SCIE 326 Units 9-15

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1. Abduction Trying to determine what possible explanation 13. Eight rules 1. No two premises
(inference gives the best fit for a 2. Conclusion and premise are affirmative
to the best Syllogism to 3. if a premise is particular, a conclusion is
explanation) see if its particular
valid 4. Can't have a major premise & a negative
2. Analogical ideas that are known to be useful in one
minorpremise
Reasoning science discipline borrowed by another: think
5. Number of terms in conclusion has to be
analogies
one less in the premise
3. Analysis division of a whole into its component parts 6. major premise has to be universal, and
(reasoning so that they may be studied individually and minor premise has to be affirmative
process) in their reactions i.e. break down a respiratory 7. In a valid syllogism, major premise must be
system to look at the function of the lungs universal and one of the premises must be
4. Analytical using empirical backing negative
Reasoning 8. Minor premise has to be universal,
conclusion must be affirmative
5. Bottom-up Begins with basic components and builds a
system out of the components and its 14. Empathetical involves putting yourself in the place of
interactions Reasoning

6. Casual Our explanation asserts that we have explain 15. euiqdistance All types are considered as being equally
Explanation a phenomenon or event when we are able to distinct from each other.
state its cause 16. External properties of space
7. Deduction Valid syllogisms, begins with the universal Symmetry
(categorical concept and then its premises 17. Formal (formal logic) we explain a property or a
inference) explanations characteristic of a thing by asserting that the
8. Difference Deterministic: possible/allowed property/characteristic is essential to the
between Stochastic: probability category it belongs to
deterministic 18. Functional An event, thing or phenomenon because it
or stochastic Explanation serves a function
9. Discuss the theory must incorporate or explain the 19. Functional Why the system in terms of its functions of
justification mathematical aspect of that equation. Science Explanations that system must fulfil within its environment
for using needs math because all have quantitative
20. Historical Theories that describe the occurrence of
mathematics methods, the more mathematic the more
Theories unique historical events by recreating the
to study humanly secure the problem. Math is different
event
physical because it is not opinion based like aristotle's
systems? logic. 21. how many 0C -> 32F
Celsius in
10. Distinctions The differences that make a difference
Fahrenheit?
11. Dynamical deterministic mathematical theories when
22. Induction Logical reasoning, logical conclusion
Theories systems change over time follows a set of
(statistical
equations
inference)
12. Dynamic Do not manifest in a system's structure, but
23. Internal Characteristics of an object
Symmetry through its motion
Symmetry
24. Interval uniform numerical scale with a standard
interval
25. Intuitional provide to find an intuitive understanding
Theories
26. Law of no thing is equal to anything other than itself
contradiction
(aristotelian
logic)
27. Law of excluded middle No thing can have a property 43. Qualitative different variables must be qualitatively
(aristotelian logic) and its opposite or negative Difference distinct dimensions of variation
28. Law of identity A thing equal within itself, once 44. Qualitative Focusing on the qualitative organization of
(aristotelian logic) a term has been defined it Theories observation as a mean of gaining heuristic
cannot be changed and predictive power
29. Laws of Coexistence deterministic, these laws select 45. Ratio uniform numerical scale with a standard unit
the possible subsets are that for comparison
allowed
46. Six criteria 1. constructs in theory ought to possess
30. Laws of Interaction these laws describe the result for Good logical fertility
of the allowed interaction Questions 2. constructs in the theory ought to be
between the systems multiplied
3. Theory needs to be stable
31. Laws of succession these laws specify the allowed
4. Constructs in theory ought to be extensible
transitions between states,
5. must create casual connections between
representations and both
phenomena and events
32. Logical Idependance Variables may be chosen 6. theories must strive for simplicity and
independently, even if they elegance
happen to be correlated
47. Six criteria 1. facts are results of observation
33. Nominal Variable measures qualitative difference relating to 2. expressed through empirical propositions
34. On what four different Nominal what 3. statements of facts must be empirically
scales are the variables of scientific true
a typology usually Ordinal fact 4. the unity of reality requires that there
evaluated? cannot be contradictions between facts
Interval 5. beliefs and prior knowledge influence what
facts will be observed
Ratio 6. if two facts seem to be in contradiction
then you must figure out what beliefs need to
35. Ordinal ranks a linear sequence
changed and what corrections
36. Principal of Common correlation does not mean
48. Statistical A statistical explanation asserts that given a
cause causation
Explanation particular situations based on natural laws a
37. Principal of composition processes should be in high probability of the event that is being
accordance with known explained
behaviours being explained,
49. Statistical non-deterministic, mathematical theories
not contradict them
theories based on probabilities than certainties
38. Principal of stability change does not occur without
50. Structural Give reasons for why a system's property is
a cause
Explanations that way due to its fit in the overall system
39. Principal of Sufficient There needs to be sufficient
51. Symmetry basically the likeliness of a measure.
Reason reason as to why a fact is true
Invariance under transformations
or false
52. Synthesis combination of separate elements to form a
40. Principal of Uniformity similar causes tend to have
(reasoning coherent whole
similar effects, and vice versa
process)
41. Principals of the identity If two things cannot be
53. Taxonomic Concerned with the classification and
of Indiscernibles distinguished from each other,
Theories cognition of phenomena
then they are considered
identical 54. Taxonomy Hierarchally ordered classification, where
each level is a typology
42. Prinicpal of Non Every statement with a
Contradiction contradiction is considered 55. The Law of Things in the world have an identity that can
false Identity be defined, and once its defined it cannot be
changed in further discussion
56. Top-down begins with a complete system, 67. What's All types must be defined on the basis
and we assume the parts of the consistency? of the same criteria of identity. It would
system and its functions are the not do, for example, to try to define
reason for its components and types on the basis of whether the entity
behaviours being classified was large or small or
green.
57. Tycho Brahe objected to he argued that the planetary
copernunican orbits must be circular because 68. What's critical reason and intuition are used to
heliocentric theory on the perfection of the heavens meaning (thought challenge some aspect of existing
both observational and could only arise if the planetary experiments) theory
theoretical grounds. orbits could return upon
69. What's All types in a typology are of equal
What were these themselves. This required circular
equivalence? importance.
objections? orbits
70. what's exclusive each entity being sorted must be
58. Typology Classification for sorting
types? assignable to only one category
59. Universality All relevant variables are relevant
71. what's generative Use reason and intuition or experience
to each type
experience? to suggest new theoretical principals or
60. What are the basic set definition ideals
components of a set of initial assumptions (axioms)
72. Whats Illustrative use thought experiments by with an
mathematical system? all statements must be logically
meaning? (thought existing theory to provide us with an
deduced from axioms and
experiments) illustration aspect of theory
definitions
73. what's The presence or absence of any type in
61. What are though 1. illustrative
indepedence? a sample is not dependent on the
experiments based on? 2. Critical
presence or absence of any other type.
3. Generative
74. What's the That which must have order to be
62. What are three dangers ...
definition of an entitled to its name
that can invalidate the
essence?
conclusions of a thought
experiment? 75. What three Clear boundaries
properties or Completeness
63. What criteria must be Universality
structural criteria Exclusive types
satisfied by the variables
are necessary for
of a typology? Qualitative Difference.
a typology?

Logical Independence 76. Why did aristolien real science was syllogistic deduction
natural from initial premises, that was
64. What criteria of Consistency:.
philosophers supported by common agreement
definition and
object to applying
interpretation must a Equivalence:
mathematics in
typology satisfy? (CEEI)
natural
Equidistance
philosophy?

Independence
65. what's clear boundaries? must be clear what's being
studied
66. what's completeness? every object or thing that is
within the boundaries of a
typology must be sorted into a
specific category, it must be
exhaustive