We on ue<-Jl.e.l-.. a?, c -,r lfi *3,na by c.>,.,pi''r.

1 tLe^_,
@ -
a i#ffiY# ;,[it'r' rrae Fdi'Gl
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-r"^tg-- ,F5*rU,
Pfezrl rq"J's {.t} -+ Egine A'^D,-.t-- fc
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F9
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fl",;d GuyLge -..- rr,z ,-322" tL"ut;;i2;2;;2':-\,sq.

f-te1;;" c",7tgt Yr',?r "t!/**r,l-,*!-;f

,\, .e9!i,/t"r;Ll<'^ol.ol
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"ch

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+K€dctcT\on g.nwne_kar

P"ed
t],1q
=qilkl 63
B
 i ijtl! H
\
6-2 I Toiidib" converters
l
l il'i,Jl
i 'lr lr ,'
HOV/ IT WQRKS To cha qc ihis torgrie, the velocity of the fluld is
changF.l. t I low veloc jty, rhe lluio will nct €\,
To undsrstand a torque converter, we must flrsl ma.e the i,rrbine. 4\i hi€her volocity, lhe turbin€
look at a baslc tluid coupling.
starts ltJrning and the u/f-'el picks up speed.
t
This is somethjng like outtjng two electric lans
face io lacd as s,hown in the lower part of FiE.2.
b\ olllgg,ing ;n n y one tan, we can cause the
c her one to rotate.i
TE is prinriple is used in a fluid coupling as fol-
lows: i
lnside an oil-filrledihousing (.A, (Fig..3) are lwo
FLUIDS AT IIIGH VELOCI] IES parts: tho driving lal{, or pump /i/--elle0; and the
CAN TRANSiTIT FO} ER
driven half, or turbine.

As the pump ls lurnsd by the engine, centrilugal

iorce causes oil.to. be !orded radially outward
crossing ov€r and siriking-the vanes of the turbine,
This rotates 156 turbine in the same direction anc

+p
." 'lt\

ONE PART CAN DRIVE

ANOTHER
OF AIR -
BY iORCE
OR OIL
so ccuples the powbr,

drives t 1{1urbine,
l
Dra'^/ ngs D, C,. and D explain how the. tlow ol oi,
i!
i
ln B,. r'd is placed in a bowl and lies level.
r'r C,, the ,cwt is spi.r n rapidly and centrifugal forc,
,r 'i1: J causes the uiC to:clirnb up and spill over lhe out
.-r0.2 -Ur.sic Prlnclpl6s Ol A Fluid Cc!:)ling s ide gda( ihe bawl,
Tl,r.: ..,asic. l rincrples of all tluid couprines are
sr lrwn in F'9. 2. -. .. other b'cwl is pfaced dowh over the {i1
.r'r
ine, Now wher the bowls are spun an axial flor
A the top, e fluid at high velocity strikes a turoint- cr iircuit ;, crehted and turnino lorce is tran:
a,.J lorcl.i it to turn, driving the wheel. l'f'us. mitle.l r)elrieen the driving bowi and the drive
ic!qrre is transmiited by a lluid: uowl.' :

oi
$
c c D
i ,_lES
FLr.rt E;;1r- !5 SPUII TOROUE i5
LEVSL i'l e ll'1.- AND -i.UID TRANSMITTEO TO
5PiLLS OUT UPPER BO9L BY
FOPCE OF FLU]D
fru,,
COUPLiNG

Flg. 3--Orora.ion Of A Fl r... €'d, rtU

FCS-4,) Lilho in tl.S.A.

(+
 l

I
t
.i
t
I
t i\ Torque Converters 6-3
,
II
Driving

(Pump)
(Tu,biic)

Aro
I o.i"e
\.,/ wt'".t.

STAIOI

TURSINE

Flg. 4-Torque .Conveder Flg. s-Vortex And Rotary ln A Fluld Couplinli

-l
it is nol increased.
Torque is thus transmitted,.tbut
This is where the torque conye er goes bevond 1) lnc;easlng the torqL e
the basic lluid coupling, Jor lhe converter can
torque, 2) Decreasing the totque
mulliply :
A torque converter (Fig. 4) looks much like ihc INCREASING THE TOROUE
fluid couplirg we have just described. The main
Flelnember that the pump is driven by the englne,
differeree is that the_torque conv€' r has-ln a.i-
wl :le the turbine recelves lrr ,l er\ergy from the
dition to the drivlng pump and ,lJ drlven t'rrbin€
pump and sends it to the drive wheels,
-a set of blades or vanes, catled a slalcr. Also .:,- l.lruer how oe,ltrifLEal force s6ts up 5
The stator vanes chango tl.e direction of cil flow
cont nllous ci:':uiir fiow ln the coupling (r'-. 5).
aiter it has gone rhri,,ugh the turbine and se'.1ds;i
back to the purnp. T\is enables the pump'io in- ' .is cr,'-Llar flow of oil between the pump ane
crease the twrstirg orce ot multiply tlre torque. -rblne " called vorlex flow. I

Since the converter is a closed ullit, tl"is flow is Anothe; llcw is set up ercund. the pumF and tur
repeated continuously. Many streamr r'f f:uid act bine to [ornr a coupling; i is'is calied a rolar]
agains: rnany vanes at once and this is ,hat gives l.ov-.
the power to drive a lreavy maahine..
The action of these combi'led o!l llows will,irans
OIL FLOW IN CONVEI1TER mi' iorque but n1t increas.,.it.
Let's look at the flow ol til, ln ths converte'during lncreasing the torque ls where the stator cor,ler
two cycles: it lnto play.

:1

FOS- -40 Lltho ln U.S

 6--4 Torque Converlers

IF
F
F
o F

STATOR
(5totionory)

TURBINE

Fig. d-Oil
:ig. '. shows iic r' ( il emerges trom the turbine
revers.. corrpared to pump rotation. Unless this
cil f:ow is turned around, i'will cause a loss of
power.
Note irr Fig. 6 that t re oil passa-es at the rim of
the turlline where the oil enters m,rst become
smaller as they approach the smaller diameter of
the turbine. As the same vol'rn. of oil must
squeezc tl rougl these fLnnel-likL ess'ages, the
stream will speed up whe t leaves the tur-
/ oil
bine. Th . soeed is used to increase lorque by
diieciing against the stator, which acis as a
lluid lever or fulcrum. The stator changes the di-
I
l
Flow Through Pump, Turbi,ro, And stator
ti
I
in rection of llow and sends the oil into lhe pump
lhe same direction as pump rotation.
Let's sue how tho stator does its job (Fig.7)
streem of oil aimed at a tlat sud:lre (A) splasl
ofF.rt ,/arious angles. The oil can be made to fl
more stnoothly by curving the'enlrarrce (B) i
can be re ersed by more curling (C) with a
sulting increase in force as indicated by.the la
arrow. I
I
The stalor has curved blades (as in C) which
oil strikes as it. leaves the turbine. These blir
turn the oil back in the direction ot pump rotati

Fig.7-Stator A5 A Fluid Lev€r

FOS-40 Litho in u.s.A.

(,5

.."-i .t
I. g-Flow Dlrecllon lB Rovsr3ed By.The Stalor Van€s
'that the stream of oil ls movinq in lhe sanre
ction bul at a greater veloci ), lt ente?s the
,p smoothl)' (:iq. 8). lts veloci:y is aclded to
developed in t le pump so ihat the total ve"
ly at the pump exits has been increased.
r regenerating 3ction is the key to multiplyi g
ue in a torque converter.
change the direc'tion ot oil flow, lhe stator
it be stationary durilg the increase in torque.
. WHILE TORQUE I5 'NCREASING
1,10REV0iit E1 FLoW -
PUIlP IS lUR, ING FASTER
2203
:lg.3-Hovr' Vorlex FlJw Changes To Fotary Flow As Torque
.:i
Tgrque converlcrs 6.'-5
However, ol ce the pump and turbine arc tui'' irlE
ai tho sarno sp€ed i[ wou,ld qrea,te resisler']ce.
Th€relore; lhe stator ls so,meti,rnes mounted on'a
lreewhool clulch so thql l cqn turn in one direc-
tion only (onc€Jorq,ue stops i;lcreasing). (ln other
torque converlors,,the statoi rnay be Jixed to lhe
converter case,)
DECREASING THE TORAUE,
Torque ls increased as lorlg .:"'the engin6 is ac-
celeraiing to gel the mach;ne ,lnder we)'..3!r as
the engin; spteds up, the turbi..e i so sleeds up,
which causes lhe vortex flow of ( in the con-
vsrto! to decrease. At the same (iine, the rotary
flow increases.
Vortex tlow keeps on chang,ing lo rotaty flow (Fig
9) untll the pump and turbine are "locked up"
and all torque increase stops,
The torque converter now acts as a simple fluid
coupling, sending the same torque it receives on
to the dr:ve wheels.
The torque converter is able to automatically re-
duce or increase torque in infinitely srnall steps
to match the necds of the machine and its driver.
This has the same efiect as shifting speeds in a
gear transmlsslon excopt that lt ls done smoolhly
and automatlcally while "on the gc."
- iYHILE TORQUE IS DECREASING -
A1ORE ROTARY FLOW -
PU/.IP AND TURBINE REACH
5 A/.i E SPEED
li Redu:ed
FOS-40 Lilho in U.S.A.