Science 10

Science – Grade 10
Quarter 4 – Module 1: KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GASES:
VOLUME-PRESSURE RELATIONSHIP
First Edition, 2020

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 Science 10
Quarter 4
Self-Learning Module 1
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GASES:
VOLUME-PRESSURE RELATIONSHIP
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Science 10 Self-Learning Module on KINETIC MOLECULAR

THEORY OF GASES: VOLUME-PRESSURE RELATIONSHIP!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Science 10 Self-Learning Module on KINETIC MOLECULAR

THEORY OF GASES: VOLUME-PRESSURE RELATIONSHIP!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS
In this module you will be describing properties of gases that will lead
you to investigate the relationship between volume and pressure at constant
temperature of a gas; relationship between volume and temperature at
constant pressure of a gas; and explain the relationship of volume, pressure,
and temperature using the kinetic molecular theory. S9MT-II-20
This module is about investigating the relationship between volume and
pressure at constant temperature of a gas through an experiment. S9MT-II-
20.1
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Enumerate and discuss kinetic molecular theory of gases,
2. explain the relationship between volume and pressure at constant
temperature using Boyle’s Law.
3. cite practical applications of Boyle’s Law in your daily life.

PRETEST
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Scientists have observed some activities involving gases. Which of the
following is formulated and explains the behavior of gases?
A. Dalton’s Atomic Theory C. Lewis’ Theory of Bonding
B. Kinetic Molecular Theory D. Planck’s Quantum Theory

2. The behavior of gases is determined by the behavior of its individual

particles. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to kinetic
molecular theory of gases?
A. The density of gases varies with changes in temperature and pressure.
B. Gas particles do not move in straight lines, travel constantly, and in
random directions.
C. Gases diffuse very rapidly that do not allow two or more gases to mix
readily when combined.
D. Gas particles collide with each other or with the walls of its container
then lose their kinetic energy.

3. The four measurable properties of gases such as pressure, volume,

temperature, and number of moles are related to each other. Which of
the following statements was proposed by Robert Boyle?
A. Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain
equal number of molecules.
 B. The pressure of a fixed amount of a gas is directly proportional to the
absolute temperature (Kelvin).
C. The volume of a given mass of gas held at constant temperature is
inversely proportional to its pressure.
D. The Kelvin temperature and the volume of a gas are directly related
when there is no change in pressure of a gas.

4. Boyle’s Law experiment showed that as the volume decreases, the

pressure increases which pertains to an inverse relationship. What was
used by Robert Boyle in his experiment?
A. He used a balloon, hot water, and cold water.
B. He used a J-shaped tube apparatus which is closed on one end.
C. He used a J-shaped tube apparatus which is open on the other end.
D. He observed that the pressure of a gas increased or decreased
proportionally with a change in temperature.

5. A syringe plunger being pressed down to draw out the fluid causes the
volume inside the syringe to decrease while increasing the pressure
inside. Which among the choices is an application of Boyle’s law?
A. An inflated balloon shrinks when placed inside the refrigerator.
B. Bicycle tires become flat during cold weather because the air inside
shrinks.
C. A helium-filled balloon weighs much less than an identical balloon
filled with air.
D. Deep sea fishes die when brought to the surface due to a decreased
pressure. This results in the increased volume of gases in their bodies.

RECAP
In your grade 8 chemistry, you learned different properties of Gases.
Write TRUE if the statement is correct and write FALSE if it is wrong.

__________1. Gases have indefinite shape and volume.

__________2. Gas is the state in which matter expands to occupy the volume
and shape of its container.
__________3. Gases have low Density which contain scattered molecules that
are dispersed across a given volume.
__________4. Particles of gases move in random motion with little attraction to
each other.
__________5. Gases are highly compressible.
 LESSON

The earth is surrounded by the sea of gases called atmosphere which

mainly consists of oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases that are important to life.
Under normal atmospheric condition, there are only 11 elements that are
gases. These includes the diatomic molecules (hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen,
fluorine, and chlorine) and the noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton,
xenon, and argon). These gases have common properties including important
fundamental properties that are measurable, which are mentioned and
described in the recap such as volume, pressure, temperature, and amount
of gas or number of moles.
Scientists have observed some activities involving gases. They found out
that the behavior of gases is determined by the behavior of its individual
particle. In 1870, scientists formulated the Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)
using a simple model of an ideal gas or a theoretical gas. The particles of an
ideal gas behave consistently and in a predictable manner.
According to the kinetic Molecular Theory of gases, a gas has the
following characteristics:
1. Gases consist of very tiny particles, each of which has mass. Gases are
most likely empty space because of a wide distance between these tiny
particles. Thus, gases are highly compressible and have low density. Note
that the density of gases varies with changes in temperature and pressure.
2. Gas particles move rapidly in straight lines, travel constantly, and in
random directions.
3. Gases diffuse rapidly that allows two or more gases to mix readily when
combined.
4. The forces of attraction (Van der Waals Force) between the particles of gases
are negligible because of the wide spaces between them.
5. Gas particles collide with each other or with the walls of its container but
do not lose their kinetic energy; instead, it is only transferred to the lower-
energy particle and will continue to move. In this manner, energy is
conserved in an elastic collision of gas particles.
6. All gases have the same average kinetic energy at a given temperature of
gas. The average kinetic energy of gas particles is directly proportional to
the absolute temperature of the gas. This means that gas particles might
have higher kinetic energy at a higher temperature or vice versa.
The Kinetic Molecular Theory of gases provides a model to explain
behavioral properties of gases. The four measurable properties of gases such
as pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles are related to each
other. If one of these variables is changed, there is a corresponding change in
other variables depending on its relationship. Gas laws are products of
various experiments that were done by scientists many years ago. Boyle’s law
explains the relationship between volume and pressure at constant
temperature.
Robert Boyle was an Anglo-Irish chemist who was able to investigate
the relationship between pressure and volume at constant temperature. He
used a J-shaped tube apparatus, which is closed on one end. In his
experiment, he trapped air in the tube with liquid mercury. He measured the
volume of the trapped air and the difference in the heights of the mercury
columns in the two arms of the tube. As he poured successive amounts of
mercury into the open end of the tube, he found out that the volume of the
trapped air decreases. In his findings, he expressed the volume readings in
cubic inches, and the pressure in inches of mercury. Then he proposed
Boyle’s Law, which states that the volume of a given mass of gas held at
constant temperature is inversely proportional to its pressure.

Figure 1: Boyle’s Law: Volume-Pressure Relationship at Constant Temperature

Figure 1 shows that Boyle’s law refers to a relation concerning the

compression and expansion of a gas at constant temperature. This empirical
relation, formulated by the physicist Robert Boyle in 1662, states that the
pressure (p) of a given quantity of gas varies inversely with its volume (v) at
constant temperature.
 ACTIVITIES

Activity 1: Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases!

Objective:
At the end of this activity, you should be able to enumerate and discuss
kinetic molecular theory of gases.
Materials: Crossword puzzle
Procedures:

Part I. Find the words which pertains to Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
in the puzzle. Loop the words horizontally and vertically.

N E G L I G I B L E
R E T A R E C E E P
A A N D I I Q R N R
N P A R T I C L E S
D E N R Y J K T R U
O K I N E T I C G H
M A K F G M Y D Y M

Part II. Complete each statement below by filling in the blanks with the
correct words found from the puzzle.
1. Gases, like any other states of matter, consist of very tiny ________________,
each of which has mass that are very far from each other. Thus, making
gases high compressible and have low density.
2. Gas particles move rapidly in straight lines, travel constantly in __________
directions.
3. Gases diffuse rapidly that allows two or more gases to mix readily when
combined. Because of the wide spaces between gas particles, the forces of
attraction between them are __________________.
4. The ________________ is conserved in elastic collision of gas particles. Thus,
particles of gases that collide each other or with the walls of its container
do not lose kinetic energy, instead, it is only transferred to the lower-energy
particle and continue to move.
5. The average ______________ energy of gas particles is directly proportional
to the absolute temperature of the gas.

Closure: The ______________ ____________________ ______________ of gases

provides a model to explain behavioral properties of gases
 Activity 2: Relationship of Volume and Pressure
at Constant Temperature
Objectives:
At the end of the activity, you should be able to explain the relationship
between volume and pressure at constant temperature using Boyle’s Law.

Materials: Paper and pen, Illustration of Boyle’s Law

Illustration:

Figure 2: Boyle’s Law

Procedure:
1. Study the illustration of figure 2, then answer the given questions below.

Guide Questions:

1. What is constant in Boyle’s law? _________________

2. What are changed after pushing the cover of the jar?
_____________________ and _________________
3. Pulling up the cover of the jar made the __________________ increased, and
the _____________________ decreased.
4. Pushing down the cover of the jar caused the _______________ to decreased
and the ______________increased.
5. The same number of particles are in a smaller space (less______________),
so they strike the sides of the container more often (more _______________),
even though each one has not changed speed (temperature).

Closure: Boyle’s Law experiments showed that when volume increases, the
pressure decreases; and if the volume decreases, the pressure increases.
Thus, the relationship of volume and pressure at constant temperature is
____________________ proportional.
 Activity 3: Breathing and Boyle’s Law
Objective:

At the end of the activity, you should be able to cite practical

applications of Boyle’s Law in your daily life.

Directions: Study the illustrations below, it shows inspiration (exhalation)

and expiration (exhalation) processes. Rearrange the jumbled letters then fill
in the blanks with the word inside the parenthesis to complete each
statement.

Figure 3 The Breathing Processess and Boyle’s law

Lungs are made of spongy, stretchy tissue that expands and contracts
while you breathe. When you inhale, your diaphragm and intercostal muscles
(1) _____________ (accttron), expanding your chest cavity and making your
lung volume larger. The increase in volume leads to a decrease in (2) _________
(sureresp) which is stated in Boyle’s law. This causes air to flow into the lungs,
from high pressure to low pressure area.

When you exhale, the process reverses: Your diaphragm and rib
muscles (3) _______________ (xarel), your chest cavity contracts, and your lung
(4) _____________ (lovemu) decreases, causing the pressure to increase (Boyle’s
law again), and air flows out of the lungs (from high pressure to low pressure).

Closure:
What do you do about 20 times per minute for your whole life, without
break, and often without even being aware of it?
The answer to the question above is respiration or (5) b_______________.
How does it work? It turns out that Boyle’s law is applied here. Your lungs
take in gas that your body needs (oxygen) and get rid of waste gas (carbon
dioxide). You then breathe in and out again, and again, repeating this Boyle’s
law cycle for the rest of your life.
 WRAP-UP

To summarize what you have learned today, complete the statements

by filling in the blanks with a correct answer using the words found on the
box below.

properties elastic random volume molecules

decreases Boyle’s inversely directly

A. The kinetic-molecular theory of gases can be stated as four postulates:

1. A gas consists of molecules in constant ___________ motion.
2. Gas ___________ influence each other only by collision; they exert no other
forces on each other.
3. All collisions between gas molecules are perfectly _________; all kinetic
energy is conserved.
4. The volume occupied by the molecules of a gas is negligibly small; majority
of the ____________ of the gas is empty space through which the gas
molecules are moving.
Thus, the Kinetic Molecular Theory of gases provides a model to explain
behavioral (5) __________________ of gases.
B. The relationship between volume and pressure at constant temperature of
a gas is explained in (6) ___________ law which refers to a relation
concerning the compression and expansion of a gas at constant
temperature. This empirical relation was formulated by the physicist
Robert Boyle in 1662 which states that the volume of a given mass of gas
held at constant temperature is (7) ________________ proportional to its
pressure. Boyle’s Law experiments showed that when volume increases,
the pressure decreases; and if the volume (8) ____________, the pressure
increases.
 VALUING

What do you do about 20 times per minute for your whole life, without
break, and often without even being aware of it? The answer, of course, is
respiration, or breathing. How does it work?
Breathing or respiration is one of the basic applications of Boyle’s Law.
As one inhales, the diaphragm muscles contract, causing the thoracic cavity
to expand. The expansion increases the volume and results in the decrease of
pressure. Meanwhile, as one exhales, the muscles relax causing the thoracic
cavity to decrease in volume. This causes an increase in pressure inside the
lungs; thus, pushing the air out.
So, a person who has a problem with his lungs will surely feel
difficulty in breathing. So what will you do to maintain a healthy lungs?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

POST TEST

Write TRUE if the statement is correct and write FALSE if the state is wrong.
❖ Postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases TRUE OR FALSE
1. Gas particles travel in straight lines unless they
collide with other particles or the walls of the container.
2. Molecular collisions are perfectly elastic and kinetic
energy is not conserved.
3. Gas particles experience negligible intermolecular
forces, there are no attractive or repulsive forces
between particles.
❖ Volume-pressure Relationship at constant
Temperature
4. Based on the result of Robert Boyle’s experiment, the
relationship of volume and pressure at constant
temperature is inversely proportional.
5. An inflated balloon shrinks when placed inside the
refrigerator. This is an application of Boyle’s law.
 KEY TO CORRECTION

5. false 5. properties
4. True 4. volume
3. True 8. Decreases 3. elastic
2. False 7. inversely 2. molecules
1. True 6. Boyle’s 1. random
POSTTEST WRAP UP
Closure: Inversely
breathing 5. 5. volume, pressure 5. True 5. D
kinetic 5.
Volume 4. 4. volume, pressure 4. True 4. B
energy 4.
relax 3. 3. volume, pressure negligible 3. 3. True 3. C
pressure 2. 2. volume and pressure random 2. 2. True 2. A
contract 1. 1. temperature particles 1. 1. True 1. B
Activity 3 Activity 2 Activity 1 Recap PRE TEST

References
Book
• Baldos, M.P. et. al. (Revised Edition 2017). Gas Laws. Science Links 10.
Rex Book Printing Company, Inc., 84-86 P. Florentino St., Sta. Mesa
Heights, Quezon City. Page 312-323

Electronic Sources
•Boyle’s Law - Chemistrygod.com
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=boyle%27s+law&sxsrf=ALeKk028RPeCcGV
e23EftL_tyBx9gydwA:1604277662519&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahK
Ewjo3MeB0OLsAhVDI6YKHSm6APwQ_AUoAXoECA8QAw#imgrc=xFssnYRrzjejmM
•Boyle’s Law Relating Volume and pressure
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/boyles-law-relating-pressure-
volume-1059315539

•Breathing and Boyle’s Law

https://nigerianscholars.com/tutorials/gases/breathing-and-boyles-law/

•Boyle’s Law
https://www.britannica.com/science/Boyles-law

• 5 Postulates of KMT
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Arkansas_Little_Rock/Chem_
1402%3A_General_Chemistry_1_(Belford)/Text/10%3A_Gases/10.5%3A__Kinetic_
Molecular_Theory_of_Gases