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Lect 7 Measures of Central Tendency
Lect 7 Measures of Central Tendency
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Mode is a French word meaning ‘fashion’, adopted for most frequent value.
Calculation:
The mode is the value in a dataset which occurs most often or maximum
number of times.
Mode for Ungrouped Data
Example 1: Marks: 10, 5, 3, 6, 10 Mode=10
Mode is PTI
Mode for Grouped Data
Formulae for calculating Mode in case of Grouped data is:
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + ×ℎ
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1 + (𝑓𝑚 −𝑓2 )
Where,
𝑙=lower class boundary of the modal class
𝑓𝑚 =Frequency of the modal class
𝑓1 =Frequency of the class preceding the modal class
𝑓2 =Frequency of the class following the modal class
ℎ=Width of class interval
Note: There is an alternative formula for calculating mode but the formula
given above provides more accurate results.
Mode for Grouped Data
Example: Calculate Mode for the distribution of examination
marks provided below:
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + ×ℎ
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1 + (𝑓𝑚 −𝑓2 )
Mode for Grouped Data
Calculate Class Boundaries
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + ×ℎ
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1 + (𝑓𝑚 −𝑓2 )
Mode for Grouped Data
Calculate Class Boundaries
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + ×ℎ
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1 + (𝑓𝑚 −𝑓2 )
Mode for Grouped Data
Calculate Class Boundaries
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + ×ℎ
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1 + (𝑓𝑚 −𝑓2 )
Mode for Grouped Data
Find Modal Class (class with the highest frequency)
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + ×ℎ
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1 + (𝑓𝑚 −𝑓2 )
Mode for Grouped Data
Find Modal Class (class with the highest frequency)
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + ×ℎ
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1 + (𝑓𝑚 −𝑓2 )
Mode for Grouped Data
Find 𝒍, 𝒇𝒎 , 𝒇𝟏 , 𝒇𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒉.
h=10
Marks Class Boundaries No of Students (f)
30-39 29.5-39.5 8
40-49 39.5-49.5 87
50-59 49.5-59.5 190=f1
60-69 304=fm
70-79 69.5-79.5 211=f2
80-89 79.5-89.5 85
90-99 89.5-99.5 20
𝑓𝑚 −𝑓1 (304−190)
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + × ℎ = 59.5 + × 10=65.3 Marks
𝑓𝑚 −𝑓1 +(𝑓𝑚 −𝑓2 ) 304−190 +(304−211)
Merits of Mode
Calculation:
The geometric mean is the nth root of the product of n values.
Geometric Mean for Ungrouped Data
General Formulae For Un-Grouped Data:
𝑛
Geometric Mean = 𝑥ҧ𝐺 = (𝑥1 × 𝑥2 × ⋯ × 𝑥𝑛 )
When ‘n’ is very large, then it is difficult to compute Geometric Mean using
above formula.
This is simplified by considering alternative form of the above formula.
Geometric Mean for Ungrouped Data
General Formulae For Un-Grouped Data:
𝑛
Geometric Mean = 𝑥ҧ𝐺 = (𝑥1 × 𝑥2 × ⋯ × 𝑥𝑛 )
Taking Logarithm on both sides, we have
𝑛
log 𝑥ҧ𝐺 = log 𝑥1 × 𝑥2 × ⋯ × 𝑥𝑛
1/𝑛
log 𝑥ҧ𝐺 = log 𝑥1 × 𝑥2 × ⋯ × 𝑥𝑛
1
log 𝑥ҧ𝐺 = [ log 𝑥1 × 𝑥2 × ⋯ × 𝑥𝑛 ]
𝑛
1
log 𝑥ҧ𝐺 = [ log 𝑥1 + log 𝑥2 + ⋯ + log 𝑥𝑛 ]
𝑛
1 1
log 𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 𝑛 σ𝑛𝑖−1 log 𝑥𝑖 OR 𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ 𝑛 σ𝑛𝑖=1 log 𝑥𝑖 ]
Geometric Mean for Ungrouped Data
General Formulae For Un-Grouped Data:
𝑛
Geometric Mean = 𝑥ҧ𝐺 = (𝑥1 × 𝑥2 × ⋯ × 𝑥𝑛 )
OR
𝑛
1
Geometric Mean = 𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ log 𝑥𝑖 ]
𝑛
𝑖=1
Geometric Mean for Ungrouped Data
Examples of Ungrouped Data:
3
Geometric Mean = 𝑥ҧ𝐺 = (𝑥1 × 𝑥2 × 𝑥3 )
3
= (2 × 8 × 4)
3
= (64)
3
= 43
= 43 1/3
=4
Geometric Mean for Ungrouped Data
Examples of Ungrouped Data: