD AND BLOOD CIRCULATION
KEY CONCEPT: Blood circulates around the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells
while removing waste products. Blood travels around two major circuits: the systemic circuit
(the body), and the pulmonary circuit (the lungs).

Questions
1. Name the four components of blood and describe the function of each.

Components of Blood Function

Carry oxygen to, and carbon dioxide from, the cells and
Red blood cells muscles.

Can pass through capillary walls into the body cells to

White blood cells
fight disease-causing organisms.  
Cause blood to clot when a blood vessel is damaged.
platelets
Are produced in bone marrow.

clear yellowish fluid of which over 90 per cent is water. 

plasma Plasma provides the cells with proteins, salts, glucose,
fats, antibodies and some oxygen.

2. Identify the four components on the image below.

 

3.

Drawn lines connecting each of the closed circulatory systems to their function.
 Blood from the heart is circulated to
Systemic Circulation the lungs and back to the heart again.
Blood from the heart is circulated into
Pulmonary Circulation the arteries around the body and back
to the heart.

4. In your own words, describe how blood is circulated around the body.
HINT: there are nine steps.
1. The right atrium receives blood (low in oxygen and high in carbon
dioxide) from the body via the vena cava.
2. The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium via the tricuspid
valve and pumps this blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
3. Blood gives up carbon dioxide and takes up oxygen while in the lungs.
4. Oxygenated blood returns via the pulmonary vein to the left atrium.
5. Blood enters the left ventricle via the bicuspid valve and is pumped
through the aorta into the arterial system.
6. Blood flows to all extremities of the body though the arterioles.
7. Blood enters capillaries, where oxygen and nutrients are fed to the
cells, and carbon dioxide, water and other wastes are removed from
the cells.
8. Capillaries carry blood to the venules, then to the veins.
9. Veins return oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium.

5. Create a flowchart of the circulation of blood throughout the body, beginning with the right
atrium.

 
1.3 RESPONSES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TO
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

KEY CONCEPT: Under exercise conditions, certain changes occur to the

cardiovascular system to allow the body to meet the new demands placed on
it. These responses last only for the duration of the training or exercise session
and a short time afterwards (recovery).

Questions
1. Define heart rate (HR).
the number of times a heart beats each minute.
2. What unit is heart rate measured in? bpm

3. Write the formula for calculating ‘maximum heart rate’

Max HR = 220 – age max heart rate

4. Calculate your own maximum heart rate using the formula.

220 – 15 = 205 bpm

5. Identify the sites where pulses can be found in the body and outline the
correct way to measure heart rate.
Carotoid (neck)

Radial (wrist)

6. What is your resting heart rate? 48(bpm)

7. Define stroke volume (SV).
The amount of blood pumped into the arterial system with each contraction
of the left ventricle to increase more oxygen to the muscle to create energy

8. What unit is stroke volume measured in? ml/beat

9. Define cardiac output (Q).
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart in a minute

10.What unit is cardiac output measured in? L

11.Write the formula for calculating ‘cardiac output’

Q = SV X HR

12.Calculate the cardiac output of an individual who has a heart rate of 75

bpm and a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat.
Q= 70 X 75 = 5250

13.Explain the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

14.What unit is blood pressure measured in? mmHg

15.On the sphygmomanometer screen below, identify which reading is systolic
and diastolic.

Systolic

Diastolic

16.What is a normal blood pressure reading?

120/80
2.1 FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE
KEY CONCEPT: The respiratory system allows the body to breath, bringing oxygen into the body
and removing carbon dioxide. It is able to carry out this essential function during varying activity
levels, from unconscious sleep to conscious levels of maximal exertion.

Questions
1. In your own words, list the five functions of the respiratory system.

 Draws gases in from the atmosphere

 Transfers O2 to the blood

 Removes CO2 from the blood

 Removes heat and water vapour

 Allows vocal chords to create speech

2. Label the diagram of the conducting system below using the following list of words:

 Pleura  Trachea  Larynx

 Alveoli  Bronchus  Bronchioles
 Pharynx  Diaphragm  Nasal Cavity
3. Identify the function of each of the structures in the table below.
Structure Function

   
Nasal Cavity

   
Pharynx

   
Larynx

   
Trachea

   
Bronchi

   
Bronchioles

   
Alveoli

4. Discuss how the diaphragm assists with breathing.

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2.2 MECHANICS OF BREATHING AND GASEOUS EXCHANGE
KEY CONCEPT: Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the alveoli in the lungs. In
order for this to happen, it is important to understand the mechanics of breathing, that is how air,
and in particular oxygen, enters the lungs and wastes are removed.

Questions

1. Use the diagrams to describe the processes of inspiration and expiration.

2. Explain the process of gas exchange in your own words.

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2.3 RESPONSES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TO
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
KEY CONCEPT: Under exercise conditions, certain changes occur to the respiratory system to
allow the body to meet the new demands placed on it. These responses last only for the duration of
the training or exercise session and a short time afterwards (recovery).

Questions

1. Define respiratory rate (RR).

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2. What unit is respiratory rate measured in? ___________________________________________

3. What is your respiratory rate? _____________________

4. Define tidal volume (TV).

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5. What unit is tidal volume measured in? __________________________________________

6. Define ventilation (V).

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7. What unit is ventilation measured in? ___________________________________________

8. Write the formula for calculating ‘ventilation’

V=

9. Calculate the ventilation of an individual who has respiration rate of 15 breaths/min and a tidal
volume of 0.5 L/breath.
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10. Define vital capacity.

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