NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA eA RSS RE Code for Design of Building Foundations EL AWIR ARE SLE GB 50007 — 2002 (BE & KD (Chief Editorial Department: Ministry of Construction of the People's Republic of Chia Approval Department: Ministry of Construction ofthe People’s Republic of China Exeutive Date: Apsit 1,2002 China Architecture & Building Press ¥Rthschawe Beting 2002PuSSHENEARE (cP) RROGKAEAERRIIE ALPE GB SoDOT—2002(KE5C) PL TARR Am, HRT ‘eat 2005 SEN 712.0785 Toi. W.. sei abeCa itUrE PIER W.TUIT6s PRK Ht CIP REE (2005)%8 Le [NATIONAL STANDARD (OF THE POPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, ‘eA RSIS ‘Code fur Design of Bullding Foundations MSG AEARAL HN, ‘eB Soou7—2002 ox FORE Sh RAREST) HORE EH see AAUP FRR, TTA 6 HR, SKC WS 2 FS OEE amos 2 SBA as 12 ANT BRIO A. TENT OESS C3755) mw mnes Sar SR SL (1838500037) RAL shops /Arw. cap com.cn FL E808 dps orn chin baling.NOTICE ‘The code is written in Chinese and English. The Chinese text shall be taken as the ruling one in the event of any inconsistency between the Chinese text and the English textNotice of Promulgation for the National Standard “Code for Design of Building Foundations” Document JB[2002]No. 46 According to the requirements of “Notice of Printing and Distributing for the ‘1997 Preparation and Revision Plan of Engineering Construction Standards’ (Document JB [1997] NO. 108)-Ministry of Construction”, that the “Code for Design of Building Foundations" has been revised by Ministry of Construction together with the relevant epartments, after a joint examination of relevant departments, hence the new code has been approved as @ national standard with a seial number of GBS0007—2002, and it shall ‘come into force upon April 1,2002. Herein, clauses 3.0.2, 3.0.4, 5.1.3, 5.3.1, 5.3-4, 5.3.10, 6.1.1, 6.3:1, 6.4.1, 7.2.7, 7.2.8, 8.2.7, 8.4.5, 8.4.7, 8.4.9, 8.4.13, 8.5.9, 8.5.10, 8.5.18, 8.5.19, 9.1.3, 9.1.6, 9.2.8, 10.1.1, 10.1.6, 10.1.8, and 10.2.9 sre mandatory clauses, which must be enforced stzicly. ‘The original"Code for ‘Design of Building Foundations"GHJ 7—89 shall be abolished after Decemsber 31,2002. ‘The Ministry of Contmetion i in charan of management and explanstion of the ‘mandatory clauses in the code, the Chins Academy of Building Research will be responsible {or the explanation of specific technical contents and the Research Institute of Standards and take on publishing end distributing works of this code. Ministry of Construction of the People's Republic of China February 20, 2002Preface According to the requirements of Document JB [1997 ] No. 108-Ministry of Construction, that the Code for the Design of Building Foundations" GB} 7—89, has been. revised by the China Academy of Building Research together with the Design, the Investigation and Survey, the Construction, the Research as well as the Teaching relevant nies In the period of revision, the code revision group carried out various studies on specific topics, investigated and summarized the recent demestc practical experiences and accepted the new research results from concerned domsin, meanwhile, the various ways were used by the code revision group to solicit widespread opinions of the Design, the Investigation and Survey, the Construction, che Research as well a the Teaching relevant units, the code ws orn cut through repeated discussions, amendments and tral designs, finally, the new version of ede was decided after examination. ‘The revised edition of the Code includes 10 chapters and 22 appendices. The main revised contents are as follows: ‘The applied range and the calculated method of the ultimate limit states and the servicebilty limit stetes in the design of building foundations are clearly difineds the principle of deformation controlling design hes been emphasized, satisfying the requirements for the servicesbility function of building; the classification for rocks and the classification for the frost heaving of soils are detailed; the calculated methods for the ground deformation and the resilient deformation of limived ccrmpressve stratum are added the design method of rock slope retainer is added the design method of compound ground is added; the design ‘method for raft foundation of tall buildings is added; the design method forthe setlement of pile foundation is added; the design method for foundation pit works is added; the contents of inspection and monitoring for the ground, foundation are added. ‘Tke stipulations for design of shell foundation have been abolished. ‘The present Code may be in need of locally revised in the future, that the relevant informations end contents of locally revised clauses will be published on the magazine of “Engineering Construction Standardization”. ‘Clauses marked with boldface letters in the code are mandstory clauses and must be enforced strictly. ‘The Institute of Foundation Engineering, China Acedemy of Building Research is responsible for the specific explanation of the Code. All relevant units are kindly requested to sum up and accumulate their experiences in actual practices, during the process for implementing this Code, the relevant opinions and advices can be posted to the Management Group of Netional Standard “Code for Design of Building Foundations" the China Academy‘of Building Research, No. 30 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, China (Postcode 100013, E- nasil: tyjcaby@sina. com.cn) Chief editorial unit of the Code: China Academy of Building Research Participating editorial units: Beijing Geotechnical Institute, China Institute of Geotechnicel Investigation Surveying, Beijing Institute of Architectural Design, China Architecture Design and Research Group, Shanghai Institute of Architectural Design and Research, Guangxi Institute of Architectural Design snd Research, Yunnan Design Institute, Lisoning Provincial Building Design and Research Institute, Centrl-South Architectural Design Institute, Hubei Provincial Institute of Building Research and Design, Fojian Institute of Building Research, Architecture Scientific Research Institute of Shanxi Province, Gansu Bailding Research Institute, Gumgzhou Institute of Building Science, Sichoan Architectural Scientific Research Institute, Heilongjiang Cold Region Construction. Science Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tongii University, Zhejiang University, Chongging Jisnzha University, Taiyuan University of Technology and Guengdong Foundation Engineering Company. Main drafting satis: Huang Xiling Teng Yarjing Wang Tichong Wang Gongshan Wang Hluichang Bai Xiachong Wang Guolie Wu Xuemin ‘Yang Min ‘Zhou Guangkoog Zhou Jingwen Lin Liyan Luo Yusheng. Chen Rugui Zhong Liang Gu Xiaolu Gu Bache Hou Guangyu Yuan Binglin Yuan Neichen Tang Jickang Huang Qiushun Gong Yiming Pei Jie Pan Keiyun Pan Qiuyuan Translator: ‘Chen Dingwai Professor, China Academy of Building Research, July, 2005, Beijing, ChinaTable of Contents A. General Principles 2. Terms and Symbols. ~ 2.1 Terms . 2.2 Main Symbols 3° Fundamental Stipulations“ 4 Classification of Geotechnical Rocks, Soils and ‘Their Engineering Property Indexes 4.1. Clasifiontion of Rocks, Soils 10 4.2. Engineering Property Indexes B 5 Calculation of Ground 15 5.1. Exbedkied Depth of Foundation 1s 5.2. Caloulation of Load- bearing Capacity « “18 5.3. Caleulation of Deformation “23 5.4 Calculation of Sability “20 6 Ground in Mountaineous Region 6.1 General Stipulations 6.2. Soiltock Composite Ground 6.3 Compacted Fill Ground. 6.4 Landslide Prevention = 6.5. Karst and Earth Cave ~ 6.6 Soil Side Siope and Gravity Retaining Wall 6.7. Rock Side Spe and Rec Ante Bat Reteng Wall 7 Reeble Ground ~ 7.1 General Stipulations 7.2. Utilization and Treatment 7.3. Architectural Measures 7.4 Structural Measures 7.5. Large Area Ground Surface Load 8. Foundations +--+ 8.1. Unreinforced Spread Foundation 8.2. Spread Foundation “ 8.3. Strip Footing under Columns 8.4 Raft Pandan for Tall lings 8.5. Pile Foundation ssreeeeenenseen, 8.6 Rock Anchored Bolt Foundation 683 8 : =f 7 90 90 3 9 Foundation Pit Engineering 9.1 General Stipulations 9.2 Design Caleulation 9.3. Underground Daghgn Wall nd Top-down Comtraion Meta 10 Verification and Monitoring 10.1. Verification 10.2 Monitoring ” Division of the Herdese Drare Rocks and the Completeness Degree of Rock Masses oe ese 94 Fielé-distinetion of Broken Stone Soil =~ + 95 Main Points of Shallow Stratum Plateloading Test ~ sree 96 Main Points of Deep Stratum Plate-leading Test 98 E Charscteristic Value of Shear Strength Indexes ce, ~~ 100 Appendix F Map for the Sesndard Frozen: Depth Lines of Seasonal ‘Frozen Soil in Ching +++ (set) Appendix Clasifcston for the Frost Hieeving Property of Ground Sail and the Maximum Depth of Allowable Remainder Frozen Scil ‘Stratum under Foundation Base of Buildings : 101 Appendix H Main Points for Loading Test of Rock Ground 103 Appendix J. Main Points for Uniaxial Compression Strength Test of Rods ~ 105 ‘Appendix K Coefficient of Additional Stress e and Coeficient of Average Additional Suess a ~ 106 ‘Appendix L. Cosficent of Active Earth Pressure &, for Retaining Well us Appendix M_ Main Points for Pull-out Resistant Test of Rock Anchored Bolt 47 Appendix N Calculation for Additionsl Settiement Amount of Ground under the ation of Large Area Ground Si Appendix P Calculating Formulse for the Perimeter of Critical Section end the Polar Moment of Inert for Punching Shear = Appendix Q Main Points for Vertical Static Loading Test of Single Pile Appendix R Calculation for Final Settlement of Pile Foundstion Appendix S Sectional Width for Inclined Section Subjected to Shear of 19 face Load 1a 23 126 the Stepped Capping and the Cone Capping: 130 Appendix T Main Points for Calculation of the Pile-type, the Well-type C 132 ‘Retaining Structures Ampex U_ Main Pont for Clsaton of he Plotype the Wallpe Ancor Bracing Retaining Structures 133 Appendix V Checking Computation for the Stability of Swelling Resistant cof Foundation Pit Base + “134‘Appendix W Checking Computation for the Stability of Seepage Flow Resistant of Foundation Pit Base Appendix X Main Points for Soil Stratum Anchored Bolt Test Explanation of Wording in This Code ~ 135 136 1381 General Principles 41.0.1. The Code was drawn up for the purpose of implementing the national technical and ‘economical policies in design of the building grounds, foundations, that the design can be acoamplished with being sale and applicable, using advanced technology, being economical ‘and reasonable, assuring che quality and protecting the environment: 1.0.2. Design ofthe building grounds, foundations must persist inthe principles of suiting ‘measures ‘0 local conditions, using local materials, protecting the environment and ‘coonomnizing on the resources; the design shall be painstakingly performed, considering the factors comprehensively as the type of structures, the availabilty of materials and the construction conditions ete. in acoordance with the geotechnical survey data of rocks, seis. 1.0.3 The Code is suitable for the design of grounds, foundations of industrial and civilian buildings (including structures). For the design of grounds, foundations in the collapsible foes, the perennial frozen sil and the swelling sil, as well as, under the action of seismic load and vibrating oad of machines, thatthe stipulations in the rlevant current standards or codes shall still be conformed. 1.0.4 When the Code is used for design, the values of loads shall be taken in conformity with the stipulations in the National Standard"Load Code for the Design of Building ‘Structures” GB 50009+ in the calculation of foundations that the stipulations of the National Standard“Code for Design of Concrete Structures” GB 50010 and “Code for Design of ‘Masonry Structures” GB 50003 shall stil be conformed. When the foundations are laid in aggressive environment or are subjected to temperature influence, thet che stipulations in the relevant current national mandatory code shall sill be conformed, and the corresponding protective measures shall be tien.2. Terms and Symbols 2.1 Terms 2.1.1 Subgrade, foundation sils, ground ‘Soil masses or rock masses are used for supporting the foundations. 2.1.2 Foundation ‘The component part of structures is used for transmitting the actions, which ean be borne by structures, on the ground. 2.1.3. Characteristic value for load-bessing capacity of ground Ir indicates the value of presture corresponding to the stipulated deformation, which is alinear deformed segment in a deformation curve for the pressure of ground soil measured {roma loading test. Its maximum value is the value for limit of proportionality. 2.1.4 Gravity density, unit weight, weight density ‘The gravity, which is the product of the density and the acceleration of gravity for rock, soil, an be borne by the unit volume of rele, sol 2.1.8 Structural plane of rock mass ‘The cracked plane and the easily cracked plane of rock mass, Such as bedding plane, Joint, fault, schistosity ete. Ic is also called the discontinuity structural plane 2.1.6 Seandsrd frozen depth ‘The mean value of the maximum frozen depth, which is not less than 10. years ‘measured in the open fild besides the smooth ground level, exposed and city 2.1.7 Allowable value for deformation of ground “The determined contrelling value of deformation is guaranteed for the servicesbility of billings. 2.1.8 Soibrock composite ground In the scope for main bearing stratum of the building ground (or the building ground is located within the sector separated by settlement joints), the ground where the susface of underlying rock has fait-sized slope; the ground are stalagmitially and some of which are ‘outezoppeds or the ground has big isolated stone or has indivical outeropping stelagmite. 2.4.9 Ground treatment Tt denotes the artificial methods, which are adopted for raising the load-bearing capacity of ground sel, to improve the deformation property or the penetration property of ground. 2.1.10 Composite subgrade, composite ground ‘The anificial ground is formed by the ground soil end the strengthened mass, which a 2part of sol mass is strengthened or replaced, to bear jointly the loads 2.111 Spread foundation ‘The foundation, which can create the pressure spreading effect, is called spread foundation. The loads, which are transmitted from the upper structures, through the lateral spreading to form & definite bearing base area, then, making the compressive stresses due to the pressures seted st the foundation base sre equal or less than the allowed load-bearing capecity of the ground soil, meanwhile, the intemal stresses in the foundation shall satisfy the requirements for strength of materials 2.41.42 Unreinforced spread foundation Its the strip footing under wall or the single footing under column, which are composed of brick, rubble, concrete or rubble concrete, liming soil and trina sail ete. raterals, and have no need of the stel reinforcement. 2.1.13 Pile foundation “The foundation is composed of the piles setting-up in the rock, soil and connecting to the capping on top of pile. 2.4.14 Retaining structure ‘The structure is constructed for maintaining the stability and controlling the deformation of rock, sul side slope, 2.2, Main Symbols A—atea of foundation bases a—compression coefficients (6-—width of foundation base (minimum side length) ; or side length of foundation base along the moment acting dictions ‘cohesion forees d—embedment depth of foundation; diameter of pile shaft; E,—active earth pressures E—modulus of compressions wid ratios F—ertical force on the top of foundations f—zjusted characteristic value for losd-besring capacity of grounds fur —characteristic value for load-bearing capacity of grounds far—cheracteristic value for uniaxial compression strength of saturated rocks G—permanent loads Hy —height of foundations ‘H—height of building measured from foundation bese surfsces H,—height of building measured fram outdoor ground level:‘Length ofa building or unit length separated by setdement jointss length of foundation bases M—toment or sectional bending moment aeting on foundation bases ‘P—1nean pressure at foundation base surfaces ‘Py—tmean additional pressure at foundation base surfaces Qy—vertical load corresponding to the characteristic combination of load effects sustained by a single ple in pile foundation; ‘4q-—eharaeteristie value fr load-besting capacity of sil at end of piles {qq-—characteristic value for frictional foree of soil around the piles R,—charactersti value for vertical load-bearing capacity ofa single piles s—amnount of settlements u—ength of perimeters waste content of soils toy liquid limits ‘wy —plasti limits ‘sq —standard frowen depths ‘sj —ealelated depth for settlement of grounds ‘e—eoelicient of average additonal stress; P—sope angle fr side lope with respect to horizontal planes 7—sritational density of exh abbreviations weight density’ of soils 6—freton angle for earth-ill and backing retaining walls 2,—tition angle between cart fill and slope face of stable socks (0—pressure spreading angle of grounds coefficient of fition berween sil and foundation base of retining walls »—Poissen's ratios ¢—internal fition angles ‘ny —coeticien of correction for load-bearing capacity of width of foundations ne—cenfficient of correction for load-besring capacity of embedment depth of foundations ‘empires eofficiens for ealeultion of setlement.3 Fundamental Stipulations 3.0.1 In accordance with the level for complication of grounds, the scale and the functional chareceristics of buildings as well as the degree for being possible to destroy buildings or to influence serviceability of buildings due to problems of grounds, hence, the design of grounds, foundations are divided into three design classes, which shall be seclected for desig from the Table 3.0.1, scsording tothe specific conditions. ‘able 3.0.1. Design Class for Grounds, Foundations Deir doen] (Cea ol ngs nd poe Tyo lid a Sn als ~ “al tle wh ar an 9 se Compe sad baling, wich Kk up th gh sod and the ow sel lr pier ‘wiht errs nore the 10 evi, Maite wnrroond lng with rato (ah uneasy spre pwnd) "gs th opel rene fr loan of gre ings ons ip Cac igh ee) ue cong pei ends Newly acre! bileg wih nae ge nfo eed eae BON Gov lng with cpl tend ond ene Faakion pt pret fr tn oro worl oe toe th (wo win ton, fad a cong pogo ender cl sl gine ‘has | Iti ae an esting bids Ces [the Cs | te and send rar nn, lng a cus ee ‘enya Sage 3.0.2, In accordance with the design classes of ground, foundation, as well as, the egree of influence on the upper structure due to the deformation of ground under the effects of long-term loading, hence, the design of ground, foundation shall conform to the following stipulations: 1 The calculations of grounds for all buildings shall satisfy the related stipulations for the calculation of load-bearing capacity 2. The deformation design of ground shall be performed for the buildings belong to Cass I, Class I ‘3. The buildings for design Class It with the scope listed in the Tuble 3.0.2, that the ‘checking computation of deformation can not be performed, if one of the following situations oceurs, the checking computation of deformation shall stil be performed: 41)The characteristic value for load-bearing capacity of ground for building is less ‘than 130 kPa, and with the complicated shape building; 2)The ground stacking load is acted on the foundations and in the vicinity of foundations or the difference of loadings on the neighbouring foundations may be 5‘quite Large, when it can possible arouse the large unequal settlements of ground; '3) When the eccentric load is existed in the buildings on the soft weak soll ground; 4) When the tilting of building may be occurred, if the distance between the neighbouring buildings is too closer; '5) When there exists the earth-fil with comparative great thickness or the earth-fill with non-aniform thickness, Its sef-weight consolidation has not been completed. 4 For the tall buldings, the high-rise structures and the retaining walls sustain the effects of Dorizontal lading frequently, 98 well ac, the buikings and dhe structures are constructed on the Inclined slope or near the side lope, ther stability shall stil be checking computed; ‘5 The checking computation for the stablity of the foundation pit project shall be carried out; (6 When the ground water, which lies hidden inthe earth, is comparatively shallow, that the floating problem is existed in the basement of buildings or the underground structures, hence, the checking computation of anti-buoyancy shal stil be carried out. ‘Table 3.0.2. Scope for Bung of Ds Clas I, Wiech the Caeaation for Deformation of Grose cannot be Perr Cetin Genwi te [pa] earafierfoocpfiosrl mera tin) seen cy Bd att) | “can | cia | ia’ | cia" | s = fs apy, fs Ss Sus Lato) 4.1.4 The rock mass completeness degree shall be classified into complete, comparatively compete, comparatively broken, broken and utmost broken. When there is lacking for the testing data, that the Appendix A.0.2 of the Code can be implemented. ‘Table 4.1.4 Clasition for eck Mass Completeness Code erie ‘Ganunvey | Goma Una ante Be = conic sen trea Gopiemaini | D078 | 0.75=0.55 tsa | oso | 6/6 (Fig.5.2.2), that the Pama shall be calculated according to the fllowing formal: (5.2.2.3) 207, + Gi) 3a (5.2.2-4) ‘Where /—side length of foundation base surface along the perpendicular to acting Girecton of moment a—distance from the acting point for resultant of forces to the edge for maximum pres o oundaton bse surface rr : gourd canbe comprdiensvey determined by Oe methods of loading test or other experiments in situ, UU ——— mil enganing experts, — ——rt—_O dr, ofthe ened depth dations rene tan 0. Sm, dat the chrsceiic wloe of lod baring [_:— capacity of ground, which is detemined by the lod , “= grad tanam be te or che enperinron nats, the ered vlan he nc Sen ce. shall tll be adjusted according to the flowing 59.527 Shah latin tome: ‘eto ten pe te a= fat nM(b-3) + qutald -0.5) emai ad (¢> 0/6) (5.2.4) ‘Where _f,——edjusted characteristic value for load-bearing capacity of ground; fa—charecterstic value for lad-bearing capacity of ground is determined according to the principles in the Clause 5.2.3 of the Codes Poste — adjusted coefficients for load-bearing capacity of gromd due to width of neo 9foundation and embedded depth of foundation, their values are taken from the “Table 5.2.4 according to type of sil under the foundation bases 7——weight density of sol under the foundation base surface, when itis under the underground water level, then, the flesting weight density is tens (6-—width of foundation base surface (m), when the width of foundation is less than 3m, taking the value of 3m, when the width of foundation is greater than (6m, taking the value of 6: ‘Yqr—vweighted average weight density of soil above the foundation base surface, srhen the sil is under the underground water level, taking the Mloating weight dersitys d—erbeslded depth of foundetion (rm) is generally calculated from outdoor ground level. In the leveling-up region of fill, the embedded depth of foundation can be calculated from ground level of fil, however, when che fill is to be ‘campleted after the construction of ground stricture, it shall be calculated from the nanural ground level. For the basement, ifthe boxed foundation or the raft foundation is wsed, the embedded depth of foundation can be calulated from ‘outdoor ground level; wien the independent foundation or the strip foundation is adopted, that the embedded depth of founeation shall be celeulaed fem indoor ground level ‘Table 5.2.4 Adjusted CoTicent of Lindberg Capalty re * e al oy al omer) ‘Ari a a ohne wih Fito pl 0 0.85 Woe wnt 0050.8 > | a eet [Wer i i ay .8 oas | ta ‘iy el wih enced colli gti 095, ciciwenm| 0 | 1S ee | en Om seme ra ihm ey sty rn tan? Wa rea wat | 9D wth baie inne 73108 os | 1s : Sy ml wth bee in nto 108 as | 20 ‘Cal wth 7nd Fal a 08 os | 46 ‘Sys, Poesia (ecang than hy ee sae rg ey weteémésnene) | 2.0 | 3.0 Mads, Can Gay dd Bes weet 30 | 44 Nett The als ehh wate nd ampely sed ec beta yf tthe caeig ae wich wre wath, ml, the cana oar tates ven eed of tet 2 vote erste ve fr i bas pay eam aang he Appt Dy de rs Plating Wt, He, th ah of may be aks 5.2.5 When the eccentricity is less than or equal to 0.035 times the wit of foundation base surface, the characteristic value for Joed-beasing cepecity of ground, whichis determined according cyto the chewing strenuth index of sis can be cacuated in sxxdance with the follwing frmula snd the requirements of deformation shall be suid to: fr= Myo + Mead + Mots (5.2.5) Where j—characteristic value for load-bearing capacity of ground is determined by the shearing strength index of soils My,Ma,M,—voeffcents of load-bearing eapacity are determined acoording to the Table 5.2.55 +—widhh of foundation base surfoe, when it is greater than 6m taking the value according to 6m, forthe sandy soil, when itis less than 3m, taking the value according to 3m; ex—characteristc value forthe cohesion of sil within the deep of twice the short width under the base of foundation. ‘Table 5.2.5 Onlin of Lanning Capicty Moy Mas Me arcsec trier] ng |g, | gg, [Saeemiconitriaemt |] ay, | ay ‘etn nd fil") | tronande act cy | M 0 0 | v0 [ane 2 oa | am | eon 2 12 | 32 u oso | 3.67 | os “ ras | 330 6 tao | 437 | 690 6 1 | sm 28 10) 493 | 2.40 . uss | 353 a 1.99 | 5.39 | 7.95 » vm | oir 2 2a | 63s | ass 2 ox |r |e es 3.40 | 2a | 922 6 os | 28 | 5.00 = 5.00 | 9.44 J10.90 8 oa | am) sa o s.a0 | 10.8 |u75 0 ost | 3.05 | sis ows ania frre tn agi cl whi dpc rie ct i i der th ‘odie 5.2.6 Characteristic value for load-bearing eapecity of ook ground can be determined by the method in the Appendix H, leading test of rock ground, of the Code. For the characteristic value for load-bearing capacity ofthe complete rock ground, the comparatively complete rock ground and the comparatively broken rock ground can be calculated by the following formula in accordance with the indoor uniaxial saturated compression strength: La te fac (5.2.6) Where _f;-—charscteristie value fr load-bearing eapacity of rock ground (KPa); Ja— characteristic value for uniaxial saturated compression strength of rock (kPa), which can be determined according tothe Appendix J of the Codes ¥— deductive coefficient. It is determined by the regional experience, according ato the rock mass completeness, as woll as, the spacing, the width, the growing state and the combination for structural surface of rock mas. ‘When it is lacking for experience, thet the 0.5 can be taken for complete ‘rock mass; the 0.20, 5 can be tshen for comparatively complete rock ‘mass the 0.1~0.2 oan be taken for comparatively broken rock mass owe The consieton factors aed the sosay of weathering fcr the bling at service psd have ot ben conned inthe shove menone daetive colons: 2 the clayey oc hen iis quran thet it sal ot bo inmorad in water ding the tonsinrson end the serie pail, ence, the oscinen with to natural mcs cgay ard witht the aaa tenant can abo be aed inthe et For the characteristic value for loac-besring capacity ofthe broken, the utmost broken rock ground ean be taken according to the regional experience, when itis lacking of regional ‘experience, then it can be determined according to the plate-loading test. 5.2.7 When in che bearing stratum of ground with weak underlying stratum, i shsll be checking computed socording to the fllowing formulae: Pet PaaS fee (5.2.7-1) ‘Where p;—velue of additonal preseure at top surface of weak underlying stratum, corresponding to the characteristic cembination of load-efectss Pa—value of pressure due to the self-weight of sol at the top surface of weake underlying stratums fa —characesitic value for lood bearing eapacity of ground, at the top eueface of ‘weak underlying stratum, after the depth adjusted; FFor the strip foundation and the rectangular foundation, tbe value of pin the formula (5.2.7A)ean be simply calculated according to the following formula: Strip foundation Cp ~ pe) Se ocandl (5.2.7-2) Rectangular foundation 14, be) = FeandNC2 Bed) aa Where | 4—width of foundation base for rectangular foundation or strip foundations length of rectangular foundation bases ‘pe —value of pressure due to self-weight of soil at foundation base surfaces stance between foundation base surface and top face of weak underlying. stratumns (6-—indluded angle for spreading line and vertical line of ground pressure can be adopted sccording to the Table 5.2.7.Table $2.7. Spreading Angle of Groand Presued pone os [aw eee ee aT a © a 2 co 2 a © Ea Tail By mds cf cmp or stan sl, gm of companion br Fern = 2 Win 2/4025, king Cif omy my be deere By ety whe £180.25, thea 8 5.2.8 For the settlement of building has been stabilized or the ground has been preoompressed, then, the load-bearing capacity of ground can be raised eppropriately. 5.3. Calculation of Deformation 5.3.1 ‘The caleulated value for deformation of building’ s ground shall not be greater than the allowable value for deformation of ground. 5.3.2 The features of deformation for ground ean be classified as the amount of settlement, the difference of settlement, the inenation and the loca inclination, 5.3.3 When the calculation for deformation of ground shall eanform 10 & stipulations: 1 When the deformation for ground is caused by the factors including the non uniformity of building" s ground, the great difference in loadings, the complexity in building's shape and form, etc. , hence, for the masonry load-bearing structure, it shall be controlled by the value of local inclination; for the frame structure and the ose-swrey beat structure, it shall be contrlled by the difference in the settlements of adjacent column foundations; for the mult-storied building or the tall building end the high rise building structures it shall be controlled by the value of inclinetionsif necessary, their mesn smount of settlements shall stil be controlled 2. Under the necessary conditions, it ig need to estimate in advance the values for deformation of ground during the construction period and the service period of buildings respectively, then the clearance space between the related parts of buildings can be reserved, and the methods of connections, as well as, the sequence order of construction can be selected. Generally, the values for amount of settlements of mult-storied building have been completed in construction period: for sandy soil, it ean be considered as the above 80% of final amount of settiement, for other low compressibility soil, it can be considered as the 50% ~ 80% of final amount of settlement, for medium compressibility sil, it ean be considered as the 20% ~50% of final amount of settlement, for high compressibility sol, it can be considered as 5% ~20% of final amount of settlement. 5.3.4 The allowable value for deformation of building” s ground can be adopted in the Table 5.3.4. The allowable value for deformation of building’ s ‘ground, which are not included in the Table 8.3.4, shall be determined according to the 2 followingsuitable capacity for upper part of structure to the deformation of building's ground and the requirements for the serviceability of buildings. ‘Bb 5.3.4 Alwble ve foe Dermat of Buns gre ‘Reatres of dtormton oe = _ an, ov peta at | oo ‘lati ein of ey arg ce oe es Tit tons et ha dn st ang i tom ore sc oot (2 a wt ya tt fon 6) vi mtn ating es st sme rennet te re Tonto tom) ten fan in aa shyt set peo) ‘alin lt a tt ue or mre oat sae ‘nt = ‘ep tin fae a a ing "ae or meme on > 10 0.002 ‘me ons on oS 5 shpat ‘eae dma a eae WS MSH SO aoe sca om swe eo secu | ae owt ott ea) Bd ie a inci Pa wwecme = mecca a ‘ou Wt Ti ay a a i nl Ht ol el 2 Th le ith teat ied fore mit mest wl oy, 5.1 xed ine (mn betes aim ten Hi the Rage fbn ed “teint dems the aloof thee in witness fr tne pts lag iad deen of cation alte ste eben wo ed pins 5 Lal nation death at of fence a ethene fe we ola of ont ang gta ction ihn 6~10m of masonry na arg strate te etn ere 0 ue5.3.5 When calculating the deformation of ground, the theory of the isotropic hongeneous Tear derma hdc be cp forthe din forthe tees inthe grand. The ean ‘of final deformation of ground can be calculated by the following formula: sae = a) tea Where s—runount of fin defomaton for ground (amm) amount cf deformation for ground elt econ tothe stated ssmmaton methods Ys —— empirical coefficient for calculation of settlement, it is determined according othe abseraton dia fst inthe region nd the lel experience, when iis lacking forte lel experene, hence, the values in the Table 5.3.5 can be doped 1e—rambers for stratum of sist in the depth range ofthe calation foe deformation of ground (Fig. 5.3.5) ‘?¢—ndditional pressure (kPa) at the foundation bese surface, corresponding to the qunsipemanent combination of ld flrs E,,— modulus of compression (MPa), of the ith stratum soil below the foundation base surface, the pressure section, from the pressure duc to self-weight of soil to the summation of pressure due to self-weight of soil and additional pressure of soil, shall be taken for calculations seid) (5.3.5) 151,3;-1-—distance from founeition base surface to the 7th stratum sol base surface, to the é-Lth stratum soil base surface (1); Gis) eneffcient of average addtional stress, within the range from the foundation bese surface calculating point to the ith stratum soil base surface, to the i-th stratura soil base surface, can be adopted according tw the Appendix K of the Code. ‘Table 5.3.5 Kmpleel Coin y, for Clelaton of Stent ows ‘ond as so 10 0 m0 and in Paha i 13 1a te 02 PeSD.T8ha “4 10 07 o4 02 ‘Nose unin al ar te rc campesinos ‘cone ng ea 1 of ice Aint ef tito sk hn ei 25Fig 5.3.5. Skatch of sation for samen elton of foaneton| 5.3.6 The caevlating depth 24(Fig.5.3.5) for the deformation of ground shall conforin with the requirements of the following formula: 60.005 3305) 5.3.6) Where ds;—ealoulated value of deformation for the ith stratum soil, within the range of caleulated depths 4s{-—ealenlated value of deformation for the soil stratum Ag, which is taken upward from the calculated depth, as shoven in the Fig.5. 2. 5 and determined sceording tothe Table 5.3.6. When the comparatively sof sil stvatum is still existed below the determined calculated depth, then the calculation shall be further continued Thbles.3.6 Ae we) i Babee cbs eb ae) 8 06 oe i 8.3.7 When without the influence from adjacent loads, che width of foundation is within the range of 1~30m, the caleulated depth for deformation of ground st the middle point of oundetion can still be calculated by the following simplified formulas tq = 6(2,5-0.4lnd) (3.3.7) Where 6—width of foundation (m). ‘When there exists the rock ground within the range of calculated depth, the <4 can be taken to the surface of rock ground there exists the stiff cohesive soil stratum with ‘comparatively thickened thickness, its void-ratio is less than 0. 5, its modulus of ‘compression is greater than SOMPa, or there exists the dense sandy cobble stratum with ‘comparatively thickened thickness, its modulus of compression is greater than 80MPa, then ‘the =, cam be talento the surface of soil stratum. 5.3.8 When the influence of adjacent loads shall be considered in the calculation for deformation of ground, hence, its value can be calculated by the angular point method 26scoring to the principle of superimposed stress 5.3.9 When the enbedded depth of the basement foundation is more deep, thatthe resilience of ground in excavating the foundation pt shall be considered, hence, the amount of the resilience deformation canbe calculated acorn to the following formule: fe= Pedy pie ~ ee s@et) (5.3.9) Where 5,—amount of resilience deformation for grounds e—empirical coefficient for ealelation of settlement considering the influence of resilience, talking 1.05 P—pressure due to self-weight of soil (Pa) at the upper side ftom the foundation pit base surfsce, meanwhile, the lostng force shall be deducted below the underground wer levels Eq—nodulus of resilience for sil ean be determine in accordance with" Method for Test of Earthworks” GB/T 0123-1999, 5.3.10 A lot ofthe tall and the Iow.storied buildings are built on a common integral big area foundation, hence, the calculation of deformation shall be carried out according to ‘the upper part of structures, the foundations acting in concert with the ground. 5.4 Calculation of Stability 5.4.1 The stability of ground can be checking computed by the circular are sling surface method. The sliing-resistant moment and the sliding moment, which are preduced by the forces acting on the most dangerous sliding surface about che sliding center, shell conform to the following requirements: Mg/Mg 31.2 (5.4.1) ‘Where Mg—sliding moments ‘My—sliding-resistant moment. 5.4.2. For the building is situated on the top of a stable sil slope, when the length of side for foundation base surface perpendicular tothe top edge line of slope is less than or equal to 3m, then the horizontal distance from outer edge line of foundation bese surface tothe top of slope shall conform to the requirements of the following formulse, but it shall not be less than 2.5m: For strip footing (5.4.2.1) For rectangular foundation aP2.sb (5.4.2.2) Where a—horizontal distance frem the outer edge line of foundation base surface to the atop of slope ‘5—length of side for the foundation base surface perpendicular to the top edge line of slopes d—embedded depth of foundations B—Sslope angle of side slope. =I Fig5 4.2. Sketch fe hvac! ance ‘om the tee lin of Fain bse ‘sfce the tp of spe ‘When the horizontal distance fram the outer edge line of foundation base surface ro the top of slope dors not stisty the roquirements of formulae (5.4.2-1)(5.4.2-2), that the distance from the foundation tothe edge for top of slope and the embeded depth of foundation can be determined according to the average pressure at foundation hase and the formula (5.4.1). ‘When the lope angle of side slope is greater than 45°, che height of slope is greater than ‘8m, henee, the stability of slope mass shal stil be checking computed according to the forrmula (4.1) . 86 Ground in Mountaineous Region 6.1. General Stipaations 6.1.1 The following factors shall be considered for the design of ground in the ‘mountaineous region (including the hilly zone). 1 In the construction site having or having no the landslide phenomenon, having or ‘having no the fault broken zone, under natural conditions; 2. During the construction period, the influence de to the excavating, the filling, ‘the stacking loading and the unloading ete. on the stability of mountain slope; 3 ‘The inhomogeneity of building's ground; 4 The development degree of the karst and the soll eaves; ‘5. The possibility for oceurrence the adverse geologic phenomena of the collapse, the ‘mud-rock flow ete. ; 6 The influence of the ground surface water, the underground water on the buil- 1's ground and the construction site. 6.1.2 When in the constmution of mountaineous region, the engineering geological and the hydrogeological evalustions shall be made necessarily for the construction site in noantsinanie region. ‘The districts, where exist potential threat or direct danger to buildings such as the large landslide, the mud-rock flow, the collapse, 3s well as, the strongly developed karst and soil caves, may not be selected ss the construction sites, When the above mentioned sites must be adopted due to special demand, hence, the reliable treatment mossures shall be taken 6.1.3 The overall planning for bbe reasonably arranged in socordence with the requirements of serviceability, the topographical and geological conditions. Main buildings may be located on the better ground, hence, the conditions of ground cen correspond to the requirements of upper structure of buildings 6.1.4 In the construction of mountaineous region, the necural drainage system and the planting coverage on mountsineous lend shall be fully utilized and provected. When the drainage system must be altered, then, the water shell be led off from the site at the location, where it is easy to divert or to cut off. The corresponding measures for flood on Mascay eetbatid | bang stim fg sue ete etre ae seg forthe mo Bo. owing stu rd 2 wnt? ‘ihn he gee i ‘ao. oxing tu of ted esse Ba te ge or ms a ew stu ofp Taw) Tami etn he ribet Wr 7 ly pel indy oy pl sme, ce tpn rc a renew btm cn ce pa eed he Sor cee een 6.3.5. The maximum dy density andthe optimum moisture content of compacted fill may be dctcined bythe compecton text when its lacking in tet date, the maximum dry density can be calculated according to the following formula: pone = 1 eomeee 6.3.5) Where ng—maximu dey dest of cmpacte fil per layers "yeni eceffen, taking 0.96 for ity clay, 0.97 fr sity sil Pa density of waters d,—telative density of soil grains (specific weight) + sg—ontina moisture content of ile. When the filler is broken stone or cobble, its maximum dry density may take 2.0~ 2.2t/m’, 6.3.6 The allowable value of compacted filled side slope shall be determined by the values in Table 6.3.6 according wo the fos ining th hicks, the propetie of filr ee cof side slope. 2‘ible 63.6 Allowable Value of Compt Fe Sie hope SS a Tyee er Caan ikon d woe C=) * [wes swe the sliding surface. The possibilty for sil (rock) mass above the top of wall sliding ovt from, ‘top of wall shall be checking computed, when necessrys 3 Unloading: Unloading can be cersed on the ective zone ofthe sliding mass under ‘the conditions for ensuring the stability of soil (rock) over the unloading region and cn its both ses, however, the unloading can not be done on the passive zone ofthe sliding ass; 4 Back pressure: Incressing the vertical Ioed in slide-resisting zone of sliding mass to rise the safety factor for slide resisting of siding mass. 6.4.3 The thrust of landslide shall be caloulated according to the following stipulations: 1. When the sliding mass hss uki-layer of sliding surfoes (belts), thet the maximum thrust liding surface (belts) shall be teken to determine the thrust of landslides 2 Selecting several sepresentative secti= ons parallel to the sliding direction are used for caleulation. The calculated sections are generally not fess then two seitions, one of ‘which shall be the section along the principal axis of sliding. Corresponding slide-esisting structures are designed in accordance with the ‘thrusts indifferent sections; Fg.6.4.3. Seach cf esistion for tinat of «3 When the sliding surface isin broken londide fine type, the thrust of landslide can be caleulated according tothe following formalae (Fig. 6.4.3) Fy = Feat 1Gu- Gauteng ate (6.4.3-1) P= 09 By-1— Ba) ~ sin( Bent ~ Padtanpn (6.4.3-2) Where Fy, ,-1-—residual sliding-down force of the nth block, the -1th block sliding coefficient of transmission;7.—safery factor for shrust of lendsides Gacy Gq —eamnponent force for sel-weght ofthe nth bloc sliding mass along sliding surece, perpendicular to siding surfaces ‘pi—standard valve of internal friction angle forthe mth block of sliding ‘mass along siding surface sil standard value of echeson forthe mth beck of sliding mass along sliding surface sl; 2, —ength for the nth block of ling mass along sliding surface. 4 Acting point forthe thrust of landslide canbe taken inthe postion at one bal of the sliding mas thickness; 55 Salty factor for the trust of landslide shall be determined by the factor according to the presen condition of landslide anit influence on the enginseing works etc fr the Inlding belongs othe design Class T of the design of bailing foundstion, thatthe valu of 41.25 may be taken, for the building belongs tothe design Clas I, that the valve of 1-15 may be taken, forthe building belongs tothe design Class I, thatthe value of 1.05 may be taken: 6 Shearing strength on the sliding surface can be reasonable determined by the method combining the test and the reverse calculation of landslide in accordenoe with the properties of sil (rock) and the local experiences. 6.5. Karst and Earth Cave 6.8.1. When there exists the phenemena of soluble eaves, soluble corroded cervioes, earth ‘caves etc. in the segion of carbonate rocks, their nfloence on the stability of ground shall be considered 6.5.2 In the karst region, whore the thickness of sil stratum under the foundation base surface is three times greater than the bese width of independent foundation or six times freater than the base width of strip foting and there have no conditions for the formation of carth cave during the service period, hence, the influence of the karst on the stability of ground ean not be taken into account, and the celeulation of ground can be carried out secording 10 the relevant stipulations in the Chapter 5 of the Code. 6.5.3 When the foundstions are lonted at surface of slightly weathered hardrock, then, {forthe areas near the vertical soluble corroded crevice and the water sink-hole with a width tess than Im, their influences on the stability of ground can not be considered. When there exists the inlined weak structural plane inthe rock mass, hence, the checking computation forthe stability of ground shall be eazried out according to the Formule (5.4. 1) of the Coe. 6.5.4 When the thickness of soil stratum between the top bedding of soluble cave and the 38