GENERAL CHEMISTRY

P R ı N C ı P L E S A N D M O D E R N A P P L ı C AT ı O N S
ELEVENTH EDITION

PETRUCCI HERRING MADURA BISSONNETTE

Chemical Reactions 4
PHILIP DUTTON
UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

Slide 4 - 1 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Chemical Compounds CONTENTS

4-1 Chemical Reactions and

Chemical Equations
4-2 Chemical Equations and
Stoichiometry
4-3 Chemical Reactions in Solution

4-4 Determining the Limiting

Reactant
4-5 Theoretical, Actual and Percent
Yield
4-6 Consequtive Reactions

Slide 4 - 2 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 4-1 Chemical Reactions and Chemical
Equations

A chemical reaction is a process in which one set of substances,

called reactants, is converted to a new set of substances, called
products. In other words, a chemical reaction is the process by
which a chemical change occurs.
There are evidences for chemical changes (reaction) as:
Color change
Precipitate formation
Gas evolution
Heat absorption or evolution

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 FIGURE 4-1
Precipitation of silver chromate

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 Chemical Reactions
Symbolic way of representing a chemical reaction is the
chemical equation.
Nitrogen monoxide + oxygen → nitrogen dioxide
Step 1: Write the reaction using chemical symbols.
NO + O2 → NO2
Step 2: Balance the chemical equation.
2 NO + 1 O2 → 2 NO2

In a balanced equation, the total number of atoms of each element

present is the same on both sides of the equation. The coefficients
required to balance a chemical equation are called stoichiometric
Coefficients. Stoichiometry deals with moles.

An equation can be balanced only by adjusting the coefficients of formulas.

Slide 4 - 5 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.
 Molecular Representation

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 Strategy for Balancing Equations
• Balance elements that occur in only one compound on
each side first.
• Balance free elements last.
• Balance unchanged polyatomics (or other groups of
atoms) as groups.
• Fractional coefficients are acceptable and can be cleared
at the end by multiplication.

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1. Balance the following equations by inspection.
a) SO3 → SO2 + O2
b) Cl2O7 + H2O → HClO4
c) NO2 + H2O → HNO3 + NO

Balance reaction by using stoichiometric

coefficients:

a) 2SO3 → 2SO2 + O2
b) Cl2O7 + H2O → 2HClO4
c) 3NO2 + H2O → 2HNO3 + NO

Slide 4 - 8 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

7. Write balanced equations to represent the complete
combustion of isopropyl alcohol, CH3CH(OH)CH3(l) in
excess oxygen.

1. First, burn isopropyl alcohol with excess oxygen,

products will be carbondioxide and water.
2. Second balance first C and H and
3. lastly balance O.

1. CH3CH(OH)CH3 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

2. CH3CH(OH)CH3 + O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
3. CH3CH(OH)CH3 + 9/2O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O

OR: 2CH3CH(OH)CH3 + 9O2 → 6CO2 + 8H2O

Slide 4 - 9 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Representation of States of Matter
The state of matter or physical form of reactants and products
is shown by symbols in parentheses.
(g) gas (l) liquid (s) solid
Thus, the equation for combustion of triethylene glycol can be
written as

2 C6H14O4(l) + 15 O2(g) 12 CO2(g) + 14 H2O(l)

Another commonly used symbol for reactants or products

dissolved in water is
(aq) aqueous solution

Slide 4 - 10 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Reaction Conditions
Reaction conditions are often written above or below the
arrow in an equation.
Delta, Δ, means that a high temperature is required.

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4-2 Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry includes all the quantitative relationships
involving:
atomic and formula masses
chemical formulas.
chemical equations
The coefficients in the chemical equation
2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(l)
mean that
2x molecules H2 + x molecules O2 → 2x molecules H2O
Suppose we let x = 6.02214 ×1023 (Avogadro’s number).
Then x molecules represents 1 mole. Thus the chemical
equation also means that

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4-2 Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry
2 mol H2 + 1 mol O2 → 2 mol H2O
The coefficients in the chemical equation allow us to make
statements such as
Two moles of H2O are produced for every two moles of H2
consumed.
Two moles of H2O are produced for every one mole of O2
consumed.
Two moles of H2 are consumed for every one mole of O2
consumed.
A stoichiometric factor relates the amounts, on a mole basis, of
any two substances involved in a chemical reaction; thus a
stoichiometric factor is a mole ratio.
Mole ratio or stoichiometric factor is a central conversion factor.
Slide 4 - 13 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.
2A. How many moles of O2 are produced from the decomposition
of 1.76 moles of potassium chlorate?
2 KClO3(s) → 2 KCl(s) + 3 O2(g)

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3B. How many grams of H2(g) are required to produce 1.00 kg
methanol, CH3OH, by the reaction CO + 2 H2 → CH3OH?
(MC=12.011g/mol, MH= 1.008 g/mol and MO= 15.999 g/mol)

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 FIGURE 4-4
The reaction of 2 Al(s) + 6 HCl(aq) 2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

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5A. An alloy used in aircraft structures consists of 93.7% Al and
6.3% Cu by mass. The alloy has a density of 2.85 g/cm3. If we
assume that all the Al but none of the Cu reacts with HCl(aq), what
volume of the aluminum-copper alloy must be dissolved in an
excess of HCl(aq) to produce 1.00 g H2? (MH= 1.008 g/mol and
MAl=26.98 g/mol)

g H2→ mol H2 → mol Al → g Al → g alloy → cm3 alloy

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6A. A hydrochloric acid solution consists of 28.0% HCl by mass
and has a density of 1.14 g/mL. How many milligrams of H2 are
produced when one drop (0.05 mL) of the hydrochloric acid
solution reacts with an excess of aluminum in reaction
2 Al(s) + 6 HCl(aq) → 2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)?
(MH= 1.008 g/mol and MCl=35.45 g/mol)

volume of HCl(aq) → mass of HCl(aq) → mass of pure HCl →

mole HCl → mole H2 → mass of H2

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 4-3 Chemical Reactions in Solution
Solvent: One component of a solution determines whether the
solution exists as a solid, liquid, or gas.
We will usually use aqueous (aq) solution.
Solute A material dissolved by the solvent.

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 Molarity
Amount of solute (mol solute)
Molarity (M) =
Volume of solution (L)

n
M =
V

If 0.440 mol of urea is dissolved in enough water to make

1.000 L of solution the concentration is:
= 0.440 mol urea = 0.440 M CO(NH )
M urea
1.000 L
2 2

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7B. If 15.0 mL of acetic acid, CH3COOH (d = 1.048 g/mL), is
dissolved in enough water to produce 500.0 mL of solution, then
what is the molarity of acetic acid in the solution?
(MC=12.011g/mol, MH= 1.008 g/mol and MO= 15.999 g/mol)

Slide 4 - 21 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

8A. An aqueous solution saturated with NaNO3 at 25°C is 10.8 M
NaNO3. What mass of NaNO3 is present in 125 mL of this solution
at 25 °C? (MNa=22.990 g/mol, MN= 14.01 g/mol and MO= 15.999
g/mol)

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 Solution Dilution
 In chemistry storerooms and laboratories, it is not practical to
store solutions of every possible concentration. Instead, most
labs store fairly concentrated solutions, stock solutions, which
can then be used to prepare more dilute solutions by adding
water.
 The principle of dilution is that the same solute that was present
in a sample of stock solution is distributed throughout the larger
volume of a diluted solution.
 When a volume of a solution is diluted, the amount of solute
remains constant.

Slide 4 - 23 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Solution Dilution
n Mi ∝Vi Mf ∝Vf
M=
V

Mi × Vi = ni = nf = Mf × Vf

Mi × Vi Vi
Mf = = Mi
Vf Vf
FIGURE 4-6
Visualizing the dilution of a solution

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9A. A 15.00 mL sample of 0.450 M K2CrO4 is diluted to 100.00
mL. What is the concentration of the new solution?

Slide 4 - 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

10A. How many milliliters of 0.250 M K2CrO4 must be added to
excess AgNO3(aq) to produce 1.50 g Ag2CrO4? (MAg=107.87
g/mol, MCr= 51.996 g/mol and MO= 15.999 g/mol)

K2CrO4(aq) + 2 AgNO3 (aq) → Ag2CrO4(s) + 2 KNO3 (aq)

Mass of Ag2CrO4 → moles Ag2CrO4 → moles K2CrO4 → volume

of K2CrO4

Slide 4 - 26 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 4-4 Determining Limiting Reagent

 When all the reactants are completely and simultaneously

consumed in a chemical reaction, the reactants are said to be in
stoichiometric proportions.

 At other times, one of the reactants is completely converted into

products by using an excess of all the other reactants.

 The reactant that is completely consumed the limiting reactant

determines the quantities of products formed.

 If the quantities of two or more reactants are given, you must

determine which is the limiting reactant.

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11A. Phosphorus trichloride, PCl3, is made by the direct
combination of phosphorus and chlorine.
P4(s) + 6 Cl2(g) → 4 PCl3(l)
If 215 g P4 is allowed to react with 725 g Cl2 in the reaction, how
many grams of PCl3 are formed? (MP= 30.974 g/mol MCl=35.45
g/mol)

L.R. is Cl2

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12A. Which reactant is in excess and what mass of that reactant
remains after the reaction to produce PCl3? (MP= 30.974 g/mol and
MCl=35.45 g/mol)

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Theoretical, Actual and Percent Yield

Theoretical yield is the expected yield from a reactant

(calculated quantity of product).
Actual yield is the amount of product actually produced.

Actual yield
Percent yield = ∝ 100%
Theoretical yield

Slide 4 - 30 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

13A. Formaldehyde, CH2O, can be made from methanol by the
following reaction, using a copper catalyst.
CH3OH(g) → CH2O(g) + H2(g)
If 25.7 g CH2O(g) is produced per mole of methanol that reacts,
what are (a) the theoretical yield, (b) the actual yield, and (c) the
percent yield?

Slide 4 - 31 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Consecutive Reactions

Consecutive reactions are carried out one after another in

sequence.

The overall reaction is a chemical equation that expresses all

the reactions occurring in a single overall equation.

An intermediate is a substance produced in one step and

consumed in another during a multistep synthesis.

Slide 4 - 32 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

15A. Nitric acid, is produced from ammonia and oxygen by the
consecutive reactions
4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) → 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)
2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g)
3 NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2 HNO3(aq) + NO(g)

How many grams of nitric acid can be obtained from 1.00 kg

NH3(g), if NO(g) in the third reaction is not recycled?

Slide 4 - 33 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

In a Bunsen burner, methane reacts with oxygen from
the air to produce carbon dioxide and water. The
unbalanced equation is given below.

CH 4 + O2  CO2 + H 2O
When balanced, for the combustion of one mole of CH4,
the coefficient in front of O2 is
3
1.
2 4. 3
2. 2 7
5.
5 2
3.
2

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In a butane lighter, butane reacts with oxygen from the air to produce carbon
dioxide and water.

The unbalanced equation is given below.

C4 H10 + O2  CO2 + H 2O

When balanced, for the combustion of one mole of butane, C4H10, the
coefficient in front of O2 is

1. 4
4. 11/2
2. 13/2
5. 6
3. 5

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Given the following balanced equation for the reaction of aluminum with aqueous
hydrochloric acid which statement below is false?

2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq)  2AlCl3 (aq) + 3H 2 (g)

1. For every mole of Al consumed, one mole of

AlCl3 is produced.
2. For every mole of H2 produced, 3/2 moles of Al
are consumed.
3. For every mole of Al consumed, 3 moles of HCl
are consumed.
4. For every mole of HCl consumed, 1/3 moles of
AlCl3 and 1/2 moles of H2 are produced..

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A solution which was
originally 8 molar in NaCl
is diluted according to the
1 cm
diagram to the right
1 cm
2 cm

1 cm
2 cm
final solution
What is the final initial solution 1. 4 molar
concentration of the 2. 2 molar
solution?
3. 1 molar
4. 0.5 molar
5. 0.25 molar

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 Consider the chemical reaction between liquid bromine and magnesium metal

Mg(s) + Br2(l)  MgBr2(s)

If 0.1 moles of magnesium react with 0.06 moles of Br2, how many moles of
MgBr2 salt will form ?

1. 0.12 moles of MgBr2

2. 0.06 moles of MgBr2

3. 0.10 moles of MgBr2

4. 0.16 moles of MgBr2

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 1 mol of Cu was added to a solution containing 4 moles of HNO3 which
react according to the following chemical equation

3Cu(s) + 8HNO3 (aq)  3Cu(NO3 )2 (aq) + 4H 2O(l) + 2NO(g)

What is the limiting reactant (LR) and how many moles of NO could
be produced? (no calculators)

1. LR=Cu, 1.5 moles of NO.

2. LR=HNO3, 2 moles of NO.
3. LR=Cu, 2/3 moles of NO.
4. LR=HNO3, 1/2 mole of NO.
5. LR=Cu, 1 mole of NO.

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