Pretzel

A pretzel ( listen ), from dialectal German pronunciation,

standard German: Breze(l) ( listen and French / Alsatian: Pretzel
Bretzel) is a type of baked pastry made from dough that is
commonly shaped into a knot. The traditional pretzel shape is a
distinctive symmetrical form, with the ends of a long strip of
dough intertwined and then twisted back onto itself in a
particular way (a pretzel loop or pretzel bow). In modern times,
pretzels come in a wide range of shapes.

Salt is the most common seasoning for pretzels, complementing

the washing soda or lye treatment that gives pretzels their
traditional skin and flavor acquired through the Maillard
An assortment of pretzels
reaction. Other seasonings are cheeses, sugar, chocolate,
cinnamon, sweet glazing, seeds, and nuts. Varieties of pretzels Type Bread
include soft pretzels, which should be eaten shortly after
Course Snack
preparation, and hard-baked pretzels, which have a long shelf
life.[1] Region Germany, Italy (South
or state Tyrol), France (Alsace)

Cookbook: Pretzel
Contents Media: Pretzel

History
Emblem of the Bakers' Guild
Geography
Upper German-speaking regions
United States
Pennsylvania
Other regions
Other countries
In popular culture
See also
References
Further reading

History
There are numerous unreliable accounts regarding the origin of pretzels, as well as the origin of the
name; most assume that they have Christian backgrounds and were invented by European monks.[2]
According to legend, as cited by several sources, including The History of Science and Technology, by
Bryan Bunch and Alexander Hellemans, in 610 AD "... [a]n Italian monk invents pretzels as a reward to
children who learn their prayers. He calls the strips of baked dough, folded to resemble arms crossing
 the chest, 'pretiola' ('little reward[s]')".[3][4][5][6][7] Another source locates
the invention in a monastery in southern France.[2][8][9] In Germany, there
are stories that pretzels were the invention of desperate bakers held hostage
by local dignitaries.[10] Food historian William Woys Weaver (only) traces
the origin of the pretzel to Celtic harvest knots and the worship of the Celtic
goddess Sirona;[11][12] however this association does not appear in any of
the other rare mentions of this goddess.

The German name "Brezel" may derive also from Latin bracellus (a
medieval term for 'bracelet'),[13] or bracchiola ('little arms').

The pretzel has been in use as an emblem of bakers and formerly their
guilds in southern German areas since at least the 12th century.[10] A 12th-
century illustration in the Hortus deliciarum from the Alsace region (today
France) may contain the earliest depiction of a pretzel.
Pretzel depicted at a
banquet of Queen Esther Within the Christian Church, pretzels were regarded as having religious
and King Ahasuerus. 12th significance for both ingredients and shape. Pretzels made with a simple
century Hortus deliciarum
recipe using only flour and water could be eaten during Lent[14] when
Christians were forbidden to eat eggs, lard, or dairy products such as milk
and butter. As time passed, pretzels became associated with both Lent and
Easter. Pretzels were hidden on Easter morning just as eggs are hidden today, and are particularly
associated with Lent, fasting, and prayers before Easter.[15]

Like the holes in the hubs of round Finnish flat bread, ruisreikäleipä, which let them be hung on poles
suspended just below the kitchen ceiling, the loops in pretzels may have served a practical purpose:
bakers could hang them on sticks, for instance, projecting upwards from a central column, as shown in a
painting by Job Berckheyde (1630–93) from around 1681.[16]

Emblem of the Bakers' Guild

 The pretzel has been in Bakery emblem in Bakery emblem with a
use as an emblem of Hattingen, Germany cut in the pretzel,
bakers, here with two Ravensburg, Germany
lions, in Görlitz, Germany

Bakery emblem in Ribe, Bakery emblem used as

Denmark a logo at a Danish
bakery in Ballard, Seattle

Geography

Upper German-speaking regions

Pretzel baking has most firmly taken root in the region of Franconia and adjoining Upper German-
speaking areas, and pretzels have been an integral part of German baking traditions for centuries. Lye
pretzels are popular in southern Germany, Alsace, Austria, and German-speaking Switzerland as a
variety of bread, a side dish or a snack, and come in many local varieties. Examples for pretzel names in
various Upper-German dialects are Breze, Brezn, Bretzel, Brezzl, Brezgen, Bretzga, Bretzet, Bretschl,
Kringel, Silserli, and Sülzerli.[17] Baked for consumption on the same day, they are sold in every bakery
and in special booths or stands in downtown streets. Often, they are sliced horizontally, buttered, and
sold as Butterbrezel, or come with slices of cold meats or cheese. Butter-filled pretzels are also
commonly sold under this name. Sesame, poppy, sunflower,
pumpkin, or caraway seeds, melted cheese, and bacon bits are other
popular toppings. Some bakeries offer pretzels made of different
flours, such as whole wheat, rye or spelt.

In Bavaria, lye pretzels accompany a main dish, such as Weisswurst

sausage. The same dough and baking procedure with lye and salt is
used to make other kinds of "lye pastry" (Laugengebäck): lye rolls,
buns, croissants, and even loaves (Laugenbrötchen, Laugenstangen,
Christmas market in Strasbourg;
Laugencroissants, Laugenbrot).[10][17] Yet, in some parts of Bavaria,
mulled wine and bretzels sold
especially in lower Bavaria, unglazed "white" pretzels, sprinkled with
salt and caraway seeds are still popular. Basically, with the same
ingredients, lye pretzels come in numerous local varieties. Sizes are
usually similar; the main differences are the thickness of the dough,
the content of fat and the degree of baking. Typical Swabian pretzels,
for example, have very thin "arms" and a "fat belly" with a split, and
a higher fat content. The thicker part makes it easier to slice them
for the use of sandwiches. In Bavarian pretzels, the arms are left
thicker so they do not bake to a crisp and contain very little fat.[18]

The pretzel shape is used for a variety of sweet pastries made of

different types of dough (flaky, brittle, soft, crispy) with a variety of
toppings (icing, nuts, seeds, cinnamon). Around Christmas, they can
be made of soft gingerbread (Lebkuchen) with chocolate coating. In
southern Germany and adjoining German-speaking areas, pretzels
Traditional Weisswurst meal, served
have retained their original religious meanings and are still used in
with sweet mustard and soft pretzels
various traditions and festivals. In some areas, on 1 January, people
give each other lightly sweetened yeast pretzels for good luck and
good fortune. These "New Year's pretzels" are made in different sizes
and can have a width of 50 centimetres (20 in) and more.
Sometimes children visit their godparents to fetch their New Years
pretzel. On 1 May, love-struck boys used to paint a pretzel on the
doors of the adored. On the other hand, an upside-down pretzel
would have been a sign of disgrace. Especially Catholic areas, such
as Austria, Bavaria, or some parts of Swabia, the "Palm pretzel" is
made for Palm Sunday celebrations. Sizes can range from 30 cm
(0.98 ft) up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) and they can weigh up to 2.5 kg
(5.5 lb).[19][20] An old tradition on Palm Sunday dating back to 1533 Sweet pretzel with almonds
is the outdoor pretzel market (Brezgenmarkt) in the
Hungerbrunnen Valley near Heldenfingen.

In the Rhineland region, sweet pretzels are made with pudding-filled loops (pudding pretzels). On
Laetare Sunday in Luxembourg, the fourth Sunday in Lent, there is a festival called "Pretzel Sunday".
Boys give their girlfriends pretzels or cakes in pretzel form.[21] The size symbolizes how much he likes
her. In return, if a girl wants to increase his attention, she will give him a decorated egg on Easter. The
pretzel custom is reversed on Pretzel Sunday during leap years.[22] This custom also still exists in some
areas of the Swabian Alb.[23] On the same occasion in Rhenish Hesse and the Palatinate, people have
parades carrying big pretzels mounted on colourful decorated poles.[23]
During Lent in Biberach, "Lent pretzels" are popular. These are
shortly boiled in water before baking and afterwards sprinkled with
salt. Schloss Burg is renowned for a 200-year-old speciality, the
"Burger pretzel". Its texture and flavour resembles rusk or zwieback.
A local story says that the recipe came from a grateful Napoleonic
soldier in 1795, whose wounds were treated by a baker's family in the
little town of Burg.[24] The cultural importance of the pretzel for
Burg is expressed by a monument in honour of the pretzel bakers,
and by an 18 km hiking trail nearby called "Pretzel Hiking Trail".[25]

A variety typical for Upper Franconia is the "anise pretzel". The town
of Weidenberg celebrates the "Pretzel weeks" during the carnival
season when anise flavored pretzels are served with special dishes
such as cooked meat with horseradish or roast. In the city of Lübeck,
the 500-year-old guild of boatmen on the Stecknitz Canal call their
annual meetings in January Kringelhöge (Pretzelfun). The elaborate
affair, with about 200 participants, is celebrated as a breakfast with Bretzels from Alsace
beer and includes Mass in the Lübeck Cathedral and a presentation
of songs by a children's choir. In earlier times, the children were very
poor, coming from an orphanage, and each received a Kringel (pretzel) as a reward. Hence, the name
"Pretzelfun" was adopted, because this gift was considered a highlight. Today, the children come from
schools, but they still get the pretzels.[26]

The city of Osnabrück celebrates the anniversary of the Peace of Westphalia (1648) and organizes an
annual hobby horse race for grade-four children. On finishing the race, they are presented with a sweet
pretzel.[27] In heraldry, the city seal of Nörten dates from around 1550 and depicts two facing lions
holding a pretzel at the center.[28]

The lye pretzel is the theme for a number of festivals in Germany. The city of Speyer prides itself to be
the "pretzel town", and around the second weekend of July, from Friday to Tuesday, it holds an annual
funfair and festival called "Brezelfest", which is the largest beer festival in the Upper Rhine region, and
attracts around 300,000 visitors. The festival includes a parade with over 100 bands, floats, and clubs
participating from the whole region, and 22,000 pretzels are thrown among the crowds.[29] On the
market square of Speyer, there is a fountain with a statue of a boy selling pretzels. The pretzel booths on
the main street are permanently installed and were specially designed when the whole downtown area
was redone for the 2000th anniversary.[30][31] One-day pretzel fests and markets in other German towns
are in Kirchhellen,[32] a borough of Bottrop, or in Kornwestheim.[33] In 2003 and 2004, "Peace Pretzels"
were baked for a UNICEF charity event and other charity purposes in Munich.[34][35] Instead of the
typical pretzel loop, they were made in the similar shape of a peace symbol.
 Fastenbrezel New Year's pretzel in a Pretzel from Burg, Laugenbrezel, observe
Stuttgart bakery typically carried around the cut.
(Swabia) the neck

United States

In the late 18th century, southern German and Swiss German

immigrants introduced the pretzel to North America. The
immigrants became known as the Pennsylvania Dutch, and in time,
many handmade pretzel bakeries populated the central
Pennsylvania countryside, and the pretzel's popularity spread.[36]

In the 20th century, soft pretzels became popular in other regions of

Hard mini pretzels
the United States. Cities such as Philadelphia, Chicago, and New
York became renowned for their soft pretzels.[37][38] The key to
success was the introduction of the new mass production methods of
the industrialized age, which increased the availability and quantity,
and the opening up of multiple points of distribution at schools,
convenience and grocery stores, and entertainment venues such as
movie theaters, arenas, concert halls, and sport stadiums. Prior to
that, street vendors used to sell pretzels on street corners in wooden
glass-enclosed cases.[39]

Pennsylvania

In particular, the S-shaped soft pretzel, often served with brown

mustard, became very popular in Philadelphia and was established Mini pretzel rods
as a part of Philadelphia's cuisine for snacking at school, work, or
home, and considered by most to be a quick meal. The average
Philadelphian today consumes about twelve times as many pretzels as the national average.[40]
Wormelysburg, Pennsylvania is the center of American pretzel production for both the hard-crispy and
the soft-bread types of pretzels.[37] Southeastern Pennsylvania, with its large population of German
background, is considered the birthplace of the American pretzel industry, and many pretzel bakers are
still located in the area. Pennsylvania produces 80% of the nation's pretzels.[41]

The annual United States pretzel industry is worth over $1.2 billion.[42][43] The average American
consumes about 1.5 pounds (0.7 kg) of pretzels per year.[44] The privately run "Pretzel Museum" opened
in Philadelphia in 1993, but is now defunct.[45][46] In 2003, Pennsylvania Governor Ed Rendell declared
26 April "National Pretzel Day" to acknowledge the importance of
the pretzel to the state's history and economy.[47] Philly Pretzel
Factory stores offer a free pretzel to each customer on this day.[48]

Hard pretzels originated in the United States, where, in 1850, the

Sturgis bakery in Lititz, Pennsylvania, became the first commercial
hard pretzel bakery. Snack food hard pretzels are made in the form
of loops, braids, letters, little pretzels, or sticks around 3 millimetres
(1⁄8 in) thick and 12 centimetres (5 in) long; they have become a
A street vendor in Union Square,
popular snack in many countries around the world. A thicker variety New York City selling pretzels.
of sticks can be 1.5 centimetres (1⁄2 in) thick; in the U. S. these are
called Bavarian pretzels or pretzel rods. Unlike the soft pretzels,
these were durable when kept in an airtight environment and marketable in a variety of convenience
stores. Large-scale production began in the first half of the 1900s, more so during 1930 to 1950. A prime
example was in 1949, when highly innovative American Machine and Foundry Co., of New York City,
developed the "pretzel bender": a new automatic crispy-styled baked pretzel-twisting machine that rolled
and tied them at the rate of 50 a minute—more than twice as fast as skilled hand twisters could make
them—and conveyed them through the baking and salting process.[49]

In Europe, snack-food pretzels are usually sprinkled with salt, but

also with sesame seed, poppy seed, or cheese. In the U.S., they come
in many varieties of flavors and coatings, such as yogurt, chocolate,
strawberry, mustard, cinnamon sugar, cheese and others, and
chocolate-covered hard pretzels are popular around Christmas time
and given as gifts. The variety of shapes and sizes became contest of
imagination in the marketing of the pretzels taste. During the 1900s,
people in Philadelphia would use the small slender pretzel stick as a
common accompaniment to ice cream or would crumble pretzels as
a topping. This combination of cold sweet and salty taste was very
popular for many years. Eventually, this led to the development of
an ice cream cone tasting like a pretzel. More recently Mars,
Incorporated manufactures M&M's with a small spherical pretzel A miniature salted pretzel, shaped
covered in milk chocolate and candy coated in all of the standard like a Christmas tree. Sold in
M&M's colors, called "Pretzel M&M's". Soft pretzels are frequently England by Aldi in 2019.
sold in shopping malls, with notable chains including Auntie Anne's
and Pretzelmaker/Pretzel Time.

Pennsylvania milestones timeline

1800s
Southern German and Swiss German immigrants who became known
as the Pennsylvania Dutch introduced soft shaped pretzels with different
shapes and pretzel bakery businesses.
1861
Sturgis Pretzel House in Lititz, Pennsylvania, becomes the first
commercial hard pretzel bakery in the United States.[50] Philadelphia style soft
1889 pretzel
The Anderson Pretzel Factory in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, is founded.
Today, it calls itself the world's largest, producing 65 tons of hard pretzels
daily.[51]
1935
 The Reading Pretzel Machinery Company in Reading, Pennsylvania, introduced the first automatic
hard pretzel twisting machine.[36]
1963
The largest soft pretzel of its time, weighing 40 pounds and measuring 5 feet across, is baked by
Joseph Nacchio of the Federal Pretzel Baking Company for the film It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad
World.[36]
1978
The first machine-produced stamped cut soft pretzel was innovated at Federal Pretzel Baking
Company.[38]
1993
The first Pretzel Museum of soft pretzels is opened in Philadelphia. A 7-minute film, demonstration
of championship hand twisting at 57 per minute and tasting were highlights.[37]
2003
Pennsylvania Governor Ed Rendell declares 26 April as National Pretzel Day to acknowledge the
importance of the pretzel to the state's history and economy.[47]

Other regions

Freeport, Illinois, which sits about 100 miles outside of Chicago, is another city known for its rich pretzel
history. In 1869, a German immigrant named John Billerbeck[52] established the first Billerbeck Bakery
which was known for selling German style pretzels to complement the large number of breweries that
existed in Freeport during this time. Prohibition eventually shut down the breweries which led to the
decline of pretzel sales in Freeport, but the city never lost its pretzel pride. For more than 100 years,
Freeport has been known as "Pretzel City, USA." Their high school athletic mascot is the Pretzel and the
football stadium has been appropriately named "Pretzel Field." In 2003, local citizens launched
Freeport's first Pretzel Festival which is a large community event where residents get together to
celebrate the city's pretzel history. Contestants are chosen to be crowned Pretzel Prince and Princess and
a festival mascot by the name of "Pretzel Bill" (stemming from the Billerbeck Bakery name) dresses as a
6-foot tall walking talking pretzel who hands out pretzels from floats and takes photos with the local
festival goers.[53]

Other countries

Although not as popular as among German speakers and Americans, the looped pretzel is known in
other European countries and in other countries around the world. In the Czech Republic, the pretzel is
known as preclík, in Finland as viipurinrinkeli, in Slovakia, it is called praclík. The Spanish, French call
it bretzel, the Italian brezel, the Dutch favor sweet variants called krakeling, Norwegian and Danish call
it a kringle, and the Swedish call it kringla. In Polish it is precel, in Hungarian and Croatian it is perec,
and in Serbian it is pereca.[17] In Romania, the pretzel is known as a variety of covrigi and it is a very
popular fast food in urban areas and also as a holiday gift.
 Viipurinrinkeli, a pretzel Party food in Japan, A street vendor in
from Viipuri, Finland pretzel sticks called Glico Kraków, Poland, selling
(now Vyborg, Russia) Pretz pretzels (labeled precle
in Polish), as well as
obwarzanki krakowskie
and bagels

Bretzels in Strasbourg Brașov pretzels (covrigi)

with poppy seeds and
salt

In popular culture
The pretzel has become an element in popular culture, both as a food staple, and its unique knotted twist
shape which has inspired ideas, perspectives, attitudes, memes,[54] images, and other phenomena.
Although historically, the pretzel has influenced culture, it has recently been heavily influenced by mass
media.

Landscape architecture and sculpture memorialized the strong identity that the city of Philadelphia
had with pretzel cuisine of local bakers and popularity in Philadelphia. The Philadelphia Recreation
Department renamed in 2004 a facility formerly identified as Manayunk Park, located on the 4300
block of Silverwood Street as "Pretzel Park."[55] The re-designed park includes pretzel-like looped
pathways and a public art statue in the shape of a pretzel sculpted by Warren C. Holzman.[56][57]
 Municipal government adopts pretzel logo as trademark by the
City of Freeport, Illinois, also known as "Pretzel City USA".[58]
Dance steps developed in swing dancing became the "pretzel
dance move", which dates back to the 1920s.[59]
Fashion-inspired sling bikini is a pretzel bathing suit design
emerging in the early 1990s, as a new fashion product of
Spandex. It is a bikini variant, haltered maillot that crisscrosses
the front and fastens to the waistline. With the advent of the
1990s fabric known as Lycra, these bikinis first emerged and
became most popular on the beaches of Europe, including Saint- Clara Peeters, Still Life with
Cheeses, Almonds and Pretzels,
Tropez, Marbella, Mykonos, and Ibiza.[60]
1685
A circulating internet video shows a press conference of US
president George W. Bush from January 2002, in which he
recalls choking on a pretzel: "When you're eating pretzels, chew
before you swallow. Listen to your mother."[61]
Google celebrated the Pretzel with a Google Doodle on 21
September 2019.[62]

See also
Allerheiligenstriezel
Bagel
Bublik
Covrigi
Cracker
Kalach (food)
Maillard reaction Jan Steen, Baker Arent Oostwaard
Simit and his wife Catherina Keizerswaar
(1658) features pretzels,
Taralli
Rijksmuseum
Twist bread
List of pretzel companies

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Further reading
Moskin, Julia (25 May 2010). "Making Soft Pretzels the Old-Fashioned Way" (https://www.nytimes.co
m/2010/05/26/dining/26pretzel.html). The New York Times. Retrieved 18 August 2010.
"Machine Speeds Pretzel Bending" (https://books.google.com/books?id=OSQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA
1-PA138&dq=popular+science+August+1949&hl=en&ei=6zPiTNmRAY39nAfsp7zpDw&sa=X&oi=bo
ok_result&ct=result&resnum=4&sqi=2&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=popular%20science%2
0August%201949&f=true), August 1949, Popular Science photo article on automation of making
pretzels

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