Pile Foundations a Limiting values of s friction As it can be seen from the proposed empirical formula used for the estimation of the skin friction values depends on the overburden pressure P.’. The overburden pressure increases linearly with the depth except for the variation of the soil density for a multilayered soil. The skin friction values will also increase corresponding to the increase in the overburden pressure. However, studies indicate that these values needs to be limited. a) The skin friction values for sand shall be limited to values of 115 kPa for very dense sand. See table for medium and loose sand. b) The skin friction for the clay soil shall be limited to the maximum of undrained shear strength. ie. a = 1. Basically, the skin friction may not increase further as the effect of overburden pressure is not effective after a certain depth as indicated in plot.Pile Foundations —— Limiting values of end bearing CLAY Limiting end bearing values for clay is directly related to the undrained shear strength and empirical coefficient. There is no limiting values required as the end bearing In clay will be very limited. The end bearing values for the sandy soil is related to the overburden pressure and limiting values shall be applied. The limiting value of 12 MPa (1200 Tonnes/m2) is placed for a very dense sand. This limit will be reached at a depth of 20m with N,=50, and submerged density 7= 12 kN/m?. (q=N,P,’)Pile Foundations SS oO “Table 64.3-1—Desgn Parameters for CahesonlessSllceous So" Sah Ling in Tia nt fon ange, atontahes ewe ce Deniy ——_SatDacgdn “SOc” Ruta % infos Tole Sel 8 oer 3 wi, Lowe sees Mian sin API 2A to set » Lacan 2 wc» Recommended “ “ee Practice tin set x vers » wan Dens suse ViyDme aS 8 sans) » asa ss ny Wi tnt th ns ie gh Hh lbh alan ait Socal etc ince whitening tonsPile Foundations Se ‘Tatle 6 43-1—Design Parameters for Cohesionless Siiceous Sol! New Tag sotto finn Satin ening Fac frig Wave eteneDesin? | Seer or" iksiet os) oo Tela S| RRC RGSRE RO [NAG RBE NOES te | te API 2A De St Wan Dave | Sessa ow. THO Boy Recommended ‘edaDons | — "Se ‘Gr Tey 105 = Bee Smit Practice Dane ar a TOR = aT Nerbere | seu Tey Dae Sl os a a [ae parses ies ear wee ioaed spaces aa Whe ett mtematan sch CFT ern eg fuphcisy spies nil in cle dang petomace vse oer la eed be atoning tn frie ey dscription a plicable: essoton Rebie ests Veloce 0-15 Loose 15238 Mesum Dee 35-45 Dene 65-85 Neda 5-10 Teste co ft (eae te Km tensed pei eims of APLRP2A.WSD) sino his en} cof he parte dint Crary Sen Sides he ss with et cons snd ad ik. Steg vale genera ene withing (Deis ame vena rena cas of APLRP 2A WSD for ese sl ate dest combations ms be tcasent| Hence nrecommenie te CPTee code fm te Comment for ie oisPile Foundations Cone penetration test (CPT) based methods CPT tests offer continuous record of side friction through layered soils and hence can be used to estimate the axial pile capacity. Following methods are now recognized by API RP 2A using CPT results. Method Method Method Method Simplified ICP-05 method ffshore UWA-05 method ‘ugro-05 method : NGI-O5 method ICP - Imperial College Pile UWA - University of Western Australia NGI - Norwegian Geotechnical Institute coed re (MPa) sistance le friction MPa)Pile Foundations ee CPT BASED METHODS FOR PILE CAPACITY Friction and end bearing contributions to pile capacity are assumed to be uncoupled. The ultimate axial pile capacity in compression (Que) and tension (Q,,) of a open ended driven steel piles can be estimated using the following relationship. 0,.=0,. +0, ="D{ f(z)dz+a4, 0, = 0;,= ADI f(2)dz In which [ (=)d: is the skin friction to be integrated from CPT records and q is the end bearing to be estimated from point bearing records.Pile Foundations a ESTIMATION OF SKIN FRICTION FROM CPT RECORDS a) =nra(e}| 2D) aa] onl L=2 J) tema, mi 252 1 iy Where f(z) is the unit shaft friction, a.(z) is the CPT cone tip resistance, p,/(z) is the effective vertical stress and p, is the atmospheric pressure at depth z. A, = pile displacement ratio A, = pile annular area pile inside diameter, D, = D - 2T,, pile wall thickness embedded length of the pile sand constant volume friction angle at the interface between the sand and the pile wall. a,b, ¢, d, e, and v are parameters to be taken from table for each method Dd Ww LPile Foundations Unit shaft friction parameter values for various method Method Parameter a b c d u v Simplified ICP-05 method Compression | 0.1 0.2 [0.4 1 0.023 | asa Tension o1 [0.2 0.4 1 0.016 | yy Offshore UWA-05 method Compression |0 03 [05 1 0.030 | 2 Tension 0 0.3 |0.5 1 0.022 |2 Fugro-05 method Compression 0.05 |0.45 |0.90 Jo 0.043 | ofr Tension 0.15 0.42 |0.85 |0 0.025 2/4,Pile Foundations a Factor of Safety Factor of safety against the computed ultimate axial capacity depends on the type of pile and soil conditions. Similar to IS 2911 for bored concrete piles require a FOS of minimum 2.5 where as API RP 2A suggests otherwise, API RP 2A suggests a minimum factor of safety for each loading condition for offshore platforms. Load Condition Tension Compression Operating Condition 2.0 2.0 Storm Condition 1.5 1.5 Seismic Condition 1.2 1.2Pile Foundations All le Pile C it Weight of Pile (Wy) Weight of pile below the seabed shall be treated as the part of the load. This shall either be added to the load or deducted from the computed compression capacity. However, this can be taken as advantage for the tension capacity by adding to the capacity as it acts against the pull out load. Weight Soil Plug (W,,.5) Weight of soil plug shall be added to the load or deducted from the compression capacity if the pile is plugged. For the tension capacity, the plug welght can be added if the pile plugged.Pile Foundations jowable apacity Allowable pile capacity is required as the design method uses the working stress design and to allow for the uncertainties in the estimation of the axial capacity, a suitable factor of safety is applied on the ultimate capacity. Plugged ee = Qep =H yee Wye Qeu = Mone +W, Qoriow ension~ Minimum, Bo Me one ia Me On Toe FS FS Wpie ~ Weight of pile below mud-line Wouug ~ Weight of soil plugPile Foundations —— A Generation of Pile Capacity Curves Usually the axial capacity in compression and tension for the pile of different diameters will be calculated and plotted against the depth of penetration of the pile. This will be very helpful in determining the pile termination level during the design of the pile foundation. Following points to be noted while generating such curves for use in design. a) The transition from weaker to stronger layer and stronger to weaker layer shall be smoothened with appropriate transition b) The end bearing values at the sand layer shall be adjusted for 3D correction to avoid pile punch through.Pile Foundations Ivpical Pile Capacity fal capac 320mm -BH9 ° fab dofob| [shoo lao | 3s Ssfoo Curves ‘Axial Capac) The curve corresponds to a teen teed sandy soil throughout the een foundation oo NI 4 The chart includes capacity in tension and compression for both plugged and unplugged conditions Penetration (m)Pile Foundations (wy noqrenouag