1.

Introduction
The z-transform in very simple terms is a mathematical process of going from the discrete
time domain to the z domain also known as the complex frequency domain. In the discrete
time domain, a signal is usually defined as a sequence of real or complex numbers which is
then converted to the z-domain by the process of z-transform. The z-transform is a very
useful and important technique, used in areas of signal processing, system design and
analysis and control theory.

Checking the stability of systems

A system, which has system function, can only be stable if all the poles lie inside the unit circle. First, we
check whether the system is causal or not. If the system is Causal, then we go for its BIBO stability
determination; where BIBO stability refers to the bounded input for bounded output condition

we will use the z-transform to show if a discrete LTI is stable just by looking at the transfer
function!

Designing & analyzing digital filters

Design of digital filters, involve the use of both frequency domain and time domain techniques.This is
because, the filter specifications are often specified in frequency domain and the implementation is
done in time-domain in the form of difference equations. Z-transform and discrete-time frequency
transform (DTFT) are typical tools used for frequency domain analysis of filters.

Z-transform and discrete-time frequency transform (DTFT) are important tools for analyzing difference
equations and frequency response of filters. Z-transform converts a discrete-time signal into a complex
frequency domain representation.

The impulse response of a discrete-time causal system is analyzed using the unilateral or one-sided Z-
transform. The unilateral Z-transform of a discrete-time signal

• In Digital Signal Processing or DSP

The Z Transform has a strong relationship to the DTFT, and is incredibly useful in transforming,
analyzing, and manipulating discrete calculus equations. The Z transform is named such because the
letter 'z' (a lower-case Z) is used as the transformation variable
• Solving the difference equations

The z-transform can be used to convert a difference equation into an algebraic equation in the same

manner that the Laplace converts a differential equation in to an algebraic equation. The one-
sided transform is particularly well suited for solving initial condition problems

• Pole-zero description of the discrete-time system

A pole-zero plot can represent either a continuous-time (CT) or a discrete-time (DT) system. For a
CT system, the plane in which the poles and zeros appear is the s plane of the Laplace transform. In this
context, the parameter s represents the complex angular frequency, which is the domain of the CT
transfer function

• Voice transmission

the Fourier transform can be applied to transform audio data from the time to the frequency domain.
The Fourier transform is a function that maps from real numbers (audio samples in the time domain) to
complex numbers (frequencies, which have magnitude and phase). the Fourier transform is a special
case of the z-transform, a function that maps from complex numbers to complex numbers. Now let’s
consider the equivalence of filtering in the time and frequency domains. We begin with some standard
notation.