Sri - Krishna - Committee (Download Free Manuals)

Report to
Justice B.N Sri Krishna
Committee
For Consultations on the situation in Andhra Pradesh
Submitted by
Praja Rajyam Party
8 th April’2010
P r a j a R a j y a m P a r t y P a g e 1
Contents
1. Preamble ............................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. 4
3. Telangana demand The Misinformation campaign & The Truth Behind ......................................... 9
3.1. People of Telangana were not in favor of Merger with Andhra........................................... 11
3.2. Fazal Ali Commission was against Merger.............................................................................. 13
3.3. Gentlemen’s agreement was violated from day one. ........................................................... 14
3.4. Telangana Employment opportunities usurped by Andhra .................................................. 15
3.5. Telangana Culture derided .................................................................................................... 199
3.6. Telangana Politicians suppressed............................................................................................ 20
3.7. Telangana only Solution 22
4. Chronology of Regionalism & Unity .................................................................................................. 23

4.1. 1969 ‐ Telangana Movement................................................................................................... 24
4.2. Jai ‐ Andhra Movement 1972 ................................................................................................. 26
4.3. Telugu Unity & Emergence of NTR.......................................................................................... 28
4.4. Telangana Rashtra Samithi (2001‐ 2009)................................................................................ 30
4.5. Movement for United Andhra Pradesh – Post 9 th Dec’2009................................................. 32
5. Development 1956‐2009 / Economic Perspective........................................................................... 33
6. Hyderabad – Present day Status ....................................................................................................... 65
7. Demands for Statehood within Andhra Pradesh ............................................................................. 69
8. What is the National Policy on Smaller states?................................................................................ 72
9. National Integration & Security Perspective .................................................................................... 74
10. Telangana ‐ Social Perspective ........................................................................................................ 76
11. Relevance of T‐demand ‐ Post liberalization/Globalization .......................................................... 79
12. Telangana ‐ Historic & Cultural perspective ................................................................................. 82
13. Conclusion......................................................................................................................................... 84
1. Preamble
v We wish to begin this submission by stating our deep sense of appreciation for each of the
esteemed members of Justice B.N. Krishna Committee, for assuming the responsibility to find an
acceptable solution, to the much vexed and complex issue of the demand for bifurcation of the
State and put an end to the present crisis in the State, torn by demands for separation and
continuation of United Andhra Pradesh.
v We understand that given the history of several committees that attempted to find an acceptable
solution for this issue previously and given the fact that those committees have turned out to be
non‐starters, the dice are heavily loaded against your esteemed committee, as you take up this
huge responsibility.
v However, within such very short time since you started the process, the initial cynicism in
several quarters is giving way to hope, trust and respect and compelling dismissive minds to
review their presumptions. This is mainly due to the impeccable track record of the Hon’ble
Chairman of the Committee and the credibility of each of the individual members of the
committee, who formed a formidable team and one that promises to deliver, without any
prejudices. And this, we feel is one of your early successes.
v In the first press meet you addressed, at the Raj bhavan‐Hyderabad, on the 3rd March 2010, you
said, you would verify the ground reality and the views of the common man, to arrive at a just
conclusion on this issue and political parties giving varied and multiple reports would not
matter.
v We welcome the spirit of your statement and the determined intent to examine the truth
at the ground level. We wish you All the Very Best in your endeavor in the interests of the
people of Andhra Pradesh.
2. Executive Summary
Rich History of Telugu Unity
v Evidently the most unique and significant aspect of India, with its many languages, religions,
cultures is its unity in its diversity. Andhra Pradesh in many senses is a microcosm of the nation.
Like our country, AP too has many dialects and varied social groups that speak the same language.
v Telugu Language has a recorded history of nearly 2000 years, an Original literary tradition not
borrowed from any speech community, and a rich body of ancient literature. In year 2008, , Telugu
attained the prestigious status of a ‘Classical Language’.
v Language is an important determinant of Culture. The Telugu speaking people of Andhra Pradesh

share common roots, history, heritage, heroes, castes, culture, traditions, festivals, and aspirations
for centuries.
v History has a rich account of the Great Camaraderie, Mutual admiration, Love, Cultural Bonding &
Linguistic Unity of Telugus, dating back to several centuries, transcending geographical barriers of
what today came to be known as Telangana, Andhra & Rayalaseema regions. Except during the
British Raj, all these regions were under the same dynasties and flourished culturally and
economically.
v The aspirations and the struggle of the people of Telangana region, to integrate with independent
India by breaking free from the tyrannical rule and cultural hegemony of the Nizam of the erstwhile
Hyderabad State, and later to form Vishalandhra, were well supported by the people of Andhra
region.
v Even in the Pre‐Independence era, Linguistic States has been a concept very dear to and very vocally
supported by the National Congress Movement. The 1921 Congress Meet at Nagpur & subsequently
at Kakinada are proof to this.
v The state of Andhra Pradesh is the first Linguistic State in Independent India.

v The United Andhra Pradesh became a reality on 1st Nov’1956, due to the long cherished aspirations,
relentless struggle, efforts and vision of the people and leaders of the two erstwhile states namely
Hyderabad & Andhra.
v Sri. Burgula Rama Krishna rao a Telanganite and the 1st elected Chief Minister of the then
Hyderabad State sacrificed his Chief Ministership for the cause of unifying Andhra Pradesh. He
strongly felt that comprehensive development of Telangana is possible only in a unified state of
Andhra Pradesh.
v A week long debate took place in the then Hyderabad State Assembly on the report of the First
States Re‐organizing Commission (SRC) report. Eventually, on 3 rd December 1955, 103 Legislators
out of 147 present, in the then Hyderabad State Assembly, voted in favor of Merger of the two
states, while only 29 voted against it, and 15 remained Neutral. Clearly more than 2/3rds majority
required.
v Considering the concerns raised by some Telanganites, certain safeguards were introduced for
Telangana region in the form of the Gentlemen’s agreement and subsequently Telangana Regional
Committee was constituted with MLAs of the Telangana region. The TRC functioned successfully
from 1958.
Genesis of T demand, Sub –regionalism in AP and Telugu Unity
v One of the Greatest Merits of the Constitutional Democracy is that it Accommodates Minority
Opinion too. Notwithstanding how strongly the Minority Opinion believes in the merits of its
theory, it remains just that – A Minority opinion.
v Even as the States of Hyderabad & Andhra merged with an overwhelming majority vote in the then
Hyderabad State , a very small minority that opposed the unification, for varied reasons existed
and continued to propagate their beliefs at throughout .
v In addition to this, various aggrieved sections of the society, who existed for diverse reasons, were
incited from time to time in the history of Andhra Pradesh, particularly in Telangana region, by
political power mongers and divisive forces, ( which two elements, we further refer to in this report
as the T‐Bogey.) These elements lead self serving campaigns, tried to create an impression in
people’s minds that separate statehood for Telangana alone would end ALL their problems.
v We believe that the issues, reasons and grievances that led to the demand for a separate
statehood for Telangana are far more complex and need to be examined in their respective socio‐
economic, geographic, political, cultural & historical contexts.
v After identifying such root causes, respective Social, Political & Economic Solutions must be
derived, through constitutional means. It is important to arrive at Political decisions only through
dialogue, but regrettably the T‐bogey has often tried to force a decision through coercive methods.
v Ignoring the historic facts behind emergence of the state of Andhra Pradesh, the vested interests
over simplified and conveniently interpreted the reasons & grievances that led to the demand for
Telangana. They have stated information out of context, obfuscated facts and thereby constantly
mislead people. Their arguments were ill informed at best and motivated at the worst. Conspiracy
theories have been hatched and paranoia spread about everything that is possibly wrong in
Telangana region, even when similar problems existed in other regions.
v An excessive use of rhetoric often turns the focus away from the main problem and makes it more
emotive than a rational issue for the common man, as it happened in the case of demand for
separate Telangana.
v Under such circumstances, when emotions and passions get the better of reason & logic, some
susceptible minds resort to extreme acts of violence like vandalism or committing suicides. This, in
an era of competitive media presence gets further magnified and often presents a distorted picture
of the facts. The leaders of the T‐ bogey being concentrated in Hyderabad and all the Media houses
being headquartered here gave their voices greater visibility than the wide ranging opposition of
the people across the state, to the idea of bifurcation of State.
v However, history proves that the T‐campaigns at various points in time were spearheaded by
political power mongers and when their selfish interests were served, they gave up the so called
movements.
v TRS president KCR ‘s November 2009 fast, guided by his compulsion to salvage his party’s sagging
popularity and aided by the unstable political situation prevailing in the state at the time, in the
wake of Dr.YSR’s demise in plane crash, fueled Telangana demand this time.
v KCR used a Supreme court judgment on a much older issue concerning few police jobs, to whip up
emotions among people, particularly students and some disgruntled employees in Telangana.
v Government failure in effectively handling the situation coupled with Police high handedness in
certain situations in the University campuses complicated the matters further. It was at this time
the Students threatened to lay seize to the Assembly on 9th December.
v In this scenario, Chief Minister Sri. Rosaiah called for an All Party Meeting to elicit opinion on the
issue of Telangana. On this particular occasion, largely clouded by the perception created by the
vested interests on the separate statehood, even Political Parties in the state failed to accurately
gauge the Public mood on the issue of separation. Hence all Political Parties except for MIM &
CPM, that participated in the All Party meet of 7th Dec’09, convened by Sri.Rosaiah Chief Minister
of AP, endorsed the idea to introduce a resolution on Telangana, in the Assembly.
v Basing on the opinion expressed in this meeting the Central Government immediately, on 9th
December announced that Process for formation of Separate Telangana is being initiated.
Movement for Status quo in United Andhra Pradesh 2009
v In the aftermath of the Statement made by Sri.P.Chidambaram on behalf of the Central Government
on the night of 9th December’2009 at 1130 PM, tremendous opposition to the idea of bi‐furcation of
state has erupted from an outstanding majority of people in Andhra Pradesh.
v This unprecedented magnitude of public resentment has brought the state to a stand still, compelled
the people’s representatives including MLAs across political parties to tender resignations, without
consulting the leadership of respective Parties. Never in the 54 years’ history of the state was such
volatile situation experienced.
v In this scenario, we at PRP have gone into the reasons behind this unprecedented situation in the
State and verified all relevant data, literature and historic facts that have been misrepresented or
blurred by vested interests to paint a different picture.
Status of Andhra Pradesh Regional Demands Development perspective
v At the time of formation the State of Andhra Pradesh was behind the All India Average in many
respects, including food grains production, net area sown, crop intensity, infrastructure, electricity
generation, per capita electricity consumption, length of roads, black top roads, motor vehicles,
medical institutions, hospital beds, life expectancy, human development
v Despite the inherent shortcomings at the time of formation, AP still has progressed significantly in
the last 50 years can be seen from the fact that the State’s position vis‐à‐vis All India averages
improved considerably in respect of a number of these indicators and also in comparison with
several other states across India.
v It is pertinent to note in this context that the erstwhile Princely State of Hyderabad contributed the
least developed region. The State of Hyderabad had the lowest indices for human development in
the South. In that State, the areas covered by Telangana, which became part of Andhra Pradesh,
were even less developed than most of the other areas. Literacy in Telangana was low not only in
comparison to the other parts of the former State of Hyderabad, but was amongst the lowest in
the entire country.
v Notwithstanding the same, examination of all relevant data and statistics, clearly and irrefutably
establishes that Telangana region has been on a growth trajectory along with other regions , ever
since 1956. In fact Telangana achieved, much greater progress in certain aspects than anticipated,
than the other two regions put together.
v In areas like Literacy, Educational Opportunities, Industrialization, Health Care Facilities, Per Capita
Income, Per Capita Power Consumption and so on, Telangana region far exceeds the growth rate
than other regions of Andhra & Rayalaseema.
National Policy on Smaller States? Why Only AP?
v It is important to determine the National Policy for creating new states. Whether it is Language,

Administrative Viability ,Contiguity, or Backwardness, the criterion for creation of smaller states
must be decided.
v There are several demands within and outside of Andhra Pradesh for smaller states. If
backwardness or cultural differences are alone the criterion for creation of a separate state, AP
needs to be divided into 5 states. Further this could open a Pandora ’s Box in the country.
v In view of the numerous demands for smaller states in present day India, the National Political
Parties should thoroughly debate it in the House of Parliament and the Central Government must
put in place a mechanism like the Second States Reorganization Committee to determine a
National Policy on this issue.
Sri.P.Chidambaram’s views on Tamilnadu
v It may be pertinent to state here that recently, when there was demand by some sections for
creation of a smaller state carved out of the present day Tamilnadu, the Union Home Minster
rubbished such demands for bifurcation of Tamilnadu, saying Tamil culture dates back to five
thousand years and no division of the people is necessary or acceptable.
v This then raises the question, that how AP can be dealt with a different parameter as Telugu
culture too has a history just as long. Such inconsistencies in policy smacks of regional prejudice
and a sense of unequal justice.
Scope of Study of Sri Krishna Committee far too restricted.
Given the background and implications of the issue in Andhra Pradesh, we strongly feel that any

study to understand the merits, demerits of Creation of a smaller state could not be done without
examining the significant impact it would have on the nation as a whole and hence such demand
cannot be examined in isolation.
In that sense, the scope of study as detailed in the terms of reference entrusted to your esteemed
Committee, by the Ministry of Home Affairs, we feel is regrettably restricted. The central
government may well deem it fit to expand the scope of the committee to study this issue from a
national perspective on the lines of States Reorganization Committee.
PRP’s stand
v Considering the overwhelming opposition to the bifurcation of the State by the people,
and after examining all the facts of the last 50 years of United Andhra Pradesh and the
reasons behind inter and intra ‐regional disparities and imbalances, we at PRP, held
extensive discussions with the cadres and leaders of our party. Based on all these, PRP has
decided to support the cause of “Samaikya Andhra Pradesh” (United Andhra Pradesh). We
feel that every political party is obligated to respect and confirm to the wishes and
aspirations of the majority of the people in a democratic set‐up.
v To begin with, fissiparous tendencies of a few ambitious politicians should not be
encouraged. The Uncertainty in the State must end. Else it will impede the growth of not
only Andhra Pradesh but also the Nation as a whole. Already great many years have been
lost due to a sense of insecurity induced by the periodic agitations.
v Since Economic issues are more important than Political Issues. We must endeavor to
attend to them more efficiently.
v Democratic decentralization and strengthening of Panchayathi Raj system will help
administer civic facilities and improve social and economic infrastructure and services.
v Similarly, Developing District Development Indices and setting up Regional Development
Boards must be put in place, Allocating funds under Backward Regions Grant Fund should
be considered.
v With a combination of effective public policies and private initiatives, to foster Skill
development, Employment opportunities, Inclusive Growth and with Effective utilization
of natural resources in different parts of the State, we can be successful in reducing
regional disparities in economic and social development.
v Through this submission, we are bringing to your attention, the several facts that have
made us adopt to a United Andhra Pradesh stand.
v We trust that examination of these facts, historic events and present day developments
from the perspectives we presented here, will allow you to draw more informed
conclusions of the real situation.
3. Telangana demand
The Misinformation campaign & The Truth Behind
· A close examination of a the literature being widely circulated and propagated by Pro‐
Separation vadis would reveal that a great amount of misinformation campaign has been carried
out by some sections and vested interests , for a very long time which extends until this date, to
influence the minds of gullible people.
· This has been done by stating information, out of context, obfuscating facts, misinterpreting facts
and thereby constantly misleading people.
· Most of the arguments by these vested interests are ill informed at best and motivated at worst.
Conspiracy theories are hatched and paranoia spread about everything that is possibly wrong in
Telangana.
· The T‐campaigns at various points in time were spearheaded by political power mongers and
when their selfish interests were served, they gave up the so called movements.
· One of the most tragic and unfortunate fall out of these campaigns has been that, until their
political ends are met, these vested interests try to incite passions, of the young & students in
particular, to take extreme measures to build pressure on the Governments.
· Indoctrination programs are being carried out saying that families of people who give up their

lives for the cause of separation would receive pensions & privileges and would be honored in
time to come as ‘Freedom Fighters’.
· The students are losing their precious academic years and jeopardizing their careers.
· Some of the major distorted claims being made are enlisted here.
P r a j a R a j y a m P a r t y P a g e 1 0
The Misinformation campaign & The Truth Behind
3.1. People of Telangana were not in favor of Merger with Andhra.
· The Unity & Mutual admiration of the People of the erstwhile Hyderabad State ( Telangana ) and
Andhra State dates back to several decades in pre‐independent India.
· Sri Krishna Deva Raya’s Andhra Bhasha Nilayam was formed in 1901 in Hyderabad State
(Telangana)
· Since 1920 In Hyderabad State, people and intellectuals have been expressed from many forums,
their strong desire to see all Telugus staying together in a combined state.
· Telugu Patrika a monthly journal was started in the year 1920 from Warangal ( Telangana )
· In 1921 Nizam Rashtra Andhra Jana Sangham was formed . This was later renamed as Andhra
Jana Kendra Sangham.
· From 1926 until 1945 First World War, Nizam‐Andhra Mahasabha held extensive meetings
across the length & breadth of both states.
· When the tyrannical Nizam regime banned Nizam Andhra Maha Sabha & Hyderabad State
Congress in 1932 further brought the Telugus in the then two states, closer.
· In 1934 over 354 Telangana Poets got together to eulogize Telugus Unity at a meeting organized
by ‘Gollakonda’ a Monthly journal owned by Suravaram Pratap Reddy a Telanganite.
· In 1950, the Second State congress meet held at Nizamabad demanded that ‘Mahaandhra State
be formed combining the Telugus living regions in the then Hyderabad, Maharshtra, Karnataka &
Madras Presidency.
· In 1952 the First General Elections were held in the Independent India. During the elections, the
Main Political parties of the time Congress & Communist stated in their respective manifestos
that to bring about Visalandhra was their AIM.
· Communist Party which had a strong presence in the then two states named its daily news
publication as ‘Visalandhra’.
· The most prominent leaders of the time Suravaram Pratap Reddy, Madapati Hanumantha rao,
Ravi Narayana Reddy, Mukdum Moiddin, Tekumalla Ramachandra Rao, Konda Venkata Ranga
Reddy, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao all have worked towards realizing Visalandhra.
· 1954 2 nd Visalandhra Mahasabha was held in Hyderabad.
· Puchallapalli Sundaraiah a Stalwart of the Telangana Armed Struggle against the Nizam , had
published a book called ‘Visalandhralo Praja Rajyam’
· The Pro‐Separate Telangana camp always maintained that Shri.Jawahar Lal Nehru was against
the idea of Unification.
· However it was Sri.Jawahar Lal Nehru as Prime Minister of India who laid the foundation for
Nagarjuna Sagar Project on 9 December 1955. He said on the occasion ‘ I see the River Krishna
before me . The Left bank of River is called Telangana and the right Andhra . The people on both
sides speak Telugu and have the same culture. The river can not separate them.
· In March 1956, Sri. Jawahar Lal Nehru , the then PM inaugurated the Annual session of Bharat
Sewak Samaj at Nizamabad. In his speech he declared that the Govt. of India in principle had
decided upon having a United State of Andhra Pradesh for Political, Economic, Administrative &
Cultural Reasons.
· Subsequently an extensive debate took place in the Assembly , with Sri. Burgula Ramakrishna
rao the then Chief Minister of Hyderabad State stating that ‘comprehensive development of
Telangana is possible only in a unified state’ .
· On 3 rd December 1955, Out of 147 Legislators present in the then Hyderabad State Assembly 103
voted in favor of Merger of the two states , while only 29 voted against it. While 15 remained
Neutral. Clearly more than 2/3rds majority required. Those who opposed the merger hailed from
places having proximity to Maharashtra & Karnataka States.
· It is important to note in this context that according to 1951 statistics ,the then Hyderabad State had
25 % of Maharshtrian speaking people & 11 % Kannada speaking people. Area wise the then
Hyderabad state had 28 % area of what is today Maharashtra State & 22 % area of what is today
Karnataka state.
· This implies that there was almost no opposition from Telugus (Telanganites) to the merger of
Hyderabad state & Andhra at the time.
· Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, a Telanganite and the 1 st Elected Chief Minister of the Hyderabad
State, gave up his Chief Minister ship to favor the Unification of the two states.
· Numerous Muslims too participated actively in the fight and the subsequent Police action against
the Nizam when he resisted joining India in 1947, it is important to note that People of Andhra
provided large scale logistic, strategic & moral support.
· While the Telugu Unity has such great history, the T‐Bogey completely ignores these historic
records and propagates that there had always been only animosity between the two people.
3.2. Fazal Ali Commission was against Merger
This is yet another misinterpretation widely propagated by T Bogey.
The 1 st States reorganization commission headed by Hon. The Fazal Ali in 1955 examined the
merits & shortcomings of Telangana & Andhra regions comprehensively, as also the arguments
for and against the merger of the two regions.
The Fazal Ali Commission emphasizes the merits of Visalandhra as below:
“The Economic affiliation of Telangana with the existing Andhra State are also not
Unimportant. Telangana has in years of scarcity , a sizeable deficit in food supplies. The existing
Andhra State , however has normally a surplus which Telangana may be able to use. The existing
state of Andhra has like wise no coal, but will be able to get its supplies from Singareni.
Telangana will also be able to save a great deal of expenditure on general administration in case
if it is not established as a separate unit. ”
…..Para 373
“The creation of Visalandhra is an ideal to which numerous individuals and public bodies,
both in Andhra & Telangana , have been passionately attached over a long periods of time, and
unless there are strong reasons to the contrary , this sentiment is entitled to consideration.”
…Para 374
“ It seems to us , therefore that there is much to be said for the formation of the larger State
and that nothing should be done to impede the realization of this goal…
….Para 382
While the Fazal Ali commission emphasizes on the necessity and benefits Visalandhra, the report
only suggests that the process of merging may be done after 5 years.
“ …for the present the Telangana area is to constitute into a separate State, which may be
known as Hyderabad State with provision for its unification with Andhra after the general
elections likely to be held in or about 1961, if by two thirds majority the legislature of the
residency Hyderabad State expresses itself in favor of the such unification.”
……Para 386
The T Bogey in all their propaganda selectively quotes from the points raised by the Commission
While the report does point certain ‘inherent deficiencies’ on either side , it indicates that the
merits of unification outnumber those of separation. This must be borne in mind.
The procedure of securing two thirds majority in the Hyderabad State assembly to merge the two
states, as recommended by the Fazal Ali commission was adhered to, completely. The only
adjustment was that it took place ahead of the suggested time frame.
The T Bogey does not acknowledge these, and also conveniently ignore certain inherent
deficiencies on the side of Telangana region and attribute them to the Unification.
3.3. Gentlemen’s agreement was violated from day one.
The Chief Ministers of the then Andhra & Hyderabad States, prominent leaders & president of
Congress party held extensive discussions and evolved by 19 July 1956, what has come to known as the
Gentlemen’s agreement. Of the total of 10 signatories, 5 were from Telangana & 5 from Andhra.
To ensure that and as part of the terms( Term No.3) agreed upon there in were implemented
properly, Telangana Regional Committee was set up on 1 st Feb’ 1958 as per 371 (1) of the Indian
Constitution. Only MLAS from Telangana region were members of this committee. All subject matters
relating to Telangana region came under the purview of this TRC. The TRC covered the key subjects of
Local Government, Public Health, Hospitals, School education, and Educational institutions in Telangana,
Agriculture & sale of agricultural land, markets, cooperative societies, economic planning and
development.
If Gentlemen’s agreement was conceived to provide safe guard the interests of Telangana after the
merger, the Telangana Regional Committee was set up in spirit to safe guard the Gentlemen’s agreement.
It is utmost important to note that the TRC was constituted with ALL MLAs of Telangana region & the
CM & Speaker were exempted from this frame work. The TRC functioned from 1958 to 1973.
As per clause 5 of the Gentlemen’s agreement, in normal course the Government would carry out all
recommendations of the TRC for the benefit of the Telangana region. If under any circumstances the
Government disagrees with the TRC , then such matters would be referred to the Governor and his
decision would be binding. However there is absolutely no record of any disputes whatsoever between
the TRC & the successive governments.
The T‐ Bogey have completely and deliberately ignored the formation & functioning of Telangana
Regional Committee from 1958‐1973 which efficiently carried out the assigned tasks of protecting
Telangana interests.
The T‐ Bogey have misled and continue to mislead the people of Telangana into thinking that 1.There
never was any mechanism to safeguard their interests since the formation of the state and 2. The
Gentlemen’s agreement was violated totally from day one and Telangana was betrayed for 50 years. They
also cite this as the reason for the 1969 agitation. Apparently all this propaganda is TOTALLY FALSE.
One of the terms of the Gentlemen’s agreement states that one of the two positions, either the Chief
Minister or the Dy.Chief Minister has to be given to the region of Telangana. This was implemented in part
and by and large is the only glaring deficiency in honoring the Gentlemen’s agreement. However since the
TRC is solely manned by Telangana MLAs and does not allow the Chief Minister/ Dy.Chief Minister or
speaker to be members, and since their participation does not have a bearing on their recommendations
for the benefit of Telangana, this apparently could not have affected the development of Telangana. This
has to be viewed as a political decision by the respective parties in power for possibly administrative ease
and did not and could not affect Telangana prospects in any manner.
*It is interesting to note in this context that the Chief Ministers hailing from Rayalaseema ruled Andhra
Pradesh for the longest period of time. (Rayalaseema CMs tenure in office 23 yrs 302 Days ) Yet
Rayalaseema continues to be more backward than regions in Andhra Pradesh.
3.4. Telangana Employment opportunities usurped by Andhra
In the matter of employment opportunities, services and recruitments, the T Bogey has been
exaggerating facts and blowing out of proportion the seriousness of the issue. They are using this
issue to provoke gullible students and propagate insecure feelings in the people of Telangana.
Mulki rules have been implemented as part of the safe guards provided to the Telangana region at the
time of merger. As per the Mulki rules only people who lived for more than 12 years in Telangana are
alone eligible for jobs in this region. This has prevented all Non‐Telanganites from getting jobs in
Telangana until 1975.
Some claims were made that people secured jobs with fraudulent papers establishing their eligibility.

These sporadic and largely unsubstantiated claims were blown out of proportion to create a prejudiced
impression among the people of Telangana about the people of other regions.
The then Dy. Chief Minister Sri.J.V.Narasing Rao hailing from Telangana, wrote the following, in
an article published on August 14,1969 “ there are 107,000 nongazetted employees in the
Telangana region, in 1969. Out of these, about 4.5% are nonmulkis 1600 are teachers, 1800
nurses,400 stenographers and about 1000 in other departments.”
Ironically, the local Telangana leaders of the time,heading the Zilla Parishads made the decision
on employing most of the above. This was arguably due to the nonavailbility of the required
skills including teaching skills in the then Telangana region. If these jobs were given in violation
of mulki rules, then the respective Telangana leaders were the reason than the other way round.
This deviation from the Gentleman’s agreement, though may have been done for just reasons,
was blown out of proportion and was used to constantly whip passions and a sense of betrayal in
the people of Telangana.
Subsequently, the Six‐Point Formula 1973 annulled the Mulki rules and The Andhra Pradesh Public
Employment (Organization of Local Cadres & regulation of Direct recruitment) order 1975) introduced
zonal system for recruitments. As per this system, 80 % of District Level cadres, 70 % Zonal Level Non‐
Gazetted Cadres, 70 % Zonal Level Gazetted Cadres have been reserved for Local Candidates.
Certain disputes pertaining to zonal recruitments after the Presidential order 1975 ( The Andhra
Pradesh Public Employment (Organization of Local Cadres & regulation of Direct recruitment )order
1975) led to wide spread debate in the then Assembly in the year 1984 .
Later, when Sri. NTR was the Chief Minister GO No.610 was issued on the 30 th Dec’1985 stipulating
repatriation of employees who have secured jobs in violation of the zonal recruitments. It may be
recalled here that Sri.NTR hailing from the Andhra region was quick to act on the discrepancies and
initiate remedial measures like issuing GO 610, for the benefit of Telangana region. Apparently no
ulterior motives can be attributed to the discrepancies.
IN NATURE VACCUUM CAN NOT EXIST.
Instead of attributing illwill to Andhrites, recruitment of some Andhrites in the jobs meant for
Telanganites may be viewed in a historic and social context.
Some of the Police recruitments were done in accordance with the Hyderabad Police Act 1348
A.D.Fasli, which is still in force, concurrently with the Presidential Order, and allows nonlocals
in Hyderabad City Police jobs.
The original Mulki rules laid down in 1919, require 15 years of residence for nonlocals to
treated on par with locals.
The Gentlemen’s agreement 1956, terms this period as 12 years for being considered as local.
The Presidential order 1975 brings down this period to 4 years.
Some of the discrepancies can also be explained by the overlapping of various acts.
Prior to 1947, the Razakar atrocities traumatized the Telangana people. Razakars were the
Police forces under the Nizam. As the people of Telangana suffered greatly due to the tyranny of
the Razakars, a certain negativity about the Police Forces. This has induced a reluctant mind set
in the people of Telangana to join Police Forces.
Later, Around the early 1980s, the Naxal movement was rampant in Telangana. The Movement also
identified itself as an Anti‐ State movement. As the Police symbolized the State a certain unsympathetic
impression was being propagated about the Police jobs. This added to the reluctant mind set of the
people of the region to join the Police. This indifference of people was evident and when people did
not turn up for the police jobs even after repeated notifications and compulsive filling in of those
posts with available personnel from other regions. This fact was noted in the House Committee
report set up to look into the discrepancies in implementation of GO 610.
Importantly , Sri.J.M. Girglani, who subsequently headed the One Man Commission (S.P.F) that went into
the discrepancies in implementation of the Presidential Order 1975 & G.O 610 1985, in his report dated
21 st Sept’2004 , while noting the various deviations from the aforementioned Presidential Order & G.O
610, alludes to this saying in Part‐1, Section‐A, Chapter‐1 that “ The main causes of deviations are the
dynamics of administrative system…”
He also further states in Section B, Para 5 (14) that “ who are the losers and who are the
beneficiaries? Until each finding is taken up for remedial action, no one can say which are the
local areas (districts/zones) whose local candidates have been the losers/gainers.”
Yet again, many of the jobs where deviations had taken place were in the Police and Teaching
jobs. In fact the then Home Minister Sri.Jana Reddy said on 22 nd June’04 on the floor of the house
that the Government has decided to repatriate 3,150 Police personnel, who were recruited in
violation of SPF & GO Ms 610. to their home districts. However the minister adds that immediate
repatriation of such police personnel was not possible in view of the administrative problems it
would lead to and hence shall be done in a phased manner.
It is important to appreciate in this context that maintaining Law & Order in the society and imparting
Education are superior objectives than waiting indefinitely for the suitable local candidates to fill
in the jobs.
Another side of the coin is that, there was a Great dependence on Government services in not
only Telangana region but across India until the late 1980s. But post 1991 Economic Reforms, the
Advent of Information & Communication Technologies & Globalization, new job creation & even
self employment opportunities, especially in the private sector has substantially improved and
the earlier scenario does no longer exist today.
And more over, the tenure of such supposedly erroneous recruitments in various cases has ended
or, is coming to a close. There is no possibility or reason for such discrepancies to recur as situation
in Telangana region, literacy, skills have substantially improved in comparison with the past
scenario.
Besides there is far greater transparency and more effective mechanisms are now in place to
ensure greater justice to the locals in future. After all, corrective measures can be taken through
constitutional means for any willful violation in specific issue. Hence this issue is no more relevant
today.
Clearly, Parochial Facts cannot be applied to derive Absolute Truth.
The Truth is again not acknowledged by the TBogey in their misinformation campaign.
Due to the steady decline in the number of Government services available, juxtaposed by steady
increase in literacy in Telangana region, and the greater dependence on government jobs ,
particularly until late 1980s , there certainly is a concern about securing livelihood in the people
of Telangana.
The potential impact of some discrepancies in recruitment of nonlocals in jobs meant for locals,
until the 1980s, that took place mainly due to administrative reasons, was exaggerated time and
again by the Tbogey in their misinformation campaign and lead to an increased a sense of threat
perception by the people of Telangana, especially among the students and unemployed youth, of
the region.
The T bogey has been showing this as a reason to demand separation of the state.
This issue , for reasons explained above is only due to administrative reasons and impacts only a
miniscule of the people of Telangana. The larger interests of the people of Andhra Pradesh
cannot be tied to this relatively much smaller issue.
At the same time, it is very important that the Government acknowledges the ground situation

where the jobs in Government sector are reducing with time and do not meet the demand, and
expedititiously puts in place a mechanism to create more employment opportunities and ensure
security of livelihood to everyone to address the anxieties of the people.
No.of Government Jobs in year 2006 as per the Controller & Audit General report.
District No.of Govt.Jobs
Adilabad 65795
Nizamabad 40692
Karimnagar 80985
Medak 38582
Hyderabad 110,724
Ranga Reddy 53,032
Mahbubnagar 48,275
Nalgonda 45,938
Warangal 59,856
Khammam 65,204
Total Telangana 609083
Srikakulam 37,427
Vizianagaram 36,932
Visakhapatnam 51,141
East Godavari 69,901
West Godavari 52,232
Krishna 65,698
Guntur 57,275
Prakasam 42,610
Nellore 46,718
Total Andhra 459,934
Kadapa 45,570
Kurnool 53,086
Ananthapur 51,712
Chittoor 70,250
Total Rayalaseema 220,618
The Office of the Controller of Accounts & Audit General ,publishes a report on the Number of
Government Jobs at the end of every 5 years. According to the 2006 report, there are 6,09,083 jobs in
Telangana, as opposed to 4,59,934 jobs in Andhra and 2,20,618 jobs in Rayalaseema.
Since the Zonal system is in force, as per the Presidential order 1975, 80% of the jobs are reserved for
people from the respective zones and districts only. Only 20 % are for people from other zones or districts.
In view of this, there is no way the employment opportunities of Telangana, could be usurped by
Andhrites.
3.5. Telangana Culture derided
India has always been known for being a cultural melting pot with its cultural and linguistic diversity.
These numerous cultures assimilate into each other while retaining their individual identities. At the
same time, cultural cohabitation over long periods of these diverse cultures has often resulted in the
evolution of a popular culture and development of a commonly used language or the ‘lingua franca’ with
contributions by each of the dialects and derivations from cultures. While this may be a universal
phenomenon, India in particular is more unique in this aspect.
In Andhra Pradesh, there are several dialects and different traditions. Places like Srikakulam, Nellore,
Konaseema, Nizamabad, Ananthapur, Chittoor exhibit diverse cultural & linguistic influences . Yet The
people of Andhra Pradesh have been culturally, historically and emotionally integrated for several
centuries even before India became Independent, and later formation of Andhra Pradesh. The Festivals
of Telangana like the Bonalu, Sammakka‐Sarakka Jathara are widely popular across AP, the Andhra
festivals like Sankranthi has been increasingly embraced in Telangana. The Governments, People &
Media have always given equal importance to these occasions without any discrimination.
Several eminent poets , artists, scholars have gained popularity and honor across Andhra Pradesh,
irrespective of their region.
Bammera Pothana was born in Bommera Village, Warangal, Telanagna region (1450–1510) a Telugu
and Sanskrit Scholar. His book is popularly called as Pothana Bhagavatham in Telugu. Even illiterate
Telugus readily quote verses from chapters of his works 'Gajendra Mokshamu' and 'Prahlada Charitra.
His work ‘Andhra Maha Bhagavathamu,’ the crown jewel of Telugu literature sacred to Telugus across
AP.
In recent times, Jnan Peeth awardee Dr.C. Narayana Reddy (an eminent poet)’s works and lyrics have
been appreciated by Telugus across AP transcending all boundaries.
The famous balladeer Gaddar’s songs have become part of each household across AP. Chandrabose a
film lyricist also from Telangana, has written for almost all popular Telugu films and film stars and his
songs have become popular in all households.
Similarly,the songs & works of legendary Telugu poet Sri Sri whose genius is compared to Pablo
Neruda, is popular in every household of AP including Telangana. And Sri.Sri is an Andhrite.
There are innumerous examples of how the culture of Telangana was embraced by Andhrites and vice
versa. Hundreds of thousands of people have married their spouses from the other region too. Telugu
Cinema, which has become a religion by itself due to its unrivalled popularity, has always been a
collaborative effort of people and talents from all three regions of Andhra Pradesh. Telugu films are
immensely appreciated in Telangana as much as it is in other regions.
Recently ,the T Bogey have tried to create a rift between the people of two regions, calling upon
the people of Telangana to boycott certain films starring actors belonging to the Andhra region.
However the people of Telangana defied all such appeals and even threats by the rowdy elements
in the T Bogey and thronged to the theatres. This shows the common man does not distinguish
between cultures of the regions within Andhra Pradesh and appreciates them equally, it is the T
Bogey that for their self serving reasons poisons the minds of the people here.
3.6 Telangana Politicians suppressed
Several Politicians of great stature and eminence hailed from Telangana who were admired by people

across Andhra Pradesh. Two Prime Ministers representing the Telangana region were in power for 9
years and 10 months, while Five Chief Ministers from Telangana were in power, for 10 years & 195
days.
Sri.P.V.Narasimha Rao
A Telanganite, Scholar and a symbol of Telugu Unity and above all former Prime Minister of India,
contested from Nandyal in Rayalaseema region and the then Coastal Andhra Chief Minister Sri. NTR
decided not to field any candidate of his party TDP, opposite him to honor him. Sri.P.V.Narasimha Rao
won with a margin of 5.5 lakh votes which is a world record. This incident speaks volumes about the
emotional integration of Telugus and shows the hollowness of the argument that Political Leaders from
Telangana did not enjoy the support of Andhra leaders.
It is pertinent in this context to recall that since the time Telangana had first merged with Andhra in
1956 up until his last, Sri.P.V. always subscribed strongly to the Unity of Telugus and the cause of
Visalandhra.
Smt.Indira Gandhi
Smt.Indira Gandhi was elected from Medak parliamentary constituency She was elected to the
Seventh Lok Sabha from Rae Bareli (U.P.) and Medak (Andhra Pradesh), in January 1980. She chose to
retain the Medak seat and relinquished the Rae Bareli seat.
Chief Ministers from Telangana
1. Pamulaparthi 30 September 10 January 1973 INC Karimnagar 468

Venkata 1971 days
Narasimha Rao
2. Jalagam Vengala 10 December 6 March 1978 INC Khammam 1547
Rao 1973 Days
3. Marri Chenna 6 March 1978 11 October 1980 INC Hyderabad 950
Reddy days
4. Tanguturi 11 October 24 February 1982 INC Medak 501
Anjaiah 1980 days
5. Marri Chenna 03 December 17 December 1990 INC Hyderabad 379
Reddy 1989 Days
v J.Vengal Rao was projected to be a Andhra Chief Minister despite his association with Telangana for over
3 decades. J.Vengal rao was elected twice as MP from Khammam. Right from the Razakar Movement &
Police Action , Sri.J.Vengal rao was active in State Congress as Khammam District President. (Sri.J.Kondala
rao his brother was elected twice as MLA & Twice as MP from Khammam. He also served as the ZPP of
Khammam District.)
v Sri.J.Vengala Rao contested and won from Khammam in Telangana. Though the electorate of Khammam
constitution expressed faith in him, the Pro‐ Separate Telangana always painted him as an Andhra CM.
Vengal Rao hailed from Buyannagudem in Khammam district.
v Vengal Rao's hallmark was his efficiency. It was during his tenure as Chief Minister that 3 universities
namely Kakatiya University, Acharya Nagarjuna University and Sri Krishnadevaraya University were
started, catering for 3 regions of Andhra Pradesh: Telangana, Andhra and Rayalaseema.
v Dr.M.Chenna Reddy held various positions. He served twice as the PCC president, twice as Chief Minister
of AP. He became the sixth Chief Minister of A.P. on the 6th of March 1978. He announced that separate
Telangana was no longer an issue.
v The T‐ Bogey undermines these facts and propagates that the politicians from the region were always
relegated to insignificant positions.
3.7 Telangana Only Solution
· The T‐ Bogey has been carrying a vitriolic campaign saying if Telangana becomes a separate
state various sections, groups & communities in the region stand to get dream like
benefits.
· They are promising things to people, which would not constitutionally be possible and
practically undeliverable.
· They are also exhorting students, unemployed and gullible that even if they resort to
extreme measures like taking their lives , they will attain the status of freedom fighters in
the event of separate Telangana and stand to get all privileges of erstwhile freedom
fighters and their families will get financial security.
· With such tactics the T‐Bogey are provoking the people and encouraging them to believe
Telangana statehood is the only solution and it would be a panacea of all their problems.
Apparently this is an extremely dangerous trend and threatens to pose severe problems if
such tactics produce results.
4. Chronology of Regionalism & Unity
4.1. Telangana Movement 1969
v 1969‐ Telangana Movement being one of the most significant movements in the History of
Andhra Pradesh demanding separation of Telangana, it is important to examine the background
of this movement.
v The Gentlemen’s agreement of 1956 provided for certain safeguards for services in
Telangana. The application of Mulki rules required 12 years of minimum residence in
Telangana region by people from other regions to be eligible for the jobs. As this came to
an end in 1968, some sections started demanding extension of these safeguards.
v In this scenario, there arose a minor dispute in Paloncha of Khammam district between

Electricity board employees belonging to Andhra & Telangana regions. The High Court
had ruled that Mulki rules can not be applied for jobs in autonomous corporations. This
had led to protests by some students & employees.
v It was this scenario that formed the back drop of the first agitation for Separate Telangana in the
year 1969, the roots of which however lie in a bitter power struggle in the then Congress (I). After
the 1967 general elections, Sri. Kasu Brahmananda Reddy became Chief Minister for a second time,
while Dr. Marri Chenna Reddy joined Smt.Indira Gandhi's Cabinet as Minister for Steel.
v In an unexpected turn of events, Dr.Chenna Reddy was disqualified for six years from holding
office,by the High Court & later the Supreme Court. Dr. Chenna Reddy's election was set aside by a
court on a petition filed by an Arya Samaj contestant, Vandemataram Ramachandra Rao, on the
grounds that the Minister had appealed to religious sentiments at a meeting held in a mosque.
Dr.Chenna Reddy was inactive for six months after the verdict.
v Dr.Chenna Reddy added fuel to the protests for extension of safeguards and lead the ‘Telangana
Praja Samithi’ a separatist outfit and changed the nature of the protests and pace of the agitation.
The TPS aggressively incited passions in people, particularly the Students and youth in Telangana
districts.
v On 1969, June 4 th the Police shot at and killed 30 people officially while it was widely publicized
that 300 people died in the shootings. A controversy over Prof. D.S. Reddy's appointment as Vice
Chancellor of Osmania University added a new dimension to the problem.
v The Telangana Praja Samithi used the Police shootings to further consolidate its position and
favorably mobilize Public opinion. In the 1971 Lok Sabha elections, the TPS won 10 of the 14 Lok
Sabha seats from the Telangana region.
v However since Congress won a majority in the rest of the country in 1971 and since Smt.Indira
Gandhi was totally opposed to the idea of separating AP.
v Smt.Indira Gandhi had firmly opposed to consider separating the state on flimsy grounds. She
made all efforts to resolve the situation and provide the required safeguards in the form of 8
point formula. She further set up Justice Bhargava Committee to examine the services situation &
the development taken place in Telangana region between 1956‐1968 and suggest ways to
accelerate growth. The committee was also given the task of determining the status of revenue
surpluses ( revenue receipts‐ revenue expenditure= revenue surplus ) in Telangana. This was
also one of the functions of Telangana regional council which was set up as part of the clauses of
the Gentlemen’s agreement.
v As per the findings and recommendations of the Bharagava Committee, Telangana also got Rs.
45 crores , towards the unspent surplus of Telangana region, of Rs. 28.34 Cr (which was
reconciled with the 34.09 Cr arrived by Sri.Kumar Lalith earlier ) accumulated over a period of
10 years, again revalued each year in proportion to the rise in price index of those years. This
money was spent from 1968 till the end of Fourth plan period.
v On the Political front Smt.Indira Gandhi removed K.Brahmananda reddy the then Chief Minister
of AP and replaced him with Sri.P.V.Narasimha Rao. With this the 1969 Movement of Telangana
came to an end.
v Dr.Chenna Reddy sensing the futility of continuing the movement gave it up and merged TPS with
Congress (I). Subsequently, In the 1972 AP Assembly elections, the Congress (I), after the Telangana
Praja Samithi (TPS) merger, won a record 218 seats, with 16 of its candidates winning without
contest. Evidently people gave an overwhelming support for the United Andhra Pradesh and the
separatist forces failed to create any impact.
v Sri.Chennareddy was made the Governor of Uttar Pradesh in 1973 and subsequently was also
made the Chief Minister of AP in 1978. At this point Sri.Chenna Reddy categorically stated that
Telangana issue has lost its relevance.
v It is evident from the above that the 1969 movement was only a movement for continuance of
the safeguards in recruitments and not actually a demand for separation. This is proved further
with the merger of TPS with Congress when their interests were served.
v It is important to note here that throughout the Telangana Movement , the MIM party which was

the single largest party representing the large Muslim population in Telangana, and the CPI (M)
did not support separate State for Telangana.
v 4.2. Jai Andhra Movement 1972
v The people of Andhra had hoped that the end of 12 years of safe guards as provided for in
Gentlemen’s agreement (according to Mulki rules ) from 1956‐1968, would now signal real
integration of Andhra with Telangana and among other things also avail equitable job
opportunities.
v However , the agitation in 1969 that began for continuance of safeguards for Telangana and
eventually turned as a movement for separation of the state itself had deeply offended the
sentiments of Andhrites. Apparently prolonged safeguards will have no meaning if the two states
were to integrate in real sense and strive for holistic development.
v In this scenario, the Supreme Court gave a verdict on 3 rd October 1971, revoking the Mulki Rules in
Telangana. This naturally had immensely upset the Andhrites and they saw no reason in continuing
to be as one state, while in spirit they are always being treated as two. They felt that the Supreme
Court verdict had further alienated the people of the two regions, instead of helping them come
together.
v This disillusionment in Andhrites was yet again channeled by some political leaders for selfish
reasons, notable of whom is the then Dy.CM Sri. B.V.Subba Reddy from Andhra Region,( in the
cabinet of the then Telanganite Chief Minister Shri.P.V.Narasimha Rao) who lead the demand for
Separate Andhra. Historians noted that this movement known as Jai Andhra Movement was much
more vociferous than the 1969 Movement.
v Nine Andhra Ministers in the then Chief Minister P.V.Narasimha Rao’s cabinet resigned in support
of the Jai Andhra Movement. Sri.P.V.Narsimha Rao himself tendered his resignation on 17 th
Jan’1973.
v In the wake of these developments President's Rule was imposed. (18 January 1973 – 10 December
1973. Period: 335 Days)
v Appreciating the gravity of the situation and the merit of the aspirations of Andhrites, all
prominent leaders of Telangana have agreed to scrapping of the safeguards for Telangana and
make the state one in letter and spirit.
v Subsequently, the Central Government in consultation with the leaders from both Andhra &
Telangana evolved a Six Point Formula On 21.09.73, for the uniform approach for promoting
accelerated development of the state as a whole and providing equitable opportunities to different
areas of the state in the matter of health , education and employment in public services subject to
the requirements of the state as a whole.
v On 18.12.1973 the 32 nd Constitutional Amendment has been brought in and 371‐D has been
introduced. This provides a special provision with respect to the state of Andhra Pradesh is based
on the equitable justice to ALL citizens of Andhra Pradesh. As a follow up to the understanding
arrived, The Andhra Pradesh Public Employment (Organization of Local Cadres & regulation of
Direct recruitment) order 1975 known as the Presidential order annulled the Mulki rules &
Telangana Regional Committee and introduced zonal system for recruitments.
v Neither in the Six‐ Point Formula nor in Constitutional Amendment there was any special privilege
given to any one area in the state. ALL areas/districts/zones/regions in the state are to be treated
on par.
v This movement established the clear reconciliation of the people and political leaders of Telangana
of the necessity of full fledged emotional, social ,economic geographical & cultural integration of
the two regions. This sentiment further manifested itself as the next decade has been one of total
harmony between the people of different regions in the state.
v During the next 28 years, i.e until year 2001, there arose no problem in the state with regard to
separate statehood Telangana.
v In the context of the 1969 Telangana Movement & 1972 Jai Andhra Movement, the then Prime
Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi stated categorically in the house of the Parliament , that creation of
separate states can NEVER be an acceptable solution for addressing some backwardness, economic
differences or momentary emotions.
4.3. Telugu Unity & Emergence of NTR
v Though the people of Andhra Pradesh fully integrated in the previous decade, they were nursing a
hurt by Central Government and Congress High Command’s Monopoly and the ill treatment meted
out to Andhra Pradesh Chief Ministers.
v The tendency of the Congress High Command showing scant respect to the Federal Spirit of the
Constitution further aggravated their hurt. This found an outlet in the form of Nandamuri Taraka
Rama Rao who floated Telugudesam Party in the year 1982 main plank was Self Respect of
‘Telugus’, which receives tremendous support from all regions including Telangana.
v Within just 9 months NTR came to power winning 220 seats and created a world record.
v The mandate given to NTR established the Telugu unity and unanimity between people of all
regions of Andhra Pradesh
v The arrival of NTR also heralded an unprecedented social change in Andhra Pradesh. He has
actively contributed to the dilution of feudal system and weaker and backward sections gained
greater access to power especially in Telangana region.
v In 1984 some Telangana NGOs complained about violations in the Vth & VIth Zonal recruitments
and injustice meted out to some employees of Telangana as a result.
v After deliberations by an All Party Committee, NTR issued GO.610 on 30.12.1985 as a corrective
measure.
v Subsequently ,during NTR’s tenure NO Demand for Telangana was ever made.
v In 1994, Sri.NTR was once again voted to power.
v A staunch supporter of Telugu Unity : Sri.P.V.Narasimha Rao
v Sri.P.V.Narasimha Rao a Telanganite, Scholar, Visionary and a symbol of Telugu Unity needs a
special mention in this context. He contested from Nandyal Parliamentary Constituency in
Rayalaseema region and the then Coastal Andhra Chief Minister Sri. NTR decided not to field any
candidate of his party TDP, opposite him to honor him. Sri.P.V.Narasimha Rao won with a margin
of 5.5 lakh votes which is a world record. This incident speaks volumes about the emotional
integration of Telugus and shows the hollowness of the argument that Political Leaders from
Telangana did not enjoy the support of Andhra leaders.
v It is pertinent in this context to recall that since the time Telangana had first merged with Andhra
in 1956 up until his last, Sri.P.V. always subscribed strongly to the Unity of Telugus and the cause of
Visalandhra.
1992
v 1992: Sri.Jana Reddy raised the Telangana demand for a brief period. His speech is available in the
Assembly records too. Subsequently when he was accommodated in the then Sri.K. Vijaya Bhaskar
Reddy cabinet, he gave up the issue. ( Curiously , he yet again joined the T‐Bogey, after he could
not find place in the cabinet in the 2 nd term of Dr.YSR in 2009)
199697
v Late P.Indra reddy who earlier served as the Home Minister in the NTR Cabinet, tried to start the
Separate Telangana agitation in 1996‐97 and toured Ranga Reddy, Medak, Nalgonda &
Mahboobnagar. When there was no response, he dissolved the movement and merged with
Congress. ( His wife Sabita Indra reddy is the Home Minister in the present cabinet of Chief
Minister Sri. Rosaiah.
4.4. Telangana Rashtra Samithi (2001 2009)
· Sri. Chandra Babu Naidu became the Chief Minister of AP in 1995 & again in 1999.
· Serving as the Transport Minister in Sri.Chandra Babu Naidu’s cabinet, KCR waxed eloquent the
merits of the United Andhra Pradesh, on 22 nd April 1998. Records of his comments are available in
the Assembly records.
· Subsequently in 2001, KCR was denied a cabinet birth in favor of K.Vijaya Rama Rao. Instead
given the post of Dy.Speaker. A disgruntled KCR quit TDP and looked for alternates. He was
inactive for 6 months.
· Later he has taken up the cause of Telangana. Telangana Rashtra Samithi was formed in year
2001, by Sri.K.Chandra Sekhara Rao along with few Naxal sympathizers, with a Single Point
Agenda of getting Separate Statehood for Telangana.
· During the tenure of Sri.Chandrababu Naidu , development was lopsided, emphasis was given to
Information Technolgy and Agriculture was subject to total neglect. This has seriously affected
the farmers , artisans & weavers across Andhra Pradesh. Lack of rainfall and severe drought
conditions further aggravated the situation.
· In Telangana region, since there is greater dependence on bore wells for geographic reasons, the
problem became more severe. Added to this aggressive privatization during this time resulted in
loss of several jobs for people.
· Besides , stringent measures to suppress the Naxalbari Movement, this time also saw several
encounters and sympathizers of the Naxal movement looking for shelter.
· KCR channeled this dissatisfaction and anger against the Government in different quarters into a
Movement for Separate Statehood for Telangana.
· At that time in 2001, Congress was getting desperate to get back into power in the state.
Dr.YSR raked up the T Bogey and got some MLAs from Telangana region to sign in
support of separate Telangana.
· In 2004 , Congress under the leadership of Dr.YSR in AP entered into an electoral alliance with
TRS. Congress gave 42 seats to TRS out of which TRS won in 26. Out of the 6 MP seats allotted to
TRS , it won 5. This was the peak of TRS.
· However, during the peak of its popularity TRS lost deposits in Telangana District of Khammam
to Communist Party which is a staunch supporter of Unified Andhra Pradesh showing limitations
of TRS’ popularity.
· In the 2004 elections , after winning the elections , Dr.YSR pushed the Telangana issue to the
back burner. Between 2004‐2009 the T‐issue got diluted.
· Even KCR got and some of his colleagues got cabinet berths at the Centre. Some sections raised
objections to the way KCR manipulated people for his political gains.
· Meanwhile 9 of his 26 MLAs revolted against KCR’s leadership and his nepotistic attitude.
· For fear of being exposed and under pressure at one point, KCR got his remaining 17 MLAs to
resign demanding formation of Telangana and unilaterally declared that the resultant bi‐
elections’ verdict would be a referendum on Telangana. TRS lost 7 of their previously held
constituencies of the 17.
· Rosaiah committee: On March 4, 2009, just before the 2009 General Elections , Dr.YSR set up
Rosaiah committee to study all issues relevant with reference to demand for Separate Telangana
state.
· The terms of reference for this committee were 1. Indentification of economic issues that propel
Telangana sentiment & facts related to employment, exploitation of resources. 2.Concerns of
Minorities 3.Status of MigrantPopulation in Hyderabad Metropolitan Area. 4.Concerns of
Migrant population in rest of Telangana (Except Hyderabad) 5. Maoists & Terrorist Activities in
the context of Telangana. 6. Modalities for sharing of River waters vis‐à‐vis existing situation. 7.
Infrastructure & Services at State Capital, Relocation & Consequential issues. 8.Issues regarding
existing demands for separate states within AP 9. Strategy for harmonious development of all
regions of AP in the event of formation of Telangana.
· In 2009, Congress broke their earlier poll‐alliance with TRS and chose to contest Elections on
their own on a United Andhra Plank. Congress won 50 seats in Telangana region.
· At the same time, in year 2009 , taking cue from the earlier strategy of YSR , Chandra Babu
Naidu’s TDP along with the left parties CPI & CPM formed an alliance with TRS. TDP changed its
Pro‐ United AP stand and supported TRS promising Telangana. TRS contested in 45 seats with
TDP’s support. Yet TRS won only 10 MLA seats & 2 MP seats. .This was a major loss of face for
TRS & KCR and established the real support enjoyed by the Separate Statehood demand.
· The decline of popularity of TRS and its objectives were so steep that, subsequently when
Elections were held to the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation in November 2009, the TRS
could not even muster courage to contest in a single ward of the 150 wards.
· Yet again , pushed to an almost imminent political oblivion, KCR was desperately looking to
resurrect his political career.
· During this time , Dr.YSR’s untimely demise in plane crash in September 2009, resulted in
political instability in the state. Coincidentally , Supreme Court gave a verdict in October 2009,
on an earlier dispute, upholding Hyderabad as Free Zone for Police recruitments. This naturally
ruffled few feathers in Telangana.
· KCR used all these factors to again rake up passions and went on a fast unto death for Separate
Telangana towards end of November’09.
· The supposed fast unto death turned out to be a farce with KCR voluntarily consuming fruit
juices, which visuals were televised repeatedly. This has hurt the feelings of Telangana and
Students raised slogans against KCR.
· To escape their wrath, KCR resumed fast. During this time emotions ran high among the students
and some disgruntled employees in Telangana added fuel to this. Government failure in
effectively handling the situation coupled with Police high handedness in certain situations in
the University campuses complicated the matters further.
· It was at this time the Students threatened to lay seize to the Assembly on 9 th December.
· In this scenario, Chief Minister Sri. Rosaiah called for an All Party Meeting to elicit opinion on the
issue of Telangana. On this particular occasion, largely clouded by this perception created by
these vested interests on the separate statehood, even Political Parties in the state failed to
accurately gauge the Public mood on the issue of separation. Hence almost all Political Parties
that participated in the All Party meet of 7 th Dec’09 convened by Sri.Rosaiah Chief Minister of AP
endorsed the idea to introduce a resolution on Telangana, in the Assembly.
· Basing on the opinion expressed in this meeting the Central Government immediately, on 9 th
December announced that Process for formation of Separate Telangana is being initiated.
· In the aftermath of the Statement made by Sri.P.Chidambaram on behalf of the Central
Government on the night of 9 th December’2009 at 1130 PM, tremendous opposition to the idea
of bifurcation of state has erupted from an outstanding majority of people in Andhra Pradesh.
The developments that followed pushed the state into a huge political turmoil, necessitating
Sri.Krishna Committee to examine the situation.
4.5. Movement for United Andhra Pradesh – Post 9 th Dec’2009
· One of the reasons why it seems there had been no major resistance to the Pro‐ Telangana
campaign of the T‐ Bogey before the 9 th of December is because United Andhra Pradesh has been
very much a reality and a settled fact for the last fifty 50 years . United AP sustained successfully
despite some disgruntling noises. When there emerged a real threat to this situation the
common man reacted.
· Instantly, Hundreds of thousands of people voluntarily undertook agitations, dharnas and other
forms of protests against the statement of the Central Government. Businesses came to a stand
still. Academic institutions could not function.
· The people of the State do not see any merit in the uni‐dimensional arguments of the T‐Bogey.

They are also hurt by the constant disparaging remarks of certain leaders against the Andhrites
and the malicious intent of certain elements to create rift between them and their Telangana
brothers. The people of Rayalaseema & Andhra contributed more than fairly and have actually
been magnanimous in their understanding of higher allocations to Telangana in some aspects
like power and irrigation projects etc., They have in the larger context, been appreciative of
infrastructure mainly developing in Hyderabad in Telangana, but at this time, they have taken
upon themselves to bring out the truth and to strive to keep united the State of Andhra Pradesh
in the larger interest of all Telugu speaking people.
· They clearly know that if the state had indeed been divided in 1972 at the time of the Jai‐ Andhra

movement, Andhra region too would have had 37 years to build the kind of infrastructure and
gain the prominence that Hyderabad has witnessed. And at that time there was consensus about
the oneness of the state. And now they furiously opposed the present attempt being made, to
separate the state, by divisive forces and self serving politicians, after such a long gap when
integration has taken place in all spheres between the two regions, completely unacceptable.
· The resultant movement has been massive and unlike anything seen in the last 50 years to keep
a state and its people united.
5. Development 19562009 / Economic Perspective
The basic purpose of development is to enlarge people's choices. In principle these choices can be infinite
and can change over time. People often value achievements that do not show up at all, or not
immediately, in income or growth figures: greater access to knowledge, better nutrition and health
services, more secure livelihoods, security against crime and physical violence, satisfying leisure hours,
political and cultural freedoms and sense of participation in community activities. The objective of
development is to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives."
Mahbub ul Haq
Founder of the Human Development Report
Tables Index
1. Andhra Pradesh Human Development Report 2007
2. Income District wise Per Capita Report AP 1955‐56; 1996‐97; 2006‐07
3. Inter District variation Index & Rankings‐ Agriculture, Infrastructure, Socio‐Economic Development
Indian Society of Agricultural Statistics Report
4. Education
LITERATE POPULATION, DISTRICT‐WISE, 2001 CENSUS
Percentage of Literacy 1951‐2005
School Education
Region wise/District wise –Schools; Teachers; Enrolment; 2008‐09
College Education
Region wise Junior Colleges/Degree Colleges/Universities 2008‐09
5. Health
Health & Medical Facilities 1955‐56 & 2006‐07
Region wise Government Medical facilities –Allopathic, 200809
PHCs, No. of Beds, Regular Doctors, Contract Doctors
Drinking Water: Region wise Budget Allocations 2004‐09
6. Irrigation
Area Irrigated by Sources District Wise 2008‐09
Gross and Net Area irrigated (1956‐57 & 2007‐08) (in Hectares)
Percentage of Net Irrigated area to total Net Area Sown (in %)
Budget allocations for Jalayagnam 2004‐05‐06‐07
Region wise –Per Capita Food production ( in Kgs per person) between 1955‐58 & 1998‐2001
7. Agriculture
Rice Area & Output 1955‐56 & 2006‐07
Sugar cane Area Out Put 1955‐56 & 2006‐07
Cotton Area Out Put 1955‐56 & 2006‐07
8. Electricity
District wise Per Capita Consumption of Electricity 2007‐08‐2008‐09
Rural Electrification (Total No. of Villages Electrified)
Total Power Consumption in MU 1961& 2008 ‐ 2009
Industrial power consumption in 1961 & 2008 (in Million Units)
9. Industry
Workers in registered factories 1961‐ 2005
Number of registered factories
Employment created in Industrial Sector 2004‐05, 2005‐06
Employment created in Information Technology Sector 1997‐2004, 2005‐06
10. Infrastructure
Roads
Motor Vehicles ( In Numbers)
Telangana Development scenario 19562009
v Examination of the facts tells us that, Andhra Pradesh was created combining the less developed
areas of the former States of Madras and Hyderabad.
v The erstwhile Princely State of Hyderabad contributed the least developed region. The State of
Hyderabad had the lowest indices for human development in the South.
v The areas covered by Telangana, which became part of Andhra Pradesh, were even less developed

than most of the other areas. Literacy in Telangana was low not only in comparison to the other parts
of the former State of Hyderabad, but was amongst the lowest in the entire country.
v In the thus formed Andhra Pradesh , the State was behind the All India Average in many respects,

including food grains production, net area sown, crop intensity, infrastructure, electricity generation,
per capita electricity consumption, length of roads, black top roads, motor vehicles, medical
institutions, hospital beds, life expectancy, human development
v The population in 1951 in the areas that now constitute the state was 311.2 lakhs, 8.6 % of the
population of the Indian Union in that year.
v The net area sown in the triennium starting with 1950‐51 was 36.8 % of the total geographical area of
the state as against 41.8 5 for the Union.
v Cropping Intensity was also lower in the state was 1.08 versus 1.11 for the country.
v The out put of food grains in the state , in the triennium starting 1950‐51 was 38.5 lakh tonnes ,
which was 7.5 % of the out put in the country, less than population or area.
v The position in respect of infrastructure is still worse.
v The electricity generation capacity in the state was 43 MWs, less than 2 percent of that in country.
v The Per Capita consumption of Electricity (3KWH) was less than a quarter of that for All India (13
KWH)
v The length of all roads in the state per 100 sq.km was 6 km, half of that in the Union.
v The black top roads per sq.km was worse (0.2 vs 0.7)
v However, despite the inherent shortcomings at the time of formation, AP still has progressed
significantly in the last 50 years can be seen from the fact that the State’s position vis‐à‐vis All India
averages improved considerably in respect of a number of these indicators and also in comparison
with several other states across India.
v Also within AP, all relevant data and statistics, clearly and irrefutably establishes that
Telangana region has been on a growth trajectory along with other regions of Andhra
Pradesh ever since 1956. In fact Telangana achieved much greater progress in certain
aspects than anticipated, than the other two regions.
v While in fact Telangana region has achieved greater rate of development, the North Coastal
Andhra & Rayalaseema regions have lagged behind. This fact is grossly under acknowledged and in
fact various groups from these regions are trying hard to draw attention to their cases.
v Contentions of Regional bias in Budget Allocations
v It may be pertinent here to refer to a writ ( 4412 of 2007) pending before the Honorable High
Court of Judicature of Andhra Pradesh, filed by the Rayalaseema Rights United Forum has
submitted that Successive Governments of A.P have perennially pampering and appeasing
people of Telangana, under the guise of development for vote bank politics, without considering
the rightful priorities of the other region and thereby pushing the same ( i.e Coastal and
Rayalaseema ) into stagnation, greater backwardness and retrogression, thus violating the
fundamental rights guaranteed under Art. 14,15,16,21, and Art.371 D and also Art.309 of
Constitution of India.
v The writ cites the principle for calculation of surplus agreed upon by the Telangana Regional
Committee and the then State Government, where it was laid down that receipts and
expenditure from common sources will be divided in the proportion of 2:1 between Andhra and
Telangana.
v According to the census of 1951, the population of Telangana region was about one half of that
of the area forming Andhra Region. This is the principal reason for applying the proportion of
2:1 between Andhra & Telangana.
v The writ states that ‘A perusal of the development expenditure statements for a period of twelve
years 1956‐1968, indicates that Telangana had been given more than its due share. Justice
Bhargava Committee also observes the same in its report.’
v It is further stated that such favorable bias towards Telangana continues till date and cites two
more instances:
v “The development expenditure also should be in the ratio of 2:1 between Andhra & Telangana.
But the relative allocated share in the total expenditure for the periods of 2004‐2005 to 2006‐
2007 by the state was nearly 55% in favor of Telangana. Therefore , instead of 2:1 ratio,
allocations have been made approximately in 1:2 ratio between Andhra & Telangana.”
v Similarly the writ recalls the then Chief Minister Dr.YSR’s speech on 19 th Dec’2006, on the floor
of the assembly, where in he stated that the Union ‘s Human Resource Development Ministry had
sanctioned one IIT for Andhra Pradesh and requested to identify suitable land for setting it up.
v The Union Government finally agreed to set up the IIT at Medak in Telangana region And Dr. YSR
had stated that he believes that the location of IIT in Medak District will help to develop
backward parts of Telangana providing opportunities to our youngsters to pursue quality
education.
v The Andhra Pradesh Government instead of showing three different locations in the three regions
viz., Coastal Andhra , Rayalaseema & Telangana, has shown all the three locations in Telangana only
and thereby depriving the scope for quality education through allotment of technical and prestigious
colleges to the other 2 regions of Andhra Pradesh.”
v The representatives of the backward regions often attribute the cause of their backwardness as
neglect on the part of the rulers of the State, who are from the other regions.
v *It is interesting to note in this context that the Chief Ministers hailing from Rayalaseema ruled
Andhra Pradesh for the longest period of time. (Rayalaseema CMs tenure in office 23 yrs 302 Days)
Yet Rayalaseema continues to be more backward than regions in Andhra Pradesh. And from the
above , we also understand that the leaders from Rayalaseema in no way favored their region but in
fact endeavored to favor Telangana
v These facets bring out the real picture about the development pattern in Andhra Pradesh and need to
be examined to arrive at the overall scenario.
Human Development Index 2007
As per Economic theory, the Human Development Index is a composite indicator. It covers three
dimensions of Human welfare namely Income, Education & Health. The HDI is a barometer for a change
in human well being and for comparing progress of different regions. It is not only interpersonal but also
inter regional and inter district.
UNDP has been releasing Annual Human Development Index Reports. For the year 2007, the
development rankings of various districts in Andhra Pradesh shows that among the top 10 districts in
development 5 are from Coastal Andhra Pradesh, 4 from Telangana and 1 from Rayalaseema.
While in the five districts scoring the least in Human Development, there are two districts from
Rayalaseema, two districts are from North Coastal Andhra and only one district Mahboobnagar from
Telangana.
1. Andhra Pradesh Human Development Report 2007
Human Human
Development Index Poverty Index
Index value Rank District Index value Rank
0.717 1 Hyderabad 0.213 1
0.623 2 Krishna 0.399 3
0.61 3 Ranga Reddy 0.369 2
0.607 4 West Godavari 0.449 5
0.599 5 Guntur 0.428 4
0.586 6 East Godavari 0.465 9
0.573 7 Karimnagar 0.452 7
0.565 8 Nellore 0.466 10
0.559 9 Khammam 0.5 16
0.558 10 Chittoor 0.461 8
0.553 11 Vishakapatnam 0.504 17
0.55 12 Medak 0.498 15
0.536 13 Kadapa 0.451 6
0.532 14 Prakasam 0.494 13
0.514 15 Waramgal 0.492 12
0.504 16 Nizamabad 0.47 11
0.488 17 Adilabad 0.514 19
0.481 18 Nlagonda 0.513 18
0.473 19 Kurnool 0.494 14
0.458 20 Ananthapur 0.515 20
0.453 21 Srikakulam 0.566 21
0.402 22 Vizayanagaram 0.597 23
0.397 23 Mahaboob Nagar 0.592 22
Source: Andhra Pradesh Human Development Report 2007.
2. District wise Per Capita IncomeAP an Important indicator of Economic Development
195556 199607 200607

1 Guntur 336 1 Medak 11208 1 Hyderabad 35776
2 Krishna 302 2 Visakhapatnam 10896 2 Visakhapatnam 33980
3 Hyderabad 273 3 Krishna 10000 3 Rangareddy 31021
4 West Godavari 265 4 Rangareddy 9983 4 Medak 28431
5 Nizamabad 260 5 Guntur 9927 5 Krishna 28057
6 East Godavari 254 6 Khammam 9485 6 East Godavari 25764
7 Kurnool 245 7 Nellore 9295 7 Karimnagar 25338
8 Anantapur 235 8 Karimnagar 9149 8 Khammam 24814
9 Nellore 229 9 Hyderabad 9009 9 Prakasam 24679
10 Kadapa 224 10 West Godavari 8649 10 West Godavari 24611
11 Chittoor 199 11 Chittoor 8588 11 Guntur 23285
12 Adilabad 198 12 East Godavari 8524 12 Nellore 23139
13 Karimnagar 196 13 Nalgonda 8142 13 Nalgonda 21757
14 Srikakulam 188 14 Prakasam 8110 14 Adilabad 21118
15 Nalgonda 187 15 Kurnool 7818 15 Chittoor 19179
16 Mahboobnagar 184 16 Anantapur 7815 16 Kadapa 18960
17 Medak 179 17 Kadapa 7749 17 Kurnool 18610
18 Khammam 175 18 Nizamabad 7244 18 Nizamabad 18469
19 Visakhapatnam 167 19 Adilabad 7001 19 Warangal 18376
20 Warangal 147 20 Vizianagaram 6618 20 Mahboobnagar 18337
21 Warangal 6612 21 Anantapur 18010
22 Srikakulam 5844 22 Vizianagaram 17910
23 Mahboobnagar 5787 23 Srikakulam 16751
Statistics Source: Statistical Abstracts 1955‐56; 1996‐97; 2006‐07
· The District wise per capita comparison, establishes that Telangana districts have made steady
ascent in per‐capita growth in the last 50 years.
· It is very clear that while in 1955‐56, 7 (Seven) Districts from Telangana region are in the last 9
(Nine) Districts at the bottom.
· Whereas by 1996‐97, this number has come down to 4 districts in the last 9.
· By 2006‐07, in a gap of 10 years, only 3 districts from Telangana are in the last 9.
· And even these three are above 2 districts from Coastal Andhra & 1 district from Rayalaseema.
· During this period Srikakulam which was at 14th Position has gone down to 22nd in 1996‐97 and
23rd in 2006‐07
· Ananthapur which was at 8th place in 1955‐56, has come down to 16th place in 1996‐97 and to 21st
place by 2006‐07
3. Indian Society of Agricultural Statistics –New Delhi
Report on agriculture, & Infrastructure, Socio‐economic development
in different districts ‐ 2009
District Agriculture Infrastructure Socio‐economic

development
CI Rank CI Rank CI Rank
Srikakulam 0.73 11 0.65 6 0.68 7
Vizayanagaram 0.76 14 0.67 8 0.71 9
Vishakapatnam 0.87 21 0.72 12 0.78 18
East Godavari 0.65 5 0.64 5 0.66 3
West Godavari 0.61 2 0.6 1 0.61 1
Krishan 0.64 4 0.75 16 0.73 11
Guntur 0.6 1 0.68 10 0.68 6
Prakasam 0.71 10 0.75 17 0.75 14
Nellore 0.68 6 0.65 7 0.61 5
Chittoor 0.77 15 0.63 3 0.69 8
Kadapa 0.8 16 0.73 13 0.77 16
Anantapur 0.83 17 0.82 20 0.84 20
Karnool 0.83 18 0.81 19 0.83 19
Hyderabad
Mahaboob Nagar 0.84 19 0.86 21 0.87 21
Ranga Reddy 0.87 22 1 22 0.99 22
Medak 0.76 13 0.68 9 0.72 10
Nizamabad 0.69 9 0.64 4 0.67 4
Adilabad 0.86 20 0.7 11 0.76 15
Karimnagar 0.64 3 0.61 2 0.63 2
Waramgal 0.73 12 0.77 18 0.77 17
Khammam 0.69 7 0.74 15 0.74 13
Nalgonda 0.69 8 0.74 14 0.74 12
Source: Indian Society of Agricultural Statistics, New Delhi‐ C.I Composite Index.
InterDistrict Variation of Socioeconomic Development in Andhra Pradesh
The Indian Society of Agricultural Statistics , New Delhi has published a report, in year 2009,on the disparities
in agriculture, infrastructure , and socio‐economic development between districts of AP.
They prepared a composite index, on the basis of 50 different parameters considered and ranked the
position of each of the districts. The capital city of Hyderabad was exempted from this study. The study is
conducted in the State of Andhra Pradesh where the district level data on socioeconomic variables for the
year 2001‐02 are analyzed for estimating the level of development.
DEVELOPMENTAL INDICATORS
Development is a multidimensional process and its impact cannot be fully captured by a single indicator. A
number of indicators when analyzed individually do not provide an integrated and easily comprehensible
picture of reality. Hence, there is a need for building up of a composite index of development based on
optimum combination of all the indicators. Each district faces situational factors of development unique to it
as well as common administrative and financial factors.
Basing on the composite points for each districts and depending on the extent of development four
categories namely ,1. High,2. High Middle 3. Low Middle & 4. Low categories have been created.
In Agriculture , out of 12 districts in the first category, 7 are from Coastal Andhra , 5 are from Telangana,
while no district from Rayalaseema finds a place.
In infrastructure, out of 13 districts in the first category, 7 are from Coastal Andhra, 4 from Telangana, 2 from
Rayalaseema.In the second category of 9 districts, 2 are from Coastal Andhra, 2 from Rayalaseema & 2 from
Telangana.
In socio‐economic development, out of 13 districts in the first category , 8 are from Coastal Andhra, 4 are
from Telangana, 1 district is from Rayalaseema.
In the second category having the remaining 9 districts, 2 are from Coastal Andhra, 4 from Telangana, and 3
from Rayalaseema.
According to this report, certain districts in Rayalaseema and Telangana are lagging behind in Infrastructure &
Soci‐ Economic development.
Finally, the report identified 4 districts as model backward districts, 2 from Rayalaseema & 2 from Telangana
and suggested specific solution and development objectives.
The level of development of different districts of Andhra Pradesh was obtained with the help of composite
index based on optimum combination of fifty socio‐economic indicators. The district‐wise data in respect of
these fifty indicators were utilized for 22 districts of the State.
The level of development was estimated separately for agricultural sector, infrastructural facilities and overall
socio‐economic sector. The district of West Godavari was ranked first in overall socio‐economic development
and the district of Guntur was found on the first position in respect of agricultural development. Wide
disparities were observed in the level of development among different districts. Infrastructural facilities were
found to be positively associated with the level of developments in agricultural sector and overall socio‐
economic field. Agricultural development was influencing the overall socio‐economic development in the
positive direction.
Developmental indicators common to all the districts have been included in the analysis. Composite indices
of development have been obtained by using the data on these indicators.
01. Percentage forest area
02. Percentage net area sown
03. Percentage of net area sown more than once
04. Percentage area irrigated
05. Fertilizer consumption (kg/ha)
06. Cropping intensity
07. Yield rate of rice (kg/ha)
08. Yield rate of groundnut
09. Yield rate of sugarcane
10. Yield rate of cotton
11. Yield rate of chillies
12. Yield rate of total foodgrains
13. Per capita area of operational holdings
14. Number of cattle (per lakh population)
15. Number of buffaloe (per lakh population)
16. Number of sheep (per lakh population)
17. Number of goat (per lakh population)
18. Number of poultry (per lakh population)
19. Production of milk (per lakh population)
20. Production of eggs (per lakh population)
21. Production of meat (per lakh population)
22. Hand operated implements (‘000 no.) (per lakh population)
23. Animal operated implements (‘000 no.) (per lakh population)
24. Percentage of cultivators
25. Percentage of agricultural labourers
26. Work participation rate
27. Percentage of workers engaged in the non‐agricultural activities
28. Percentage of SC population
29. Percentage of ST population
30. Decennial growth rate of population (1991‐2001)
31. Sex ratio
32. Population density (No. of persons per square km.of area)
33. Rural literacy rate
34. Total literacy rate (rural + urban)
35. Number of primary schools (per lakh population)
36. Teacher‐pupil ratio
37. Drop out rates (Class I‐V)
38. Percentage of urban population
39. Annual birth rate
40. Annual death rate
41. Number of PHC and medical dispensaries (per lakh population)
42. Number of doctors (per lakh population)
43. Number of factories (per lakh population)
44. Number of post offices (per lakh population)
45. Road length (per 1000 sq.km. of area)
46. Average population per bank (in ‘000)
47. Credit/Deposit ratio
48. Number of beneficiaries under WSHP (per lakh population)
49. GDP at current prices
50. GDP at constant prices
Backward Districts
v From the Human Development Index, District‐wise Per Capita Report & Agriculture , Infrastructure &
Socio‐economic Indexes it is evident that In Andhra Pradesh, though there are some backward districts,
in each region of AP, be it Telangana, Coastal Andhra or Rayalaseema, there is no one particular region
that can be called per se as a Backward Region.
A region with some back ward district can not be termed as a backward region as a whole. Hence the
specific conditions that prevented development of socio‐economic infrastructure should be examined
and addressed to bring the backward districts on par with the developed ones.
v This can be understood as below:
There is a natural tendency of the economic opportunity to flow to or be appropriated by the well
endowed. The playing field may be level but the starting points are not uniform. Liberalization and
market led development will therefore have a natural tendency to favor the accelerate growth in
areas more conducive and as a result slow down growth in less conducive areas. Consequently this
increases disparities both individual and regional, or intra‐regional. To counter this, a deliberate
policy to reduce regional, intra‐regional disparities is needed.
In India, particularly after the 1991 economic reforms, the private investment played a significant

role in placing a thrust on development.
v This has enabled the developed regions to achieve accelerated economic growth during the 1990s.

On the other hand, backward regions of the country, which were unable to attract any significant
private investment flows, experienced decelerated economic growth during this period.
v The backward regions, to be attractive to the private investors, have to improve their infrastructure
facilities, both economic and social, considerably. Besides introducing various incentives as public
policies to direct private investments to backward regions.
v Historical legacy is an important factor explaining certain differences in the levels of Development in
the Telangana region where a long history of feudal regime has given rise to deprivation and social
exclusion of the large number of weaker sections. This has resulted in inadequate Social & Economic
infrastructure.
v The Naxal Movement which was very strong for over two decades till the mid‐1990s has resulted in
the deterioration of the law and order situation and further alienated the region from witnessing
faster development.
v Studies by apex industry associations indicate that prospective investors give higher weight‐age to
law & order situation , social & economic infrastructure, than incentives offered by the State
governments.
v Besides Historic & Political reasons, Policy failures by successive governments in respect of
investment priorities, restructuring of institutions for ensuring equitable access to productive assets
such as land and credit and for empowering people among other things by strengthening the
Panchayathi Raj institutions have prevented accelerated growth in the society.
v With a combination of public policies and private initiatives, States can be successful in reducing
inter and intra‐regional disparities in economic and social development even when there is
substantial variation in the natural endowments in different parts of the State.
v Creation of new States, certainly, cannot be a solution to disparities in some pockets of various
regions. It is important to recognize such intra‐State regional disparities explicitly and tackle them
through special efforts like setting up regional development boards.
4. EDUCATION
4.1 LITERATE POPULATION, DISTRICT‐WISE, 2001 CENSUS
No. of Literates Literacy Rate
Sl.No District
Males Females Total Males Females Total
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
1. Srikakulam 7,31,778 4,85,881 12,17,659 67.2 43.7 55.3
2. Vizianagaram 6,05,038 3,92,444 9,97,482 62.4 39.9 51.1
3. Visakhapatnam 11,71,082 8,31,234 20,02,316 69.7 50.1 60.0
4. East Godavari 15,04,676 13,03,052 28,07,728 70.0 60.9 65.5
5. West Godavari 13,08,598 11,50,224 24,58,822 78.0 69.0 73.5
6. Krishna 13,86,261 11,53,713 25,39,974 74.4 63.2 68.8
7. Guntur 14,07,402 10,48,563 24,55,965 71.2 53.7 62.5
8. Prakasam 9,38,482 5,93,644 15,32,126 69.4 45.1 57.4
9. Nellore 8,66,975 6,55,891 15,22,866 73.7 56.4 65.1
10. Chittoor 12,73,940 9,03,050 21,76,990 77.6 55.8 66.8
11. Kadapa 8,67,054 5,53,698 14,20,752 75.8 49.5 62.8
12. Ananthapur 11,04,042 6,70,046 17,74,088 68.4 43.3 56.1
13. Kurnool 10,03,659 5,88,513 15,92,172 66.0 40.0 53.2
14. Mahabubnagar 8,50,414 4,67,107 13,17,521 56.6 31.9 44.4
15. Ranga Reddy 11,92,100 8,42,281 20,34,381 75.3 56.5 66.2
16. Hyderabad 14,49,602 11,85,347 26,34,949 83.7 73.5 78.8
17. Medak 7,38,208 4,32,926 11,71,134 64.3 38.7 51.6
18. Nizamabad 6,42,996 4,01,792 10,44,788 64.9 39.5 52.0
19. Adilabad 6,88,072 4,24,117 11,12,189 65.0 40.3 52.7
20. Karimnagar 10,13,328 6,47,761 16,61,089 67.1 42.7 54.9
21. Warangal 9,73,527 6,22,218 15,95,745 68.9 45.1 57.1
22. Khammam 7,45,679 5,22,265 12,67,944 66.1 74.4 56.9
23. Nalgonda 9,81,875 6,13,768 15,95,643 69.2 44.7 57.2
ANDHRA PRADESH 2,34,44,788 1,64,89,535 3,99,34,323 70.32 50.43 60.47
Source: Final Totals, Census of India, 2001 issued by Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh.
While several districts in Telangana still lag behind in Literacy as per the 2001 census, the growth when
compared to the scenario in 1951‐52 is significant and is greater than the growth rate in Andhra,
Rayalseema regions as shown below.
4.2 Region wise‐ Percentage of Literacy
Region 1951‐52 2005‐06 % Growth

Andhra &
Rayalaseema
13.4 61.3 356.8
Telangana 9.3 57.07 513.7
Source‐ Statistical Abstract Andhra Pradesh – 1952; 2006
· Between 1951‐52 and 2005‐06, the percentage of Literacy in Telangana has grown by 513.7%,
while for the corresponding period the growth is 356.8% in Andhra & Rayalaseema.
4.3 School Education
No. of Schools Enrolment No of Teachers

Region % % %
1955‐56 2006‐07 1955‐56 2006‐07 1955‐56 2006‐07
Growth Growth Growth
Andhra &
Rayalaseema
21764 55493 154.98 2151897 7194382 234.33 73318 168967 130.46
Telangana 7938 40687 412.56 644991 6553660 916.09 23922 111515 366.16
Source‐ Statistical Abstract Andhra Pradesh ‐1956;2007
· The No.of Schools in Telangana grew by 412.56% between 1955‐56 & 2006‐07, while for the
corresponding period the growth is 154.98 % in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions
· Enrolment in schools in Telangana grew by 916.09% between 1955‐56 & 2006‐07, while for the
corresponding period the growth is 234.33% in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions
· The No.of Teachers in Telangana grew by 366.16% between 1955‐56 & 2006‐07, while for the
4.4 Region‐wise Schools –A.P 2008‐09
Region Primary Upper High.Schools Higher TOTAL

Primary Secondary
Telangana 25767 6533 9129 52 41481
Coastal Andhra 26686 5289 5405 37 37417
Rayalaseema 13156 3130 2842 11 19139
Total 65609 14952 17376 100 98037
Source‐ Statistical Abstract Andhra Pradesh ‐2009
· Telangana region has the highest no. of 41,481 schools , as opposed to 37,417 in Coastal Andhra
& 19,139 in Rayalaseema.
4.5 Region wise Teachers – A.P 2008‐09
Teachers 200809
Upper Higher
Region Primary Primary High.Schools Secondary TOTAL
211
Telangana 82,686 43,297 83,190 2434 ,607
Coastal 157
Andhra 66,943 32,795 56,886 1363 ,987
79,
Rayalaseema 33,568 18,569 27082 330 549
449
Total 183197 94661 167158 4127 419
· Telangana region has the highest no. of 2,11,607 Teachers , as opposed to 157,987 in Coastal Andhra
& 79,549 in Rayalaseema.
4.6 Region wise Enrolment – A.P 2008‐09
Enrolment 200809
Upper High Higher
Region Primary Primary Schools Secondary TOTAL
Telangana 2,740,801 1150292 25,75,658 44730 6511481
Coastal Andhra 1,941,958 821,227 18,85,205 35,547 4883937
Rayalaseema 1,003,156 511779 9,09,100 5680 2429715
Total 5,685,915 2483298 5369963 85957 13,625,133
· Telangana region has the highest no. of 65,11,481 enrolments , as opposed to 48,83,837 in Coastal
Andhra & 24,29,715 in Rayalaseema
District wise Schools‐ AP 2008‐09
S
.NO DISTRICT SCHOOLS
Primar Upper High Higher
y Primary Schools Secondary TOTAL
1 Adilabad 3,308 703 715 0 4,726
2 Nizamabad 1,846 510 680 1 3,037
3 Karimnagar 2,714 893 1,186 2 4,795
4 Medak 2,244 596 714 3 3,557
5 Hyderabad 1,526 392 1,090 15 3,023
6 Ranga Reddy 2,524 776 1,231 24 4,555
7 Mahbubnagar 3,023 870 835 1 4,729
8 Nalgonda 2,929 520 1,005 2 4,456
9 Warangal 3,010 635 1,068 1 4,714
10 Khammam 2,643 638 605 3 3,889
Telangana 25,767 6533 9129 52 41,481
11 Srikakulam 2,706 812 484 2 4,004
12
Vizianagaram 2,490 435 404 2 3,331
13
Visakhapatnam 3,320 595 606 14 4,535
14 East Godavari 3,533 623 858 3 5,017
15 West Godavari 2,810 457 636 4 3,907
16 Krishna 2,729 748 672 6 4,155
17 Guntur 3,045 473 610 3 4,131
18 Prakasam 3,071 508 603 1 4,183
19 Nellore 2,982 638 532 2 4,154
TOTAL 26,686 5289 5405 37 37,417
20 Kadapa 3,303 524 696 2 4,525

21 Kurnool 2,157 829 598 2 3,586
22 Anantapur 3,150 936 650 3 4,739
23 Chittoor 4,546 841 898 4 6,289
TOTAL 13,156 3130 2842 11 19,139

District‐wise Teachers‐ AP 2008‐09
S.NO DISTRICT TEACHERS

Upper High Higher
Primary Primary Schools Secondary TOTAL
1 Adilabad 7,353 3,971 5,561 0 16,886
2 Nizamabad 6,173 3,819 5,496 17 15,507
3 Karimnagar 9,008 6,332 10,404 43 25,790
4 Medak 6,128 3,414 5,990 68 15,604
5 Hyderabad 9,719 3,051 12,271 923 25,969
6 Ranga Reddy 10,913 6,298 12,238 1,170 30,625
7 Mahbubnagar 8,358 5,218 6,981 24 20,588
8 Nalgonda 8,805 3,529 8,540 59 20,941
9 Warangal 9,788 4,431 9,952 24 24,204
10 Khammam 6,441 3,234 5,757 106 15,548
TOTAL 82,686 43,297 83,190 2434 211,607

11 Srikakulam 5,780 5,100 4,344 33 15,268
12
Vizianagaram 6,266 3,029 3,881 51 13,239
13
Visakhapatnam 7,268 3,479 6,121 765 17,646
14 East Godavari 9,533 3,944 8,976 53 22,520
15 West Godavari 7,715 3,082 7,160 131 18,103
16 Krishna 7,449 4829 8410 211 20,915
17 Guntur 8,579 2,599 6588 61 17,844
18 Prakasam 7,846 3,246 5716 24 16,850
19 Nellore 6,507 3,487 5690 34 15,737
TOTAL 66,943 32,795 56,886 1363 157,987
20 Kadapa 8,428 3,088 6543 27 18,106

21 Kurnool 7,281 5118 6085 50 18,555
22 Anantapur 7,472 5298 5741 98 18,631
23 Chittoor 10,387 5065 8713 155 24,343
TOTAL 33,568 18,569 27082 330 79,549

District‐wise Enrolment‐ AP 2008‐09
S.NO DISTRICT ENROLMENT

Upper High Higher
Primary Primary Schools Secondary TOTAL
1 Adilabad 2,30,356 1,09,693 1,94,538 0 534,586
2 Nizamabad 1,94,387 87,755 1,86,981 392 469,515
3 Karimnagar 2,65,868 1,49,194 3,01,342 1,048 717452
4 Medak 2,14,407 97,671 2,07,567 1,896 521541
5 Hyderabad 3,89,356 89,487 3,43,631 2,387 824861
6 Ranga Reddy 4,53,226 1,78,303 3,78,533 34,275 1044337
7 Mahbubnagar 2,79,679 1,58,692 2,38,159 415 676945
8 Nalgonda 2,61,518 97,015 2,58,551 1,411 618495
9 Warangal 2,79,505 1,03,242 2,75,878 446 659071
10 Khammam 1,72,519 79,240 1,90,478 2460 444697
TelanganaTotal 2,740,801 1150292 25,75,658 44730 6511481
11 Srikakulam 1,48,051 1,12,027 1,54,666 928 415672
12
Vizianagaram 1,64,870 68,466 1,38,324 975 372635
13
Visakhapatnam 2,34,533 1,02,378 2,45,154 21,266 603331
14 East Godavari 3,11,927 1,06,780 3,13,198 731 732636
15
West Godavari 2,36,813 86,204 2,34,932 2,707 560656
16 Krishna 2,45,431 1,14,417 2,50,140 6,522 616510
17 Guntur 2,31,328 78,322 2,25,455 1,303 536408
18 Prakasam 2,10,200 79,227 1,67,819 438 457684
19 Nellore 1,58,805 73,406 1,55,517 677 388405
Andhra Total 1,941,958 821,227 18,85,205 35,547 4883937
20 Kadapa 2,13,289 74,198 1,82,357 661 470505

21 Kurnool 2,81,609 1,72,856 2,32,643 1,223 688337
22 Anantapur 2,23,496 1,43,747 2,27,079 1,376 595698
23 Chittoor 2,84,762 1,20,978 2,67,021 2,420 675181
Rayalaseema
Total 1,003,156 511779 9,09,100 5680 2429715
4.7 College Education AP 2008‐09
No. of Colleges Enrolment
Region
1955‐56 2006‐07 % Growth 1955‐56 2006‐07 % Growth
Andhra &
Rayalaseema
36 2006 5472.22 32187 723151 2146.71
Telangana 15 1706 11273.333 10294 654213 6255.28
Source‐ Statistical Abstracts Andhra Pradesh ‐1955‐56 ; 2006‐07
· The No.of Colleges in Telangana grew by 112 times between 1955‐56 & 2006‐07, while for the
corresponding period the growth is 52 times in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions
· Enrolment in Colleges in Telangana grew over 62 times between 1955‐56 & 2006‐07, while for the
corresponding period the growth is 21 times in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions
4.8 Region wise Junior Colleges ‐ AP 2008‐09
Region No.of.Colleges No.of. No.of.Teachers

Total Enrolments
Telangana 1950 434028 18843

Coastal Andhra 1670 409,532 16579
Rayalaseema 644 222906 6790
Total 4,264 1,066,466 42,212
Telangana region has the highest no. of 18,843 Junior Colleges , as opposed to 16,579 in Coastal Andhra
& 6,790 in Rayalaseema
4.9 University wise Scholars ‐ AP 2008‐09
Graduates & Post Graduates Grand total
No. of
Region University Graduates Total
TELANGANA Osmania 116384 190862
Kakatiya 74478
Andhra 89188
ANDHRA Nagarjuna 70680 159868
RAYALASEEMA Sri.Venkateswara 49200
89435
Krishna Devaraya 40235
Total 440165 440165
5. Health & Medical Facilities
No. of Hospitals No. of Beds
Region
1955‐56 2006‐07 %Growth 1955‐56 2006‐07 %Growth
Andhra & 7738
Rayalaseema
169 1325 84.02 19298 149.39
Telangana 127 850 569.29 4602 16436 257.15
Source: Statistical abstracts ‐1956, 2007 & 2008, Govt.of AP
· The No.of Hospitals in Telangana grew by 569.29 % between 1955‐56 & 2006‐07, while for the
· The No.of beds in Telangana grew by 257.15 % between 1955‐56 & 2006‐07, while for the
5.1 REGION‐WISE GOVERNMENT MEDICAL FACILITIES–ALLOPATHIC‐2008‐09
( As on 31st Mar'2009 )
No. of Primary Total No.of No of Regular No of Contract

Region
Health Centres Beds Doctors Doctors
Telangana 607 17,007 3753 335
Coastal Andhra 658 14,680 3642 296
Rayalaseema 316 7372 1926 165
Total 1581 39,059 9321 796
· Telangana region has 17,007 beds in 607 Primary Health Centers, 3753 Regular Doctors, Contract
Doctors 335 , highest than the other two regions.
5.2 Drinking Water : Region wise Budget Allocations AP 2004‐09
Area 2004‐05 2005‐06 2006‐07 2007‐08 2008‐09 Total
Andhra 124.10 136.82 152.84 185.92 291.09 890.72
Rayalaseema 121.45 111.20 85.35 150.50 277.87 746.37
Telangana 311.01 255.61 305.88 241.59 382.20 1496.29

Source : AP State Budget Statistics
· Telangana was allocated Rs.1496.29 Cr for providing Drinking water during the period 2004‐09,
while this number is Rs.746.37 for Rayalaseema & Coastal Andhra was allocated 890.72 Cr.
6. IRRIGATION
v Andhra Pradesh is endowed with several natural resources‐ the chief among them being the rivers.
Two of the largest rivers in India, Krishna & Godavari flow through Andhra Pradesh. The two rivers
and their tributaries pass through other states, enter AP through Telangana region and merge into
Bay of Bengal via Coastal Andhra .
v Given India’s reliance on agriculture based economy, water is a crucial resource. As a result of this
it leads to disputes and claims over sharing the river water, between various states through which
the rivers pass.
v In the 1960s when disputes started between states of Andhra Pradesh , Maharashtra & Karnataka
over sharing of waters of Krishna & Godavari rivers, the central government appointed Justice
Bachawat tribunal to resolve the disputes.
v The Tribunal states that “In determining the equitable utilization of water ,where existing and
contemplated users are in conflict , besides other factors ,the most important factor is the
preferred position of the existing use; thus an existing use which is beneficial and not wasteful will
ordinarily prevail over a contemplated use.”
v According to this principle, Andhra Pradesh received a larger share of river water , when compared

to its catchment area and the claims of other two states Karnataka & Maharashtra were struck
down, though the catchment area is more in those states. This is evident from the tribunal award
of a highest of 800 TMC to Andhra Pradesh , 560TMC to Maharashtra, 700 TMC to Karnataka. Of
these Coastal Andhra gets 366 TMC, Rayalaseema 122 TMC & Telangana 260 TMC, while rest is
provision for evaporation, as per the tribunal.
v The T‐bogey ignoring or feigning ignorance of the binding principle on which water resources are
shared between existing and contemplated users, claims that Telangana is entitled to about 68.5%
of the 800 TMC in Krishna waters as they have a greater catchment area than Andhra region. This is
deliberate misleading of the people. A further distortion is their claim is that Telangana region is
not getting even 100 TMC of Krishna water, while it is clearly established that they are availing 260
TMC.
v Similarly , on the issue of distribution of Godavari waters between Andhra Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh & Maharshtra, Bachawat awarded 1472 TMC to Andhra Pradesh .
v Of these about 600 TMC of water is received by Godavari River at its tail end. So, even if Telangana
taps the Godavari water fully at higher altitudes of its region, it would not impact the Coastal
region’s irrigation.
v In the context of Irrigation, it is important to examine the status of Telangana & Andhra regions.
v During the British Rule (circa 1850 AD) itself, several dams were built in the Andhra region thanks
mainly to Sir Arthur Cotton. (Post formation of Andhra Pradesh, no major irrigation project meant
exclusively for Andhra region was ever built.) Prior to formation of Andhra Pradesh, Nizam Sagar is
the only major irrigation project in Telangana region. Most importantly, Telangana region is a
plateau, in high altitudes, as opposed to the Coastal Region which is lower, due to this,
gravitational forces do not provide conducive conditions for providing easy access to water for
irrigation in Telangana region.
v Irrigation projects have traditionally been undertaken based on the viability & ‘productivity test’.
v Lift Irrigation projects are always expensive and experts opine that until year 2000, Lifting water
above 30 feet was always considered technologically unviable and not feasible in terms of cost
incurred.
v However in the last 10 years, technology has become available to Lift the water up to nearly 400
feet. The maintenance cost for such projects itself comes to about Rs.30,000 per hectare. Yet, the
Government has taken up some such projects in Telangana region.
v In view of the Natural disadvantages of Telangana region, more than 50% of Funds were spent on
various irrigation projects under Jalayagnam in Telangana Region since 2004.
v The state has seen traditional agriculture methods between 1956 ‐1966.
v The State’s Agriculture witnessed considerable growth also aided by Green Revolution Movement
between 1966‐90, did suffer setbacks between 1991‐2004 due to the New Policies of the State &
Central Governments of the time. (India also became a signatory to the WTO guidelines and Dunkel
Draft during this time. In fact this had some adverse impact on Indian agriculture at large.)
v Despite all these in the last 50 years, districts like Karimnagar , Nalgonda & Warangal in Telangana
have surpassed or equaled the districts in Coastal Andhra in agriculture.
v In year 1955‐56 the Nett irrigated land in Telangana region was about 8.01 Lakh Hectares, in 2008‐
09 this has reached 18.82 Lakh Hectares. The increase is 134.73 %. The increase in Andhra for the
corresponding period is only 40.16%.
v The production of Paddy, Sugarcane & Cotton crops have increased manifold by 2005‐06 compared
to 1955‐56.
v Also Telangana region has the largest number of tube wells and consumes maximum power
v The Telangana Districts of Medak , Ranga Reddy, Nalgonda & Mahboob Nagar, Nizamabad top the
Per Capita Consumption of Electricity in AP. Out of the top 10 districts in Per Capita Consumption,
there are 7 districts from Telangana region.
v Drought prone districts like Mahboobnagar in Telangana, Anantapur in Rayalaseema &
Vizianagaram in Andhra still remain far behind the developed districts in respect of income
employment & living conditions.
IRRIGATION
6.1 AREA IRRIGATED BY SOURCES, DISTRICTWISE, 200809 in Hectares
Area
Other Irrigated Gross
Sl. No District Tanks Canals Tubewells Dug wells Total
Sources more than Area Irrigated
once

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1
1 Adilabad 38622 8425 8010 24594 197 79848 39095 1,18,943
2 Nizamabad 12739 30634 1,35,754 5006 5312 1,89,445 1,40,676 3,30,121
3 Karimnagar 27952 58952 38444 2,66,680 1999 3,94,027 1,79,228 5,73,255
4 Medak 14242 2084 1,10,146 13423 3839 143734 73723 2,17,457
5 Hyderabad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 Ranga Reddy 1737 646 44479 7548 1908 56318 17415 73733
7 Mahbubnagar 3350 28964 1,59,468 12645 7571 2,11,998 59718 2,71,716
8 Nalgonda 17604 76748 1,31,753 38814 11521 2,76,440 1,59,090 4,35,530
9 Warangal 72671 3354 63772 1,66,270 5930 3,12,189 1,32,756 4,44,945
10 Khammam 49102 63772 38419 44857 22241 2,18,391 36911 2,55,302
Telangana 18,82,390 27,20,972
11 Srikakulam 68736 1,06,120 7997 12427 1953 1,97,233 14271 2,11,504
12 Vizianagaram 84279 37467 12169 4842 4251 1,43,008 33698 1,76,706
13 Visakhapatnam 27498 42285 10243 6108 21290 1,07,424 32698 1,40,203
14 East Godavari 32368 1,79,291 64773 138 11530 2,88,100 2,15,028 5,03,128
15 West Godavari 22643 1,90,221 1,46,343 6347 8528 3,74,082 2,75,581 6,49,663
16 Krishna 25993 2,27,186 53628 7692 13528 3,28,027 1,60,402 4,88,429
17 Guntur 4909 3,06,23 59656 6012 18470 3,95,270 1,20,898 5,16,168
18 Prakasam 20764 73944 96267 7609 18007 2,16,591 12009 2,28,600
19 Nellore 77109 93253 61558 14113 9351 2,55,384 70999 3,26,383
Andhra 23,05,119 32,40,784
20 Kadapa 7223 27042 1,19,910 4862 642 1,59,679 32574 1,92,253
21 Kurnool 8878 91587 69043 28201 10079 2,07,788 45561 2,53,349
22 Anantapur 7391 20965 80093 8056 1658 1,18,163 27440 1,45,603
23 Chittoor 21999 284 97936 26871 22 1,47,112 40459 1,87,571
Rayalaseema 6,32,742 7,78,776
AndhraPradesh 6,47,809 16,69,447 16,10,053 7,13,115 1,79,827 48,20,251 19,20,311 67,40,562
6.2 Gross and Net Area irrigated (195657 & 200809) (in Hectares)
Gross Area Irrigated (in lakh
Net Area Irrigated (in lakh hect)
hect)
Region
%
195657 200809 195657 200809 % Growth
Growth
Andhra &
40.19 44.46
Rayalaseema 20.96 29.37 40.16 27.82
Telangana 8.01 18.82 134.73 10.73 27.20 153.49
Source‐ Statistical Abstracts Andhra Pradesh ‐1957; 2009
· Nett Area Irrigated has grown by 134.73% in Telanagana between 1956‐57 and 2008‐09 , where
as for the corresponding period the growth is by 40.16 % in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions.
· Gross Area Irrigated has grown by 153.49 % in Telanagana between 1956‐57 and 2008‐09,
where as for the corresponding period the growth is by 44.46 % in Andhra & Rayalaseema
regions.
6.3 Percentage of Net Irrigated area to total Net Area Sown (in %)
Region 195253 200708 % Growth

Andhra &
30.3 42.7 40.8
Rayalaseema
Telangana 17.9 43.1 140.8
Source: India reference‐ 1956, information department, GOI
· The percentage of Nett Area Irrigated to Nett area sown has grown by 140.8% in Telangana

between 1956‐57 and 2007‐08,where as for the corresponding period the growth is by 40.8 %
in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions.
6.4 Budget For Jalayagnam
Area 2004‐05 2005‐06 2006‐2007 Total

Expenditure
Telangana 1788 3469 1344 6601(54.84)
Coastal 754 1875 303 2932(24.38)
Rayalaseema 788 1226 276 2290(19.02)
· In Budget allocated for Irrigation projects under Jalayagnam between 2004‐2007, Telangana is
given 54.84% as opposed to 24.32% for Coastal Andhra & 19.02% for Rayalaseema.
6.5 Per Capita Food Production (Kgs per person) for the Triennial periods 1955‐58 & 1998‐2001
Region 1955‐58 19982001 Growth %

Telangana 131.61 190.86 45%
Coastal Andhra & 201.31 202 0.30
Rayalaseema
Total Andhra 176.69 197.4 11.7
Source : Development of AP, Study of Regional Disparities 19562001
· The Per Capita Food Production (kgs per person )in Telangana has grown by 45 % between
1955‐58 and 1998‐2001, while during the same period Andhra & Rayalaseema regions together
registered a growth of a mere 0.30 %.
7. AGRICULTURE
7.1 Region wise Rice & Sugarcane Area / Production( in lakh tons )
Area in
lakh Prodn. In lakh
RICE hectares Year tonnes Year
Region 196061 2008‐09 195657 2008‐09
Telangana 7.93 16.91 6.34 53.6
Coastal Andhra 18.63 24.14 22.9 80.65
Rayalaseema 3.05 2.80 4.29 8.14
Total 29.61 43.87 33.53 142.41
Area in
lakh Prodn. In lakh
SUGAR hectares Year tonnes Year
Region 1960‐61 2008‐09 196061 200809
Telangana 0.57 0.42 2.79 3.52
Coastal Andhra 1.31 1.25 4.15 9.8
Rayalaseema 0.36 0.28 1.72 2.42
Total 2.24 1.96 8.66 15.75
Source‐ Statistical Abstract Andhra Pradesh ‐1957; 1961; 2009
· Rice Area in Acres has increased in Telangana from 7.93 lakh 1960‐61 acres to 16.91 acres in
2008‐09.
· For the corresponding period, in Coastal Andhra , the Rice area has increased from 18.63 lakh
acres to 24.14 lakh acres.
· Rayalaseema has recorded a negative growth during this period for Rice Area. It has reduced
from 3.05 lakh acres to 2.80 lakh acres.
· Production of rice has increased from a mere 6.34 lakh tonnes in 1956‐57 to 53.6 lakh tonnes in
2008‐09.
· For the corresponding period, in Coastal Andhra , the Rice production has increased from 22.90
lakh tonnes to 80.65 lakh tonnes.
· Rayalaseema has recorded a negative growth during this period for Rice Area. It has reduced
from 4.29 lakh tonnes to 8.14 lakh tonnes.
· Though Sugar Area in Acres has reduced in all regions , production has substantially increased
in Telangana from 2.79 lakh tonnes from 57 thousand acres in 1960‐61 to 3.52 lakh tonnes in
2008‐09 from just 42 thousand acres.
8. ELECTRICITY
8.1 District wise Per Capita Consumption of Power 200708; 200809

In KWH 2007‐08 2008‐09
Sl. District Domes Agricultur Industri All Domesti Agricultur Industri All
No tic al al Categori c al al(includ Categori
(includin es ing es
g cottage
cottage & H.T)
& H.T)
‐1 ‐2 ‐3 ‐4 ‐5 ‐6 ‐7 ‐8 ‐9 ‐10
1 Srikakulam 85 20 117 284 93 25 110 295
2 Vizianagaram 81 29 287 454 91 34 280 465
3 Visakhapatna 159 22 233 586 177 24 269 659

m
4 East Godavari 140 67 113 388 153 80 110 418
5 West 143 218 147 582 154 245 153 630

Godavari
6 Krishna 165 65 116 402 209 58 152 494
7 Guntur 145 59 231 483 153 58 236 499
8 Prakasam 100 170 318 418 105 164 119 427
9 Nellore 141 158 230 577 148 137 208 573
10 Chittoor 97 250 132 593 112 258 163 650
11 Kadapa 93 277 164 577 99 352 125 633
12 Anantapur 74 279 173 571 79 323 218 669
13 Kurnool 83 116 130 375 92 101 171 415
14 Mahbubnagar 40 364 208 651 45 428 249 769
15 Ranga Reddy 278 176 509 1,140 326 194 527 1285
16 Hyderabad 424 0 176 992 453 0 190 1057
17 Medak 76 516 618 1252 89 460 690 1292
18 Nizamabad 101 505 29 709 111 545 41 754
19 Adilabad 100 153 183 498 93 166 214 560
20 Karimnagar 104 206 77 568 110 253 94 665
21 Warangal 96 334 46 557 107 362 59 616
22 Khammam 123 113 103 420 119 124 115 463
23 Nalgonda 65 410 387 986 73 476 437 1126
Andhra Pradesh 126 178 181 703 140 195 255 746
· As per the 2008‐09 report for District‐wise Per Capita Power consumption, out of the top ten
districts, 7 are from Telangana region.
· Srikakulam in North Coastal Andhra is at the bottom with least power Consumption.
· In per capita power consumption for agriculture, Nizamabad, Medak, Mahboobnagar & Warangal
from Telangana are at the top.
· Least Power Consumption for agriculture is in Srikakulam, Vizianagaram & Vishakhapatnam in the
North Coastal Andhra region. Hyderabad is exempted in this category.
· In Per Capita Consumption for domestic use, the 4 districts out of 10 in Telangana, 3 districts out of
4 in Rayalaseema, 2 districts out of 9 in Coastal Andhra have the lowest consumption.
· The high power consumption in Telangana is linked to the problems of farmers . Over dependence
on Bore wells & Tube wells for irrigation, market problems, raw deal given to agricultural sector
due to Government policies particularly between 1999‐2004, increased farmer suicides etc., have
necessitated the Government to provide ‘free power’ in 2004. Telangana accounts for maximum
consumption of free power. As a result, Telangana accounts for the highest cost incurred for free
power ,in the state budget.
8.2 Rural Electrification (Total No. of Villages Electrified)
Number Of Villages
Andhra &
545 16,355 2,900.9
Rayalaseema
Telangana 11 10,258 93,154.5
Source‐ Statistical Abstract Andhra Pradesh ‐1956; 2009
· Between 1956 & 2009, Rural electrication in Telangana has grown by 931 times, while Andhra &

Rayalaseema has grown by only 29 times.
8.3 Total Power consumption AP in MU (in 1961 & 200809)
Total LT & HT % in total state Consumption
Region
1961 200809 % Growth 1961 2009 % Growth
Andhra &
517.6 24826.40 4796.44 74.1 46.54 37.19
Rayalaseema
Telangana 180.7 28508.78 15776.8 25.9 53.46 106.6
· Between 1961 ‐2009, Total Power Consumption in Telangana has grown by 157 times as opposed
to only 47 times in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions.
· Between 1961‐2009, Telangana has recorded a growth rate of 106.6% in Total Power Consumption
compared to the State’s growth rate, while Andhra & Rayalaseema regions for the same period
have recorded a negative growth of 37.19%.
8.4 POWER CONSUMPTION ,CATEGORYWISE,DISTRICTWISE 200809 (in Million Units)
TOTAL LOW TOTAL HIGH
Region TOTAL H.T & L.T
TENSION TENSION
Telangana 18342.32 10168.46 28508.78

Coastal Andhra 10418.07 5631.34 16249.11
Rayalaseema 6091.95 2445.34 8577.29
Total 34852.34 18245.14 53335.18
8.5 Industrial power Consumption in 1961 & 2008 (in million units)
Major and Medium Minor Industry
Region Category Consumers Category Consumers
1961 200708 %Growth 1961 200708 %Growth
Andhra &
Rayalaseema
306.2 602.4 1,880.1 48.83 1338 2,640
Telangana 120.4 7616 6,225.4 11.75 1196.4 1,0082

Source‐ Statistical Abstracts Andhra Pradesh ‐1961;2008
· In Industrial Power Consumption for Major & Medium categories, between 1961‐2007‐08,
Telangana has registered a growth of 62 times as opposed to 18 times by Andhra & Rayalaseema.
· In Industrial Power Consumption for Minor industry category, between 1961‐2007‐08, Telangana
has registered a growth of 100 times as opposed to 26 times by Andhra & Rayalaseema
9. INDUSTRY
9.1 Workers in Registered Factories (in 1961 & 2005)
Region 1961 2005 %Growth

Andhra &
Rayalaseema
2,93,215 2,79,885 ‐4.5
Telangana 1,47,942 5,04,885 240.8
Source‐ Statistical Abstracts Andhra Pradesh ‐1961; 2005
· Number of workers in registered factories have increased by 240.8 % in Telangana
between 1961 ‐2005, while during the same period , Andhra & Rayalaseema region has shown a
negative growth of 4.5%.
9.2 Number of Registered factories
Region 1958 2005 %Growth

Andhra &
Rayalaseema
393 16,713 4152.7
Telangana 141 11,421 8000.0
Source‐ Statistical Abstract Andhra Pradesh 1958‐2005
· Number of registered factories have grown 80 times in Telangana region between 1958 ‐2005. For
the corresponding period, the growth in Andhra & Rayalaseema is 41.5 times.
9.3 Employment Created In Industrial Sector
Region 200405 200506

TOTAL %
SSI LSI SSI LSI
Telangana 13253 1751 8612 3795 27411 49.67
Andhra 6462 3353 5512 4641 19968 36.18
Rayalaseema 1912 1748 1708 2439 7807 14.15
Total 21627 6852 15832 10875 55186 100.00

Source‐ Statistical Abstracts Andhra Pradesh 2005;2006
· As of 2005‐06, Telanagana accounts for 49.67 % of the total employment created in Industrial
Sector, while Andhra region accounts for 36.18 % and Rayalaseema 14.15 %.
9.4 Employment Created In Information Technology Sector
Region 19972004 200405 200506 TOTAL %

Telangana 83145 38975 23469 62444 94.84
Andhra 2800 1900 1300 3200 4.86
Rayalaseema 0 100 100 200 0.30
Total 85945 Jobs 40975 24869 65844 jobs 100.0

(in 7 years) (in 2years)
As per STPI (GOI) report
· As of 2005‐06, Telangana accounts for 94.84% in Employment created in Information Technology

Sector, while Andhra accounts for 4.86 % & Rayalaseema a dismal 0.30 %.
10. Infrastructure
10.1 Roads
Cement Black Top Metal

Region
% % %
195556 200607 195556 200607 195556 200607
Growth Growth Growth
Andhra &
Rayalasee 229 1419 520.19 3722 45697 1127.89 6762 21522 318.30
ma
Telangana 101 594 489.29 667 30123 4414.84 4026 16589 412.09
· Black top Roads have increased 44.14 times in Telangana between 1955‐56 & 2006‐07, while for
the corresponding period, the increase is 11.7 times in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions.
· Cement Roads have increased 4.89 times in Telangana between 1955‐56 & 2006‐07, while for the
corresponding period, the increase is 5.2 times in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions.
· Metal Roads have increased 4.12 times in Telangana between 1955‐56 & 2006‐07, while for the
corresponding period, the increase is 3.18 times in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions.
10.2 Motor Vehicles (in Numbers)

Andhra &
25,694 33,54,863 12,957.0
Rayalaseema
Telangana 6,286 34,89,142 55,406.6
Source‐ Statistical Abstracts Andhra Pradesh 1961; 2008
· Motor vehicles have increased by 554 times in Telangana between 1961‐2007‐08, while for the
corresponding period the increase is 129 times in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions.
Bright Prospects in Development
Besides the evident progress that the State and the Region of Telangana region in particular have
made in the last 50 years, there are more indicators that it will attain greater momentum and thrust
on achieving all round development in near future. Some of the factors are enlisted below:
1. Enhanced Fund Allocations
v The Andhra Pradesh Government is likely to get nearly twice the fund allocations according to

the 13 th Finance Commission recommendations for the five‐year period of 2010‐2015 as
against the previous finance commission term of 2005‐2010.
v According to the recommendations of the Finance Commission, the Andhra Pradesh Government
is poised to garner Rs 1,00,616 crore as the State's share of Central taxes and Rs 13,802 crore as
grants in aid for the next five years period during the 13 th Commission as against actual
receipts of Rs 57,000 crore during the 12 th Finance Commission report period of 2005‐2010.
v Focus of Eleventh 5 year Plan 200712
v The focus of the Eleventh 5 year Plan 2007‐12 is Good Governance & Inclusive Growth.
v NREGA : One of the recent Central Government Initiatives, the National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act or NREGA job guarantee scheme(August 25, 2005) provides a legal guarantee for
one hundred days of employment in every financial year to adult members of any rural
household willing to do public work‐related unskilled manual work at the statutory minimum
wage of Rs.60 per day.
v This act was introduced with an aim of improving the purchasing power of the rural people,
primarily semi or un‐skilled work to people living in rural India, whether or not they are below
the poverty line. Around one‐third of the stipulated work force is women.
v The scheme started from February 2, 2006 in 200 districts, was expanded to cover another 130
districts in 2007‐2008 and eventually covered all 593 districts in India in April 01, 2008. The outlay
was Rs. 11,000 crores in 2006‐2007, and has been rising steeply, to Rs. 39,100 crores (140% increased
amount respect of previous 2008‐2009 budget) in 2009‐2010.
v This is another factor, helping improve the situation of the deprived sections all over including
Telangana region.
Impetus to Agricultural & industrial & other development will be derailed if the state is to
be divided.
v The growth momentum in the state , particularly in areas like attracting private investment,
completing large irrigation projects and so can be seriously impaired by division of the state, as it
impacts the viability of the projects. Some such factors are enlisted below:
v Except for Haryana, the creation of smaller states like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand have
not produced desired results. With a much smaller number of MLAs to manage, these states have
become easy grounds for horse‐trading and manipulation, resulting in prolonged political
uncertainty.
v Often political changes can be brought about by influencing the fewer MLAs. This also affects
economic growth. If a separate Telangana comes up, there is every likelihood of such a scenario
being repeated.
v Political instability in Andhra Pradesh will be detrimental for the growth of the State and may impact
the flow of investments, both from domestic and foreign players.
v For the first time, Andhra Pradesh had emerged second to Gujarat as the investment destination for
national and international investors.
v Industry opines that apart from investments from corporate sector, the ongoing agitation in the State
would impact the growth of IT/ ITES, manufacturing and real estate. There is an urgent need to
maintain conducive atmosphere for growth.
v As per a study of the apex chamber, in fiscal 2008‐09, the government as well as private investment
proposals worth Rs.88.71 lakh crores was announced for India in which the share of AP stood at 8.7
per cent—over Rs.7.05 lakh crore.
v The total private sector investment announced for the State as of March 2009 was Rs.4.25 lakh crore,
of which the share from Indian private sector was put at Rs.3.80 lakh crore for 971 projects against
Rs.45,195 crore of foreign private sectors.
v All this may seriously be impacted if the state is to be bifurcated.
Impact on Irrigation Projects
v One of the Major irrigation projects in Telangana region, Pranahitha – Chevella has a capital outlay of
around 30 thousand crores. In this context, needless to mention the guidelines of the FRBM Act.
v Since, the state’s borrowing ability/capability depends on the State’s Gross Domestic Product.
(GSDP) If the state is divided then the GSDP will naturally come down drastically. As a result these
projects can not get funds and become unviable.
v Besides Irrigation & other projects in Telangana region require vast resources of power upto 3500
MW for implementation. Coal, which is a major natural resource in Telangana might not alone be
sufficient to cater to these requirements. Besides Coal is National wealth and cannot be utilized by
just the state of origin alone.
v Elected Governments flouting the rules and guidelines is a worrying trend. We also need to address
several contentious issues like Sharing of waters between states. AP has issues with neighboring
states like Karnataka (Almatti), Maharashtra ( Babli) .It is a matter of great concern that states are
not adhering or respecting the awards of the central water commission ( CWC). In a scenario of a
new state, there is a great likelihood of these issues further aggravating.
Given all these factors , it is important to appreciate the merits of economies of scale and that larger
states can in fact have better negotiation and can attract better public and private investments, for
their benefit while smaller states become more vulnerable in various aspects.
6. Hyderabad – Present day Status
Hyderabad is the Political, Economic, knowledge & Intellectual Capital of Andhra Pradesh and is one of the
fastest growing Metros in the country. Hyderabad has over the years become a symbol of Telugu pride and
real integration of Telugus including its vast Diaspora. Entrepreneurs, Industrialists, Sports Persons,
Dynamic Political Leaders, Intellectuals, Visionaries, Creative artists from across Andhra Pradesh have
made Hyderabad their home and turned Hyderabad into a Global Destination. The progress achieved by
Hyderabad in the last 5 decades, could not have been possible without the relentless contribution of
Telugus across Andhra Pradesh.
The contribution of a vast Telugu Diaspora to the development of Hyderabad cannot be undermined. The
spread and growing influence of the Telugu Diaspora, their continued bonding with their home state, have
helped transform Hyderabad into a Global destination. Hyderabad has become home for one of the best
International Air ports in Asia. Almost all Major Consulates of World Countries have been set up here
including the US Consulate.
And without the progress and prominence achieved by Hyderabad, it would not have been possible to put
Andhra Pradesh on the path of prosperity. Hyderabad has grown manifold since the formation of Andhra
Pradesh and has come to be the single largest contributor to the state's gross domestic product, state tax
and excise revenues with nearly 50 % of the total revenues of the state.
With its cosmopolitan outlook, vibrant culture, booming economy, ever increasing educational and
employment opportunities, it may not be an exaggeration to say that every household across AP has an
inseparable bonding with Hyderabad. Due to its thriving industry and formidable infrastructure, human
resources and conducive atmosphere, Hyderabad attracts tremendous amounts of private & public
investments from across India and world into not only Hyderabad but also to the state. Through the
proliferation of IT industries thanks to the conducive atmosphere in the capital and the state, nearly two
lakh jobs have been created and thousands of crores of investment made in the state.
More over, Hyderabad being geographically located in the Telangana region has allowed the remaining
parts of Telangana draw significantly from Hyderabad’s development in all spheres. Hyderabad naturally
provides strong impetus for the growth of 5 districts of Telangana surrounding it, out of the 10 districts of
the Telangana region. The Hyderabad Metropolitan area falls under the following districts each headed by
a collector: Hyderabad district‐ full (16 Mandals), Medak district‐ part (10 Mandals), Rangareddy district‐
part (22 Mandals), Mahboobnagar district‐ part (64 Mandals), Nalgonda district‐part (4 Mandals).
Hyderabad voters send 24 members to the Legislative Assembly, whose constituencies come under 5 Lok
Sabha segments
It is extremely important to note that TRS, the party demanding separate statehood for Telangana with
Hyderabad as its capital, has virtually no support in Hyderabad. TRS could not even contest in single ward
in the recent elections to Greater Hyderabad. The MIM, which mainly represents the Muslim community of
Hyderabad and one of the Major Political Parties in Hyderabad, is opposed to the idea of bi‐furcation of the
state all along. Except in the premises of the Osmania University, the T‐ Bogey does not have any support
for Telangana statehood through the city.
None of the Legislators of any Political Parties in Hyderabad, did participate in any movement for
Telangana, clearly reflecting the mood of the people of Hyderabad. In fact several quarters evinced strong
desire to retain Hyderabad’s independence and become a Union Territory in case there arises a need for
the separation of the state.
A brief detail of Hyderabad’s progress in various spheres
v Hyderabad has developed into a major hub for the Information technology industry in India. It is the
Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Capital of the Country. The city is home to the world's largest film
studio, the Ramoji Film City as well as the Telugu Film Industry, the second‐largest in India, known
popularly as Tollywood. It is also a sporting destination with numerous sporting venues and stadia.
Various national and international games are conducted here. The ‘Rashtrapathi Nilayam’ located in
Secunderabad, is the President of India ‘s annual retreat.
v Starting in the 1990s, the economic pattern of the city has changed from being a primarily service city
to being one with a more diversified spectrum, including trade, transport, commerce, storage,
communication etc. Service industry is the major contributor, with urban workforce constituting 90%
of the total workforce.
v Hyderabad has witnessed a high growth in the real estate business, thanks to a information‐
technology‐driven boom in the 1990s and the retail industry growth over the last few years which
have spurred hectic commercial activity. A number of mega malls have come up or are being built in
the city. Real estate demand in the suburban and rural areas surrounding Hyderabad has gone up
exponentially over the past few years.
v The retail industry in Hyderabad is on the rise. Many international and national brands have set up
retail chains here. The city has multiple Central Business Districts (CBDs) spread across the city. There
are many major business/commercial districts from the older Charminar area to newer Kothaguda.
v Hyderabad is a major centre for pharmaceuticals with companies such as Dr. Reddy's Laboratories,
Matrix Laboratories, Hetero Drugs Limited, Divis Labs, Aurobindo Pharma Limited, Lee Pharma and
Vimta Labs being housed in the city. Initiatives such as Genome Valley, Fab City and the Nano
Technology park are expected to create extensive infrastructure in bio‐technology [33
Information technology industry
v Hyderabad has established itself as the leading destination for IT and IT‐enabled services,
pharmaceuticals call centres and entertainment industries. Many computer software companies,
software consulting firms, business process outsourcing (BPO) firms, dealing with IT and other
technological services firms have established their offices and facilities in the city since the 1990s.
v The development of a township with related technological infrastructure called HITEC City prompted
several IT and ITES companies to set up operations in the city. An aggressive promotion of growth in
this area has led civic boosters to call the city Cyberabad. There have been extensive investments in
digital infrastructure within the city promoting the setting up of several campuses by a vast array of
companies within the city.
v This list includes several multinational corporations having established their development centres in
the city. Major areas where such campuses have been set up are Madhapur, Kondapur, Gachibowli
and Uppal.
v Several Fortune 500 corporations mostly related to IT or BPO services industry. Microsoft (with its
largest R&D campus outside the US), Accenture, ADP, Agilent, Alcatel Lucent, Amazon, AMD, AT&T,
Bank of America, Computer Associates, CSC, Convergys, Dell, Deloitte, DuPont, Fidelity Investments,
Franklin Templeton, GE, Google, Hewlett‐Packard, Honeywell, Hyundai, IBM, Motorola, Nvidia, Oracle
Corporation, Qualcomm, Rockwell Collins, SAP AG, UBS AG, Verizon, Virtusa, Wells Fargo have a
significant presence in Hyderabad.
v Major Indian IT Corporations such as Mahindra Satyam, HCL, Infosys, Wipro, Patni Computer Systems
, Cognizant Technologies, Tata Consultancy Services ,Persistent Systems and Polaris Software Lab
Limited also have development centres in the city.
Educational Opportunities
v Many notable educational institutions are based in Hyderabad.The city is home to three central
universities, two deemed universities, and six state universities. Among them is the Osmania
University, established in 1917, which is the seventh oldest university in India and the third oldest in
South India. [63] Hyderabad Central University (University of Hyderabad), National Academy of Legal
Studies & Research (Nalsar), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Potti
Sreeramulu Telugu University, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, English and Foreign
Languages University and Dr. BR Ambedkar Open University are other famous universities which are
present in the city. [64] Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, a well known educational
institution in the field of Agriculture is located on the outskirts of the city. The Indian School of
Business, a top ranking business school which attracts students from all over the world is present at
Gachibowli, Hyderabad.
v There are numerous engineering colleges in and around Hyderabad. Among the pre‐eminent
engineering colleges located in the city are the Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad,
International Institute of Information Technology, Osmania University College of Engineering (OUCE),
a campus of BITS Pilani,Osmania University's College of Technology (OUCT), CBIT,VNR Vignana Jyothi
Institute of Engineering and Technology,JNTU, M.V.S.R College of Engineering,Vasavi College of
Engineering, Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology,Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University,University of Hyderabad a premier institute of higher education & research and GITAM
University Hyderabad Campus are located in this city. Important medical institutions include Gandhi
Medical College, Osmania Medical College and several other private medical colleges, such as Deccan
College of Medical Sciences and Shadan medical college. Fly‐Tech Aviation Academy and Rajiv Gandhi
Aviation Academy are those amongst the best institutes in the aviation field.
R & D
v Hyderabad is home to numerous research institutes, including the Indian Institute of Chemical
Technology (IICT), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), National Geophysical Research
Institute(NGRI)(NGRI), IRISET for railway signal engineering and ICRISAT. Defense Research and
Development Organization (DRDO) along with DRDL and DERL has research centers in Hyderabad to
develop communication and radar systems and for the Integrated Guided Missile Development
Programme (IGMDP). Nuclear energy sector has a large presence with three organizations under
Department of Atomic Energy (India) including the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and
Research (AMD), Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC) and Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL).
v Hyderabad has acquired the capability to host the international sporting events and international
conferences at a large scale. Hyderabad has been chosen to host the prestigious International
Congress of Mathematicians (ICM), in August, 2010. It is expected that more than 4000
Mathematicians from all over world will be participating in this conference.
7. Demands for Statehood within Andhra Pradesh
1. Manya Seema :
It is known that most tribal communities in India as in Andhra Pradesh still live in abject
poverty and deprivation even after 5 decades of independence. They also are faced with a
threat to their ethnic culture and language. All such tribals across the regions of Utnur &
Manchiryal in Adilabad Dist. , Manthani in Karimnagar Dist., Medaram & Mahboobabad in
Warangal Dist. Kothagudem in Khammam, Rampachodavaram in East Godavari Dist.,
Polavaram in West Godavari Dist., Paderu, Narsipatnam in Vizag Dist., Seetham pet & Paatha
patnam in Srikakulam, Srisailam in Kurnool Dist. have been demanding for a separate
statehood with Bhadrachalam in Khammam district as their capital. The demand for this
state known as ‘Manya seema’contains areas that include 7 MP & 48 MLA constituencies.
Incidentally, the demand for the State of Manya Seema existed since the time of the British
Rule. At the time it was called a demand for ‘Rampa Rajyam’. It was then lead by
Revolutionary tribal leader & Indian freedom fighter Alluri Seetha Rama Raju.
2. Greater Hyderabad as Union Territory
The people of Hyderabad have evolved as a strong multi culture, multi lingual , multi
talented force of their own, whose needs cannot be met by any smaller state. In terms of
financial resources and entrepreneurial skills these people are very rich. Hence they are
demanding for retaining their individual identity and govern themselves.
3. Greater Rayala Seema:
The Sri Baug Pact was made between Leaders of Rayalaseema & Andhra in the year 1937 in
where it was accepted that certain privileges will be extended to Rayalaseema region.
However, people of Rayalaseema have been claiming that in the wake of the merger with
Telangana, the said pact took a back seat and the region of Rayalaseema has been subject to
large scale neglect.
Development indices do indicate that Rayalaseema continues to be among the more
backward regions in Andhra Pradesh. ‘Rayalaseema Hakkula Vedika’ a forum for seeking
justice for Rayalaseema has been demanding that a separate state be created as Greater
Rayalaseema for a long time. They seek to carve out the new state with 4 districts in the
Seema region and combining some parts of the Karnataka state.
4. Jai Andhra
A massive movement had been carried out in the year 1972 itself demanding reverting the
erstwhile Andhra state to its earlier status. This demand is rooted in the theory that the
merger of the two states in 1956 has only deprived the people of the Andhra region, of
developing to their full potential. Their contribution in building Andhra Pradesh as a strong
state remains under acknowledged but the fruits of their labor, however, fully enjoyed by
Telangana region. This demand by a section has resurfaced following the 9 December ‘2009
announcement by the Govt.of India on Telangana.
5. Rayala Telangana:
A demand is also being made by some sections for creating Royala Telangana combining
the 4 districts of Rayalaseema with the 10 districts of Telangana, in case creating Greater
Rayalaseema be found unsuitable.
6. North Coastal Andhra ( Uttar Andhra ):
Similarly, 3 districts of the North Coastal Andhra Pradesh namely Srikakulam,
Vizianagaraam & Vizag (except Vizag city) remain the most under developed in the state of
Andhra Pradesh. The people of this region still lead lives in a very primitive manner. Large
number of the women in these areas are not known to even cover their bare essentials due to
lack of exposure to civilization.
The people of these 3 districts have been demanding for a long time, a separate state with
Vizag as their capital or an autonomous development board to attend to their needs. Their
demand also stems from the fact that in the last 54 years not once was any leader from their
region was given an opportunity to become the Chief Minister. As also Parliament Members
from this region have always been NonLocals only.
· The above scenarios should help effectively put to rest, the argument of partisan attitude
of past Chief Ministers. As was established earlier in this report, the geographic and socio
economic historic conditions of these regions, were the main reasons for their inadequate
development, than neglect or deliberate illwill of the Governments.
· It may be relevant in this context to note that certain groups fighting for justice for the
region of Rayalaseema , while presenting historic facts on how the region is lagging
behind and was subject to neglect , are still in agreement with the idea, that only by
integrated development can they benefit better.
· The merits in all these demands also need to be examined and the respective grievances
satisfactorily addressed, to ensure these do not give raise to newer problems.
8. What is the National Policy on Smaller states?
v Today in India, almost every large state is facing the demand from its backward, neglected,
culturally different people and regions, to be recognized as different and given independent status
and separate identity. Apart from Telangana,11 regions are demanding statehood. These are
1.Goorkhaland ( West Bengal ) 2.Uttarkhand ( UP ) 3.Haritha Pradesh (UP), 4.Bodoland (Assam)
5.Saurashtra (Gujarat) 6.Vidarbha ( Maharashtra)7.Malwa & 8.Bundelkhand (comprising parts of
MP & UP )9.Panchal Pradesh (Western UP) 10.Poorvanchal (Eastern UP), besides 11.Greater
Rayalaseema & 12. Rayala Telangana 13. North Coastal Andhra within Andhra. & 14. Jai Andhra.
The demand for 15. ‘Manyam Seema state’ within AP is the latest in such demands. Besides there
is also a demand for Greater Hyderabad being given Union Territory status.
v In these circumstances it is important to determine the National Policy for creating new states.
Whether it is Language, Administrative Viability ,Contiguity, or Backwardness, the criterion must
be decided.
v Should Backwardness alone be the reason to create a new state , there are several backward
regions in the country which will have to be considered.
v Should Cultural identity be a reason for separation, then there are hundreds of ethnic groups and
unique cultures across India that need to be attended too.
v It is also important to determine whether these smaller states can be self sustainable.
v Also, whether these smaller states can provide for adequate security for themselves or their
vulnerabilities and weaknesses will become susceptible to exploitative forces and religious
fundamentalists in the present global scenario.
v In the absence of such a comprehensive national policy, no demand for a smaller state can be
treated in isolation.
v Except for Haryana, the creation of smaller states like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand
have not produced desired results. With a much smaller number of MLAs to manage, these states
have become easy grounds for horse‐trading and manipulation, resulting in prolonged political
uncertainty. Often political changes can be brought about by influencing a handful of MLAs. This
also affects economic growth. If a separate Telangana comes up, there is every likelihood of such a
scenario being repeated
v It may be pertinent to state here that recently when there was demand by some sections for
creation of a smaller state carved out of the present day Tamilnadu, the Union Home Minster
rubbished such demands saying Tamil culture dates back to five thousand years and no division of
the people is necessary or acceptable. This raises the question that how AP can be dealt with a
different parameter as Telugu culture too has a history just as long. Such inconsistencies in policy
smacks of regional prejudice and a sense of in equal justice.
9. National Integration & Security Perspective
v It may be relevant to recall that One of Ambedkar’s major proposals was to make Hyderabad the
second capital of India because of the centrality of location, as a junction of North and South, and on
defense considerations because it being a land locked city hence strategic importance.
v Hyderabad is today home to numerous research institutes, including the Indian Institute of Chemical
Technology (IICT), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), National Geophysical Research
Institute(NGRI)(NGRI), IRISET for railway signal engineering and ICRISAT. Defense Research and
Development Organization (DRDO) along with DRDL and DERL has research centers in Hyderabad
to develop communication and radar systems and for the Integrated Guided Missile Development
Programme (IGMDP). Nuclear energy sector has a large presence with three organizations under
Department of Atomic Energy (India) including the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and
Research (AMD), Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC) and Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL).
v However the prolonged Maoist Movement in the majority districts of Telangana region has proved to
be self defeating and a key contributor to T‐ Backwardness. It resulted in rapid deterioration of the
law & order situation in the region and obstructed the achievement of the very objectives it has
supposedly set out to achieve.
v At present, On one hand , the Government is trying hard to bring back majority of districts in
Telangana that bore the brunt of deteriorated law & order situation and Naxalism. On the other,
religious fundamentalism and terrorism have emerged as a serious threat to peace, globally. In India,
Incidentally, links with Hyderabad have been established in almost all terrorist attacks in the last
few years. This is a serious cause for concern.
v In view of the same and the fact that Hyderabad houses several Central Government’s Defense
installations, it raises concerns about the ability to fully protect them in the event of a separate state.
v Apparently a decision on Telangana will have far reaching consequences on neighboring states too
and on the nation as a whole.
10. Telangana Social Perspective
Until Independence the people of Telangana region have lived under feudal regime,
aristocracy. This has largely determined the social structure and also resulted in a vast
majority of socially, politically and economically deprived sections. Feudal exploitation
thrived under the various Jaagirdars, Agraharas, Ijaradars, Muktedars. Though Telugu
language speaking people were in large numbers, Urdu remained the official language.
Cultural differences between the Muslim rulers and Hindu population have also complicated
the situation. The Patel, Patwari & Mali Patels have ruled the roost. Prolonged existence
under such conditions without any civilian rights have compelled these majority sections to
continue living in subhuman conditions even after independence and unification of
Hyderabad and Andhra. They still await justice in their lives.
Muslims
Muslims constitute over 14 % of all population in Telangana region. As the Telangana region
was under a Muslim ruler and the events around the time of the Razakar atrocities and the
subsequent police action to free the people from the clutches of the tyrannical rule of the
Nawab and his accomplices have antagonized the rest of the people towards Muslims. The
Muslims have been subject for long to serious neglect socially, economically and politically.
There has been no political representation commensurate with the size of their community.
And the community harbors concerns about the anti Muslim sentiment due to historical
reasons in the event of a separate state for Telangana.
For these reasons, even in 1969 during the peak of Telangana Movement, the Muslims did not
endorse the demand for Telangana. This remains the same even today.
SCs
Scheduled Castes constitute 1516 % of the total population in Telangana region. Living in
abject poverty and deprivation, for a very long time, these sections lived as bonded labor.
They were subject to social exclusion. Only after the formation of United Andhra Pradesh
have they started getting most basic education.
Even today these sections have remained among the most backward economically, and
socially. For them access to equitable opportunity is of greater need than separate Telangana.
Tribals
Tribals account for 6 % of the total population in Telangana region. About half of these tribes
live in plains and the rest in forest regions. Though the act 1/70 is in force and ITDA provides
for special privileges, there is no development in their living conditions as anticipated. The
tribal areas still are devoid of electrification and access to safe drinking water. These
communities have been demanding the formation of a separate tribal state called ‘Manya
Seema’, which alone they understand can uplift their lives and living conditions.
BCs
BCs constitute about 4045% of the total population of Telangana. They are mostly artisans,
weavers and such other social groups. They have always been neglected socially and
economically and politically. Modernization and mechanization has dealt a sever blow to
their conventional ways of earning livelihoods. They have never received adequate assistance
from the various governments to upgrade their skills or adopt to the latest trends. They are
often driven to commit suicides and continue in live in abject poverty.
All these sections do not endorse the idea of Telangana statehood and aspire only to see
‘Samajika Telangana ‘ which ensures equitable opportunities and social justice. Their
problems and concerns will not be addressed in any manner even in a smaller state, without
fully creating such mechanism for protecting and uplifting them.
In the present movement for Telangana statehood there is almost no representation to these
sections and most of the main leaders are from affluent classes and communities that have
monopolized power in Telangana for the last several decades. This establishes the
hollowness of the Telangana movement.
Traders & Business community
These communities are made up of multilingual, multi cultural and multireligious sections
including those from Andhra & Rayalaseema region. They have been doing business and
substantially contributing to the revenues of the Telangana region in particular and Andhra
Pradesh in general. In the wake of the Telangana movement, several among these sections
are facing severe hostility and are subject to demands of extortions and live in fear with
feelings of insecurity. They are opposed to the idea of a separate Telangana and want either a
union territory status for Hyderabad or continuance of the status quo.
Farmers
Farmers in Telangana region are heavily dependent on lift irrigation projects to avail water,
due to the higher altitude of the region. Due to this they are confronted with power problems
besides problems common to all farmers across AP such as shortage of fertilizers, seeds,
minimum supply prices all of which make things difficult for them.
However, without creating awareness about the root causes for their problems, or suggesting
specific solutions, the T Bogey has only been instigating them saying separate Telangana is
the panacea for their problems. By directing the anger of the deprived sections in Telangana
towards an external factor like Andhrites, and channeling the energies of the aggrieved
sections into protests for Telangana, the affluent political sections of Telangana are able to
continue to retain leadership and also protecting themselves.
The above analysis clearly establishes that a vast majority in Telangana are concerned with
equitable growth and equitable opportunities than a separate statehood.
11. Relevance of Tdemand Post liberalization/Globalization
· The relevance of the demand for Separate Telangana must be viewed in the wake of the irreversibly
changed world, post revolutionary technological advancements, post 1991 economic reforms &
Globalization.
· In the context of Governance, these technological advancements, omnipresence of Communications,
Internet & Electronic Media have made redundant all intermediaries and brought people and
governments closer to each other like never before. Technology has shrunk the world, and became
the most powerful interface between Government at the highest level and its citizens at the grass
root level.
· Greater access to government benefits to people in the most remote corners of the state in a way,
hitherto unthinkable. Governments can get instantaneous information about conditions of its
citizens even in the most remote corners.
· While the Citizens across boundaries, communities and social standings are increasingly becoming
more aware, accessible, empowered and equipped to voice their grievances and seek justice with
every passing day.
· Citizens are able to gain knowledge about the merits and demerits of any new or old policies
instantly unlike earlier times.
· Greater awareness among the most illiterates, backward and weaker sections about constitutional
provisions for their protection. Technology is helping raise literacy levels faster.
· It may be pertinent to state here that several complaints with regards to violations and irregularities
in areas like recruitments, Budget allocations, Welfare schemes, Government priorities, Law & Order
situations, Development initiatives that snowballed into major factors for public disillusionment
with the Government and eventually took the turn of a demand for separate state can largely be
addressed more effectively in the present context due to instantaneous public & judicial scrutiny.
· Besides some of the recent Central Government initiatives like the Unique Identification Number
(UID), and Right To Information Act (RTI) with provisions for instant scrutiny are transforming the
country and the state like never before.
· These initiatives further accelerate growth, development, welfare and minimize neglect, corruption
discrimination, malpractices, manipulations or discrepancies, in a much more effective manner and
strengthen regulatory mechanisms. These were some of the root causes for some of the grievances
earlier.
· Governments are increasingly becoming more accessible, accountable and more transparent to their
citizens. This scenario also effectively puts to rest the argument that smaller states only can
have greater administrative ease and better service their citizens.
· Most importantly since Andhra Pradesh, is the earliest adopter of IT and the above holds
more true in the context of Andhra Pradesh.
IT in AP
· IT enabled citizens gain one‐stop access to information, as well as provide transparent and
responsive services. With several e‐Government initiatives like the OLTP (Online Transaction
Process System), integrated land management system, a geographical information system, e‐seva, a
complaint redressal system, a social benefits management system and rural kiosks.
· With more than 1,124 administrative units known as Mandals, where each of the 1,124 Mandal
Revenue Offices (MROs) have been computerized, the state is able to deliver online statutory
certificates (caste, place and date of birth) to individuals in minutes, instead of 20 to 30 days as was
the norm under the old system.
· Information technology (IT) is playing a crucial role in contemporary society. It has transformed the
whole world into a global village with a global economy.
· ICT transforms the agriculture sector
· The Agriculture Department, Agriculture University, and the International Crops Research Institute
for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) have come together to evolve an integrated package as part of
Participatory Technology Development under the Andhra Pradesh Rural Livelihoods Program
(APRLP) and has set up a pilot information hub with connectivity in Addakkal village close to
Hyderabad. This hub is operated by a 4,200‐member federation of micro credit societies of rural
women, the Aadarsha Welfare Society, and is linked to 1,200 rural ICT centres.
· In addition, ICRISAT has set up the Virtual Academy for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (VASAT), which helps
farmers identify which crops to grow depending on weather forecasts, and determine the fair value
for the produce. This is transforming the farming pattern and life‐styles of farmers in some of the
most drought‐prone regions in Andhra Pradesh.
· These kind of projects, have a positive impact on the community in terms of creating jobs and
income opportunities, access to markets, greater access to government programmes and schemes as
well as creating entrepreneurial leadership models.
· Unique Identification Number (UID) is a recently finalized initiative by the Government of India to
create and manage a centralized identification system for all the adult citizens and residents of India,
with their photograph and biometric data which can be utilized for a variety of identification
purposes. The likely benefits of the new ID system to the citizens will be as below: 1) Subsidies on
food, energy, education, etc to people who are entitled to receive them. 2) Opening bank accounts 3)
Getting new telephone, mobile or internet connections, 4) New light or gas connections 5) Getting a
passport 6) The same card may act as a driving license and store your traffic violation records 7) It
may act as your electoral card 8) Family genealogy may be traced
· The ID is fundamentally being prepared to identify Indian citizens so that better security can be
provided by identifying illegal immigrants and terrorists. However, the real power of the ID is in its
ability to provide ease of identity establishment to Indian citizens when accessing a variety of
governmental and private‐sector services.
· The likely benefits of the new ID system to the citizens will be as below: 1) Subsidies on food, energy,
education, etc to people who are entitled to receive them. 2) Opening bank accounts 3) Getting new
telephone, mobile or internet connections, 4) New light or gas connections 5) Getting a passport 6)
The same card may act as a driving license and store your traffic violation records 7) It may act as
your electoral card 8) Family genealogy may be traced
· The Right to Information Act passed by Parliament on 15 June 2005 and came fully into force on
13 October 2005 , the law enacted by the Parliament of India allowing citizens of India to access to
records of the Central Government and State Governments. The Act applies to all States and Union
Territories of India, except the State of Jammu and Kashmir Under the provisions of the Act, any
citizen (excluding the citizens within J&K) may request information from a "public authority" (a
body of Government or "instrumentality of State") which is required to reply expeditiously or within
thirty days. The Act also requires every public authority to computerize their records for wide
dissemination and to proactively publish certain categories of information so that the citizens need
minimum recourse to request for information formally. This law was. Information disclosure in India
was hitherto restricted by the Official Secrets Act 1923 and various other special laws, which the
new RTI Act now relaxes.
12. Telangana Historic & Cultural perspective
v Telugu Language has a recorded history of nearly 2000 years, an Original literary tradition not
borrowed from any speech community, and a rich body of ancient literature. In year 2008, , Telugu
attained the prestigious status of a ‘Classical Language’.
The Telugu speaking people of Andhra Pradesh share common roots, history, heritage,heroes,
castes, culture, traditions, festivals, and aspirations for centuries.
v Andhra was referred to as Telingana/Tri‐Linga Desam in the ancient texts as it was the area that had
three major Shiva‐Aramas, Srisailam, Srikalahasti, Draksharamam.Thus was called Tri‐Linga', and the
people living there were called Telugus and the language spoken by the people there was called
Telugu.
v This is how the word Telaga was Derived.
Trilinga ‐> Telinga ‐> Telanga ‐> Telaga (It is a Country of Telaga People)
Trilinga ‐> Telangu ‐> Telungu ‐> Telugu (It is a language of Telanga People)
Present Day Telanga + Anemu = Telanganamu = Telangana (this is the origin of Telugu People who are
now called Telugus)
v The Telugu warriors came to regarded as Telagas par excellence. The term Telaga was a derivation of
the word Telingana. The Origin of the Telagas can be traced back to the Western Chalukyan Expansion
into Andhra region which happened in the 1st century A.D.
v Telagas are the most ancient Warrior clan of the Deccan and South India who specialized in warfare
and took to agriculture during times of peace. Telagas formed the bulwark of ancient armies of the
Deccan and South India like Cholas, Chalukyas, Sathavahanas, Kakatiyas, Vijaynagar, Nayaks Kings etc.
v The Cultural integrity and bonding of the Telugus across all regions dates back to several centuries.
They were ruled by common dynasties until the Nizams took over in 1727. The Nizams later
relinquished the territories of Coastal Andhra to the French in 1753 AD. and the region of
Rayalaseema to the British in 1799 AD.
v The north coastal district of AP, Srikakulam has also been head quarter for revenue collection under
Nizam state of Hyderabad since 1707. Srikakulam was formerly called as Gulshanabad (Garden city)
during Muslim rule and was headquarter of Muslim fauzdars. Even today we find more than 10,000
Muslims living in this town following their culture, tradition and values.
v Nizams of Hyderabad assigned Gulshanabad (Srikakulam), Rajahmundry, Eluru and Mustafanagar
(Kondapalli) districts to French India in 1753. French imperialists were driven out from these districts
by British imperialists in 1756 during Anglo‐French wars.
v In 1759 the Fauzdhari ruling was ended and British ruling started, the region was in the undivided
Madras province. In 1936 the combined Madras‐Orissa state was divided to Madras and Orissa In
1947 after Indian independence, many including Potti Sriramulu fought for separate Andhra State.
v Similarly the districts of Rayalaseema that collectively came to be known as the ‘Ceded’ were also
under the Nizam of Hyderabad , the treaty of 1799, who took the total control of the area. He was
later pensioned off when British occupied the territory.
v In 1947, when the British Government declared that all its agreements with princely states etc., were
null and void , and paved way for Independent India. The Nizam immediately demanded merger of
parts of his erstwhile empire, Andhra & Rayalaseema regions with Hyderabad State as agreement
with British has become void. It is very clear from this that unification of Telangana and Andhra
regions was a mere formality on historical grounds.
13. Conclusion
Considering all facts with regard to the emergence of Andhra Pradesh, its cultural, historical, social
political , economic scenarios, we wish to reiterate our firm belief in the necessity and
our strong appeal for continuation of United Andhra Pradesh and conclude this
submission w.r.t. the terms of reference of your esteemed committee as below:
Status of Andhra Pradesh
1. Andhra Pradesh is the first Linguistic State in Independent India. Telugu speaking people of Andhra
Pradesh share common roots, history, heritage, heroes, castes, culture, traditions, festivals, and
aspirations for centuries.
2. United Andhra Pradesh became a reality on 1st Nov’1956, due to long cherished aspirations,
relentless struggle, efforts and vision of people and leaders of two erstwhile states namely
Hyderabad & Andhra.
3. Aggrieved sections of the society, existing for diverse reasons, are incited from time to time in the
history of Andhra Pradesh, by political power mongers and divisive forces, who exploited the
Minority opinion, lead self serving campaigns, to create an impression in people’s minds that
separate statehood for Telangana would end ALL their problems.
4. An excessive use of rhetoric turns the focus away from main problem and makes it more emotive
than a rational issue for the common man, as in the case of Telangana.
5. The T‐Bogey stated information out of context, obfuscated facts and mislead people. Conspiracy
theories were hatched and paranoia spread about everything that is possibly wrong in Telangana
region.
6. Political decisions can be arrived only through dialogue, but regrettably the T‐bogey has often tried
to force a decision through coercive methods.
7. In the aftermath of the Statement made by Sri.P.Chidambaram on behalf of Central Government

on the night of 9th December’2009 at 1130 PM, tremendous opposition to the idea of bi‐furcation
of state has instantly erupted from an outstanding majority of people in Andhra Pradesh.
8. This unprecedented magnitude of public resentment has brought the state to a stand still,
compelled the people’s representatives including MLAs across political parties to tender
resignations, without consulting the leadership of respective Parties. Never in the 54 years’ history
of the state was such volatile situation experienced.
9. Given the history of unity of Telugu people and their cultural, emotional integration, the state must
not be allowed to disintegrate due to the sowing of the seeds of mistrust by certain sections.
Development Review
1. At the time of formation, the State of Andhra Pradesh was behind the All India Average in many
respects, including food grains production, net area sown, crop intensity, infrastructure, electricity
generation, per capita electricity consumption, length of roads, black top roads, motor vehicles,
medical institutions, hospital beds, life expectancy, human development.
2. Despite shortcomings at the time of formation, AP has progressed significantly in the last 50 years.
The State’s position vis‐à‐vis All India averages improved considerably in respect of a number of
growth indicators and also in comparison with several other states across India.
3. The areas covered by present day Telangana, which became part of Andhra Pradesh, were less
developed than most of the other areas. Literacy in Telangana was amongst the lowest in the
entire country.
4. All relevant data and statistics, clearly and irrefutably establishes that Telangana region has been
on a growth trajectory along with other regions , ever since 1956.
5. Telangana achieved, much greater progress in certain aspects than anticipated, than the other two
regions put together.
6. Besides the progress that the State and the Region of Telangana region in particular have made in
last 50 years, there are indicators that it will attain greater momentum and thrust on achieving all
round development in near future.
7. The focus of the Eleventh 5 year Plan 2007‐12 is Good Governance & Inclusive Growth.
8. The growth momentum of the state , particularly in areas like attracting private investment,
completing large irrigation projects and so on can be seriously impaired by division of the state.
9. Political instability in Andhra Pradesh will be detrimental for the growth of the State and may
impact the flow of investments, both from domestic and foreign players
10. Andhra Pradesh, is the earliest adopter of IT
11. Omnipresence of Communications, Internet & Electronic Media have brought people and
governments closer to each other like never before.
12. The relevance of the demand for Separate Telangana further diluted in the wake of the
revolutionary technological advancements, economic reforms & Globalization.
Social Perspective
1. Until Independence, the people of Telangana region have lived under feudal regime, aristocracy.
This has largely determined the social structure and resulted in a vast majority of socially,
politically and economically deprived sections.
2. Post‐independence too, political leaders from affluent classes and communities have monopolized
power in Telangana. Due to this upper class hegemony, large sections of the people of Telangana
suffer from a great sense of lack of participation in the Government and decision making.
3. In the present movement for Telangana statehood there is almost no representation to the weaker
sections like SCs, STs, BCs, and Muslims and so on.
4. All these sections do not endorse the idea of Telangana statehood and aspire only to see Equitable
opportunities and Social justice.
5. With increasing literacy and aspirational values and decreasing employment opportunities,
Students are anxious about securing livelihoods. This situation is being exploited through promise
of notional benefits, jeopardizing their precious careers.
6. Traders & Business communities are made up of multi‐lingual, multi cultural and multi‐religious
sections. In the wake of the Telangana movement, several among these sections are facing severe
hostility, are subject to demands of extortions and live in fear with feelings of insecurity. They are
opposed to the idea of a separate Telangana.
Key Issues
1. Hyderabad has grown tremendously since formation of Andhra Pradesh and is the single largest
contributor to the state's gross domestic product, and accounts for nearly 50 % of the total
revenues of the state. The progress achieved by Hyderabad in the last 5 decades, could not have
been possible without the contribution of Telugus across Andhra Pradesh. The contribution of a
vast Telugu Diaspora to the development of Hyderabad cannot be undermined. With its
cosmopolitan outlook, vibrant culture, booming economy, ever increasing educational and
employment opportunities, every household across AP has an inseparable bonding with
Hyderabad. Without the progress and prominence achieved by Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh path
of prosperity.
2. Never in the history , was there any demand for creation of a separate state, from people in close
proximity of an existing and rapidly developing State Capital.
3. Due to its thriving industry, infrastructure, human resources and conducive atmosphere,
Hyderabad attracts tremendous amounts of private & public investments from across India and
world into not only Hyderabad but also to the state.
4. Due to recent unrest and instability, the credibility in Hyderabad is suffering a set back and this
does not augur well, neither for the state , nor for the nation.
5. TRS, the party demanding separate statehood for Telangana with Hyderabad as its capital, has
virtually no support in Hyderabad. TRS could not contest in a single ward in the recent elections to
Greater Hyderabad.
6. The MIM, which mainly represents the large Muslim community of Hyderabad and one of the
Major Political Parties in Hyderabad, is opposed to the idea of bi‐furcation of the state all along.
7. The people of Hyderabad do not want bifurcation of State. If it becomes imminent , they prefer
Union Territory Status for Hyderabad.
8. Government should put in place a mechanism to create more employment opportunities and
ensure security of livelihood to everyone and address the anxieties of the people.
9. At this time, there are various demands for separate states within Andhra Pradesh. If
backwardness can indeed be a criterion, these other demands too will need consideration. There is
also the demand to make Hyderabad a union territory.
10. There are some backward districts, in each region of AP, be it Telangana, Coastal Andhra or
Rayalaseema, But there is no particular region that can be called per se a ‘Backward Region’.
Ananthapur district in Rayalaseema is the 2 nd most back ward district in the whole country after Jai
Salmer in Rajasthan.
11. There is a natural tendency of the economic opportunity to flow to the well endowed. The playing
field may be level but the starting points are not uniform. Liberalization and market led
development will therefore have a natural tendency to accelerate growth in areas more conducive
and slowdown growth in less conducive areas. This increases inter and intra‐regional Disparities.
This applies to every back ward region or district in India. This is not specific to Telangana or
Rayalaseeema.To counter this, a deliberate policy to reduce disparities is needed.
12. Across India, demands for smaller states abound too. There is pressing need to study these
demands in totality and a solution found. A National Policy on creating smaller states must be
determined. AP’s case cannot be examined in isolation.
13. Creation of Smaller States impedes development in various sectors, adversely impacts states’
negotiating powers, capacity to attract investments, and resource mobilization. It is important to
appreciate the merits of larger States and economies of scale.
14. Smaller States give rise to disputes in water and natural resource sharing. Particularly in the
context of AP there is a great likelihood that several contentious issues may arise with regard to
sharing of water, which will impair the development of all regions. In attempting to resolve one
problem, more problems may be created.
15. Smaller States cause huge burden on the common man due to increased administrative costs and
costs of creation of infrastructure for new capitals. The financial burden could be better utilized by
spending on the grievances, shortcomings of the underdeveloped regions and overcome the seed
of negligence and the slogan of vested political interests to nip the strife in the bud.
16. Divisive forces are on constant prowl to exploit the vulnerabilities of smaller states, and pose a
threat to national security.
17. In present day context, size does not matter for effective governance as long as there is
decentralization of power and effective regulatory mechanisms, which are quite possible with
technology today unlike in the past.
Solutions
1. Setting up Regional Development Boards/Councils, Allocating Funds under Backward Regions Grant
Fund and through other special means. Developing District Development Indices.
2. Prioritization of Irrigation & welfare, Effective utilization of natural resources particularly in
backward districts of the State, to help reduce inter & intra‐regional disparities in economic and
social development.
3. Effective public policies and private initiatives, to foster Skill development, Employment
opportunities and remove anxieties in Students and unemployed.
4. Removal of Uncertainties, Improvement of Law & Order Situation to restore normalcy.
5. Restore Investor faith and encourage private & public investments and job creation.
6. Greater transparency, strict adherence to laws and guidelines in force particularly w.r.t employees
& recruitments for removal of misconceptions between people.
7. Democratic Decentralization, Strengthening of Panchayathi raj system for improvement of Socio‐
economic infrastructure.
8. Ensuring Human Development, Inclusive Growth, Equitable opportunities, Social Justice, Security of
Livelihood, Food Security, Health Security, Social Security, And Environmental Security.
9. Discourage fissiparous, divisive tendencies of politicians fishing in troubled waters. Addressing
Greater Maladies like Lack of Political will in the above areas, Policy failures by successive
governments & individual greed.
10. Initiating these remedial measures will solve the problems at the grass root level and would put all
separatist demands to rest.
v Finally, we wish and believe that you would do your Best to resolve the
present crisis in Andhra Pradesh in a manner acceptable to ALL, help foster
love between the people of AP and put the State on the path of sustained
growth and prosperity.
Yours truly,
K.Chiranjeevi
President ‐ Praja Rajyam Party

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4. Chronology of Regionalism & Unity .................................................................................................. 23

v Language is an important determinant of Culture. The Telugu speaking people of Andhra Pradesh

v The state of Andhra Pradesh is the first Linguistic State in Independent India.

Status of Andhra Pradesh­ Regional Demands­ Development perspective

v It is important to determine the National Policy for creating new states. Whether it is Language,

Given the background and implications of the issue in Andhra Pradesh, we strongly feel that any

· Indoctrination programs are being carried out saying that families of people who give up their

Some claims were made that people secured jobs with fraudulent papers establishing their eligibility.

Some of the discrepancies can also be explained by the overlapping of various acts.

The Truth is again not acknowledged by the T­Bogey in their misinformation campaign.

At the same time, it is very important that the Government acknowledges the ground situation

Several Politicians of great stature and eminence hailed from Telangana who were admired by people

1. Pamulaparthi 30 September 10 January 1973 INC Karimnagar 468

v In this scenario, there arose a minor dispute in Paloncha of Khammam district between

v It is important to note here that throughout the Telangana Movement , the MIM party which was

v A staunch supporter of Telugu Unity : Sri.P.V.Narasimha Rao

· The people of the State do not see any merit in the uni‐dimensional arguments of the T‐Bogey.

· They clearly know that if the state had indeed been divided in 1972 at the time of the Jai‐ Andhra

v The areas covered by Telangana, which became part of Andhra Pradesh, were even less developed

v In the thus formed Andhra Pradesh , the State was behind the All India Average in many respects,

v Contentions of Regional bias in Budget Allocations

1955­56 1996­07 2006­07

District Agriculture Infrastructure Socio‐economic

Source: Indian Society of Agricultural Statistics, New Delhi‐ C.I Composite Index.

In India, particularly after the 1991 economic reforms, the private investment played a significant

v This has enabled the developed regions to achieve accelerated economic growth during the 1990s.

Region 1951‐52 2005‐06 % Growth

No. of Schools Enrolment No of Teachers

4.4 Region‐wise Schools –A.P 2008‐09

Region Primary Upper High.Schools Higher TOTAL

Telangana 25,767 6533 9129 52 41,481

11 Srikakulam 2,706 812 484 2 4,004

TOTAL 26,686 5289 5405 37 37,417

20 Kadapa 3,303 524 696 2 4,525

TOTAL 13,156 3130 2842 11 19,139

S.NO DISTRICT TEACHERS

TOTAL 82,686 43,297 83,190 2434 211,607

TOTAL 66,943 32,795 56,886 1363 157,987

20 Kadapa 8,428 3,088 6543 27 18,106

TOTAL 33,568 18,569 27082 330 79,549

S.NO DISTRICT ENROLMENT

Telangana­Total 2,740,801 1150292 25,75,658 44730 6511481

11 Srikakulam 1,48,051 1,12,027 1,54,666 928 415672

Andhra Total 1,941,958 821,227 18,85,205 35,547 4883937

20 Kadapa 2,13,289 74,198 1,82,357 661 470505

4.8 Region wise Junior Colleges ‐ AP 2008‐09

Region No.of.Colleges No.of. No.of.Teachers

Telangana 1950 434028 18843

No. of Primary Total No.of No of Regular No of Contract

Area 2004‐05 2005‐06 2006‐07 2007‐08 2008‐09 Total

Andhra 124.10 136.82 152.84 185.92 291.09 890.72

Rayalaseema 121.45 111.20 85.35 150.50 277.87 746.37

Telangana 311.01 255.61 305.88 241.59 382.20 1496.29

v According to this principle, Andhra Pradesh received a larger share of river water , when compared

Region 1952­53 2007­08 % Growth

· The percentage of Nett Area Irrigated to Nett area sown has grown by 140.8% in Telangana

Area 2004‐05 2005‐06 2006‐2007 Total

Coastal 754 1875 303 2932(24.38)

Rayalaseema 788 1226 276 2290(19.02)

6.5 Per Capita Food Production (Kgs per person) for the Triennial periods 1955‐58 & 1998‐2001

Region 1955‐58 1998­2001 Growth %

Status of Andhra Pradesh Regional Demands Development perspective

The Truth is again not acknowledged by the TBogey in their misinformation campaign.

195556 199607 200607

TelanganaTotal 2,740,801 1150292 25,75,658 44730 6511481

Region 195253 200708 % Growth

Region 1955‐58 19982001 Growth %

8.1 District wise Per Capita Consumption of Power 200708; 200809

8.3 Total Power consumption AP in MU (in 1961 & 200809)

Region 200405 200506

Region 19972004 200405 200506 TOTAL %

Region 1961 200708 % Growth