“Hazard and Disaster Management”

Assignment No. 2

BATCH 2017
Section CV-B

Submitted By:

Muhammad Usman Gill Roll #: 17L-4602

Muhammad Emaz Azam Roll #: 17L-4601
Rana Sarmad Shabir Roll #: 17L-4609
Salman Chaudhry Roll #: 17L-4674

(May 5, 2021)

Submitted to: Engr. Nasir Butt

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

 National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences
Department of Civil Engineering

ABSTRACT

Disasters are situations that can cause severe damage to individuals and communities including
loss of lives and livelihood assets along with damage to ecosystem. Disaster can also have
negative impact on agriculture, environment and infrastructure of country. So, to counter these
effects of disasters we need to analyze and reduce the disasters risks through a systematic
process. This work provides a review of risks associated with flash and river flooding in
Pakistan. It also gives an analytical discussion on the historic flood events and their adverse
impacts. In addition, the flood risk reduction approaches undertaken so far in Pakistan have
also been discussed.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have put our efforts in this research. Indeed, it would not have been achievable without
support and help from the university and many individuals. We would like to say heartfelt
thanks to all of them.
We would also like to express our gratitude towards our parents & Course Instructor Engineer
Sir Nasir Butt for his kind co-operation and encouragement which helped us in completion of
this project.

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Table of Contents
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................... 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................... 3

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... 6

1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 7

2 Types of Floods in Pakistan ............................................................................................... 8

3 Case Study ......................................................................................................................... 9

3.1 Flash Flood in Rawalpindi Nullah Lai, Punjab ........................................................... 9

3.2 Flash Flood in Karachi and Thatta, Sindh ................................................................... 9

3.3 Flash Floods in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ....................................................... 9

4 History of Flood Events in Pakistan ................................................................................ 10

5 Causes of Floods .............................................................................................................. 11

6 Impacts of Floods............................................................................................................. 12

6.1 Environmental impacts .............................................................................................. 12

6.2 Health Impacts........................................................................................................... 13

7 Flood Risk Reduction Approaches in Pakistan ................................................................ 13

7.1 Structural Measures ................................................................................................... 14

7.1.1 Flood Relief Channels........................................................................................ 14

7.1.2 Embankment and Spur/Dyke ............................................................................. 15

7.1.3 Flood Water Reservoir ....................................................................................... 15

7.2 Non-Structural Measures........................................................................................... 15

7.2.1 Flood Forecasting and Early Warning ............................................................... 15

7.2.2 Flood Emergency Response System .................................................................. 16

7.2.3 Flood Abatement ................................................................................................ 16

7.2.4 Flood Insurance .................................................................................................. 16

7.2.5 Building Regulation ........................................................................................... 17

7.2.6 Flood Risk Mapping and Zoning ....................................................................... 17

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8 Flood Risk Management .................................................................................................. 17

9 References ........................................................................................................................ 19

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1 Indus River and Its Tributaries. ................................................................................ 7

Figure 7-1 Flood Hazard Reduction Policies ........................................................................... 14

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1 Introduction
Pakistan is located in South Asia and shares its borders with India in the southeast, Afghanistan
in the northwest, Iran in the west and the north is China and it lies between Longitudes of 620E
and 750E and Latitudes of 240N and 370N, with a total land area of 796,095 km. Pakistan is
divided into three major Geographic regions: The Balochistan Plateau, Indus River plains, and
the northern mountain ranges. The total population of Pakistan is now more than 220 million
according to the latest census. The diversity of natural and physical environment is a challenge
and threat to a variety of natural disasters like Floods, Earthquakes and Landslides etc. The
natural disasters including floods, earthquakes, landslides and human induces disasters such as
road accidents, Industrial accidents, fire, terrorism internally displaced people and war also
affect the livelihood of people. The major tributaries of Indus River are Jhelum River, Chenab
River, Ravi River, Sutlej River and Kabul River. It collects water from all other rivers and
finally unloads into the Arabian Sea near Karachi.

Figure 1-1 Indus River and Its Tributaries.

Flood is an overflow of water on the dry land adjacent to a river or lake that is not covered by
water normally and causes to material loss, human health affect or cause to fatality. Floods
continue to hit many countries, both less developed and industrialized, bringing human

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suffering and immense economic damage. Flood risk reduction aims to reduce and manage the
risks that floods pose to human health, economic activity, the environment, and cultural
heritage. Flood risk reduction focuses on decreasing the consequences of floods through
measures within the vulnerable area. Consequences of floods can also be reduced by flood
preparation like flood forecasting and warning systems and disaster management.
Flooding is the most massive natural hazard in Pakistan due to diverse ecosystems and occurs
mainly due to the heavy monsoon rains throughout the country, mostly in the summer season
and overflow the rivers and streams over dry land. In Pakistan floods are common problem
and their continuity makes them more alarming for its economic growth. Although the impacts
of flood vary from one place to another and in the consequences, there are significant losses
such as human life loss their shelter, livelihood, damage to the public and private infrastructure
such as roads and bridges.

2 Types of Floods in Pakistan

There are different types of floods that occur in Pakistan. The types of flood are as follows;
1. Monsoon Floods
These are the most common floods that occur in Pakistan. Monsoon rain can fill river
basins and the storage capacity also exceeds the limit with melting snows. Torrential
rains from decaying monsoon low pressure area can also produce river flooding.
2. Flash Floods: These floods also occur in Pakistan. They are common in the northern
areas of Pakistan and can cause great loss of life.
3. Floods due to Breaches of River: This type of flood occurs due to breaches of river
embankments and canal breeches are a frequent occurrence in all the districts of
Pakistan.
4. Urban Floods: This flood occurs in the major cities of Pakistan. They are also common
in the monsoon season.
5. Costal Floods: These floods occur when a tropical storm makes landfall in the coastal
areas of Pakistan. The south eastern Sindh and the Makran coast bear the brunt of such
floods.

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3 Case Study
3.1 Flash Flood in Rawalpindi Nullah Lai, Punjab
Nullah Lai is a hill torrent flowing through Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Margallah hills are the
catchment area of nullah Lai. During monsoon, it is flooded almost every year. On 23rd July
2001, a record rain of 620 mm was recorded at Islamabad in just 10 h. As a consequence, a
destructive urban flood occurred in the twin cities (Islamabad- Rawalpindi) and a total of 74
lives were lost, approximately 400,000 people were affected, 742 livestock were perished,
1,087 houses were fully damaged and 2,448 partially. Another terrible situation was occurred
on 5th July 2008, when a torrential rainfall of 104 mm was recorded at Islamabad in just 100
min and 162 mm in 5 h. Eventually, it has caused a disastrous flood in nullah Lai. Besides
massive damages to urban property, 3 precious lives were also lost. It has prompted the
Government to establish Flood Forecasting and Early Warning System for Nullah Lai [1].
3.2 Flash Flood in Karachi and Thatta, Sindh
In July 2003, the province of Sindh was severely affected by heavy monsoon rainfall and
caused flash and urban floods in major part of Karachi, Thatta and Badin. In Karachi, 284 mm
rain fell in just 2 days, which generated massive urban flood and disastrous situation in the city.
Similarly, heavy rainfall was also recorded in other parts of the province. In Thatta, 404 mm
rainfall was recorded in just 2 days, which as a result caused flash floods in the district. In
Sindh province, due to July 2003 flash floods, a total of 484 human lives were lost and around
4,476 villages were affected [1].
3.3 Flash Floods in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
On 14th August 2002, the heavy rainfall occurred around Warsak. A total of about 500 mud
houses were collapsed and 930 partially damaged when heavy flash flood hit the five union
councils namely Mathra, Panam Dheri, Kafoor Dehri, Shahi Bala and Ghari Sherdad. Similarly,
on 4th August 2008, another flash flood hit the northern part of the district. There was a
torrential rainfall in the catchment area of Thara and Chorai hill torrents originating from the
Khyber hills. A total of about 50 villages were affected and approximately 700,000 people were
affected. Besides this, 12 people were also killed due to flash floods [1].

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4 History of Flood Events in Pakistan

Below is the list of floods in Pakistan:
 In 1995, hefty storm rainfall happened in mid-July. Because of this River Indus and
different streams and waterways began to flood. The downpours halted on schedule.
Else they would have caused more harm.
 In 2003, Sindh region was gravely influenced when above typical storm rainfall caused
flooding in the region. The urban flooding likewise hit Karachi where two days of
precipitation of 284.5mm (11.20 in) caused a big ruin around the area. Thatta region
was the most noticeably terrible hit where 404mm (15.9 in) precipitation caused streak
floods in the area.
 In 2007, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh and seaside Balochistan were seriously
influenced because of heavy storm rainfall. Sindh and beach front Balochistan were
influenced by Cyclone Yemyin in June and afterward heavy rains in July and August,
while Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa was influenced by softening icy masses and substantial
precipitation in July and August. About 130 individuals passed away and 2,000 were
lost in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa in July and 22 individuals lost their lives in August, while
815 individuals died in Balochistan and Sindh because of enormous floods.
 In 2010, practically all of Pakistan was influenced when huge flooding brought about
by record breaking rainfall hit Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab. The quantity of
people influenced by the flooding surpasses the joined amount of people influenced by
the 2004 Indian Ocean wave, the 2005 Kashmir quake and the 2010 Haiti earthquake.
At least 2,000 individuals kicked the bucket in this flood and very nearly 20 million
individuals were influenced by it.
 In September 2011, at least 361 individuals were terminated, some 5.3 million
individuals and 1.2 million homes influenced too 1.7 million sections of land of arable
land immersed when enormous floods cleared across the region of Sindh because of
storm rainfall.
 In September 2012, more than of 100 individuals passed on, and a great many homes
demolished, with a large number of sections of land of arable land influenced when
extraordinary rainfall pounded Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Southern Punjab and Upper
Sindh. Because of storm rainfall.
 In September 2013, approximately 80 people died.

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 In September 2014, Because of enormous rainfall in Jammu and Kashmir just as in

Punjab account for flood circumstance in River Chenab and River Jhelum.

In August 2020, Karachi got the heaviest downpour in a solitary day ever in its set of
experiences when 231 mm downpour lashed out in only 12 hours. During August 2020, just
Karachi got 484 mm (19 inches) rainfall. It is the most noteworthy precipitation record in the
course of the most recent 90 years. Water and flooded water from nullahs and channels
overflowed the vast majority of the fundamental streets and roads in private areas, countless
neighborhoods including metropolitan ghettos and towns in urban territories, that seriously
disturbed individuals' lives [2].

5 Causes of Floods
Diagnosing the correct cause is maybe the initial move towards recommending a suitable
structure of activity. As 2,000 individuals are being accounted for dead and twenty million
seriously influenced, the new storm in Pakistan is perpetually drawing consideration from
different quarters.
So, there are many reasons that caused huge floods in Pakistan. Some say that monsoon and
heavy rainfall are the main cause of flooding in Pakistan while other says others consider
environmental change, dams and deforestation as playing the trigger for the floods.
As per a story highlighted in Al Jazeera English (August 8, 2010), the commonplace top of the
National Disaster Management Authority has been cited as saying that denudation is one of the
fundamental purposes behind disturbing the floods as just 5.2 percent of land in Pakistan is
covered by backwoods. A nearby association, Sarhad Awami Forestry Ittehad (SAFI), has
asserted that in pieces of Malakand Agency, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, "in excess of 70% of woods
were unlawfully chopped down somewhere in the range of 2007 and 2009, when Pakistani
Taliban controlled the locale." Another report in The Guardian (August 12, 2010) claims that
the flooding has been serious in zones where the lumber mafia is dynamic. It expresses that the
felled trees stacked in gorges to pirate were removed by the power of water, consequently
clearing away extensions, individuals and debilitating the dam dividers along its way. Truth be
told, as per reports, the wood filled the Tarbela dam repository, in this way hindering any extra
room.
Down South, Sindh resonates with a comparable story. While the townspeople and the
neighborhood individuals have been opposing the property managers and the Army from illicit

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infringement of land, the state reaction has been practically sassy. According to the accessible
realities, woodlands cover just 2.3 percent of the complete land space of Sindh and reports
guarantee that the breaking down state of the backwoods abstain them from adding to lumber,
fuel wood or grain. Reports have been constantly flooding the media that illicit tree removing
has been conveyed at an enormous scope along the waterway banks and the riverine backwoods
in Northern Sindh. The lumber mafia whose activities regularly go unchecked because of their
connections with the political authority in North Sindh has been blamed for upsetting the
sensitive equilibrium in the eco-framework [3].

6 Impacts of Floods
There are several impacts of flood that contributes due to enormous flooding
6.1 Environmental impacts
 Wildlife and Livestock Health and Well-being
o Flood reduce the level of biodiversity, habitat potential and food present in the
ecosystem, creating long-term impacts for surviving wildlife
o Livestock unable to relocate to higher ground in time were washed away by
flood waters or forced to stand in polluted water until rescued.
 Riverbank and Sedimentation
o Riverbank erosion is caused by high and fast-moving water that exceeds
riverbanks.
o Flood waters can carry large amounts of sediment and leave deposits behind
once flood water recede.
 Dispersal of Nutrients and Pollution
o Flood water can contain debris, pollutants and nutrients.
o Pollutants in flood water, such as bacteria and pesticides, can be carried far
distances.
o Sedimentation and turbidity can result in the growth of algae and
phytoplankton blooms that jeopardize water quality.
 Replenishment of Surface and Groundwater
o One of the positive direct benefits of flooding is the replenishment of surface
water and groundwater supplies

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o The replenishment of supplies can benefit soil, resulting in healthy crops and
pastures.
 Local Landscape and Habitat
o In urban areas, flooding can be extremely damaging and costly, as it can
negatively impact infrastructure, homes and business.
o Flooding has a more positive impact on the natural environment as flood water
provides nourishment to the landscape [4].

6.2 Health Impacts

Pakistan's flood emergency is hugely affecting the lives of millions of individuals
 More than 20 million people have been affected from which, at least 8 million need
direct humanitarian assistance.
 Many hospitals and clinics have been destroyed reducing the provision of emergency
and routine care in the affected areas.
 Access to safe drinking water and hygiene and sanitation conditions have been
severely impacted.

Other health concerns, such as malaria, skin diseases, acute respiratory infection are a major
concern [4].

7 Flood Risk Reduction Approaches in Pakistan

In Pakistan, the existing flood risk reduction approaches has been the result of a long history
of flooding experience. In Pakistan, the aim of flood risk reduction is to save lives and reduce
damages. In this regard, government has been taking interest in implementing both structural
and non-structural strategies [1].

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Figure 7-1 Flood Hazard Reduction Policies

The existing flood reduction strategies are:

 Structural
 Non-structural measures
Structural measures are physical measures that are applied to minimize potential impacts of
hazards by construction of hazard resistant structures. Structural measures are usually
expensive and take long time to complete.
Non-structural measures refer to policies, plans, awareness, capacity building and provision
of information for reducing risk and related impacts.
7.1 Structural Measures
Generally, the structural measures are adopted where flood problems emerge. Nevertheless,
the structural mitigation approaches are very expensive and beyond the financial capability of
developing countries like Pakistan. In Pakistan, the structural measures include water
reservoirs, flood protective embankments, flood dikes, guided head spur, and flood diversion
channels [1].
7.1.1 Flood Relief Channels
These schemes have received little attention in the past, although there are examples of flood
relief channel or link canals on the rivers. These channels intercepting the flow of main river.
Channel’s enlargements and channels straightening are more common in Pakistan and have
adopted this measure as a flood alleviation strategy [1].

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7.1.2 Embankment and Spur/Dyke

Embankment and spur/dyke schemes have been utilized more than any other structural measure
in Pakistan. The rapidly rising flood inherent in the country added to the necessity to prevent
flood water spreading much further than the main channel, because of the high degree of urban
development and fertile agriculture land have encouraged the employment of such levee
system. Therefore, this scheme has a long history and can be found throughout the country on
a variety scale [1].
7.1.3 Flood Water Reservoir
Reservoirs have never been built in Pakistan for the sole purpose of flood alleviation. However,
some multi-purpose reservoirs do operate in order to ensure the most efficient over all water
management. Thus, maximum flood retention capacity in autumn is progressively reduced
during the winter and spring, so that increased water levels are available both for power
generation and for river regulation purposes in summer [1].

7.2 Non-Structural Measures

In Pakistan, the flood risk reduction policy recognizes the importance of non-structural
approaches. Non-structural measures are relatively less expensive and the effects of reduction
in human casualties can be realized sooner. The non-structural or behavioral group of schemes
generally requires a greater involvement of the flood plain inhabitants and extends from the
more passive use of loss-bearing and public relief funds towards active policies of flood
insurance, flood warning and flood plain zoning [1]. Non-Structural measures include:
7.2.1 Flood Forecasting and Early Warning
Flood Forecasting Division (FFD), Lahore is the only national agency responsible for flood
forecasting and its dissemination to the warning centers. FFD receive hydro-meteorological
data from the various national and international sources, which is then analyzed to produce
flood forecasts, warnings and disseminate to various Federal/Provincial organizations and
print/electronic media. Flood forecasting and early warning is necessary component of a
comprehensive flood risk reduction strategy. Timely warning can reduce loss of life through
evacuation from the flooded area; allow preparedness measures to be taken in advance to
minimize damages to vital structures, and alert authorities responsible for maintenance and
operation of flood control facilities [1].

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7.2.2 Flood Emergency Response System

HFA-5 specifically focuses on strengthening disaster preparedness for effective response at all
levels. In response to 2005 earthquake as well as 2010 and 2011 floods, the massive damages
to life and property and the lack of response mechanism prompted the Government machinery
to enhance response system for search, rescue and evacuation operation. The same was also
highlighted in the National Disaster Management Act-2010, which instruct for the
establishment of national disaster response force. In this regard, NDMA formulated the
National Disaster Response Plan in March 2010 to enhance the country’s ability to properly
respond to disasters. The NDRP has become an official document and provides Standard
Operating Procedures (SOPs) at national, provincial/state and district levels for emergency
response. Furthermore, the Government of Pakistan has incorporated in NDMP (2012–2022)
to establish a national emergency response system and capacity building for post-disaster
recovery. Furthermore, there is utmost need for enhancing emergency response capacities at
the community level [1].
7.2.3 Flood Abatement
Flood abatement policies like those of flood storage reservoir have never been tackled seriously
as a means of reducing flood losses in Pakistan. Some flood dealing line agencies have
considered the effectiveness of flood abatement approaches, but none of them implemented on
large scale. Watershed management is one of the flood risk reduction strategies through which
excessive runoff checked at the source. Lack of preference to this approach has encouraged the
problem of erosion, which eventually caused siltation in dams and rivers and drastically
reduced their carrying capacity. This needs serious considerations both from national and local
level authorities otherwise the problem will multiply in future [1].
7.2.4 Flood Insurance
Flood insurance measure is extensively adopted for flood loss-sharing in the developed world
where flood insurance is directly sold by private companies without any direct Government
control. The idea behind this mechanism is that those knowingly expose themselves to the flood
risks should assume most of the financial burden. Under such a system it is more likely that
new development in flood- prone areas will occur only when the expected advantages exceed
the total public and private costs. The most important weakness of this approach is its
discrimination against the low-income communities. In Pakistan, flood insurance is not

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practiced. Because of 2 % of the country population is living below poverty line. In addition to
this, 98 % population are Muslim and insurance is prohibited in Islam [1].
7.2.5 Building Regulation
This policy has been considered as a major long-term instrument for reducing the adverse
effects of flood hazard. It is implemented by using building codes legally to restrict certain
types of development in areas of high risk. This can improve existing buildings or replace
vulnerable ones gradually by more flood resistant constructions. In the case of new or/and
expanding settlements, appropriate building codes must be stipulated. This should however, be
helpful to reduce the risk when applied in combination with protective measures and land use
zoning [1].
7.2.6 Flood Risk Mapping and Zoning
A flood risk map is a graphical representation of flood characteristics along with the
topography, while a flood risk map plots the associated potential damages. The prime objective
of flood zoning regulations must be maximizing the net-benefits from flood plains, rather than
aiming solely at minimizing flood damages. In Pakistan, there is lack of flood risk assessment
and mapping. Although flood management policies in Pakistan recognize the importance of
non-structural measures including land use planning and risk mapping but concrete steps need
to be taken for its implementation [1].

8 Flood Risk Management

In Pakistan, flood risk management is carried out with an attempt to mitigate flood hazards.
Flood is a complex issue and specifically calls for modern scientific experience on the part of
planners. The nature of flood problem varies from province to province due to varying
physiographic, climatic, demographic, and socio-economic characteristics [1].

In the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, floods mainly occur in the Kabul, Swat, Panjkora,
Chitral and Kurrum rivers. Most often these floods have flash flood characteristics. In addition
to this, flash floods also occur in the seasonal hill torrents/nullah and heavy flow generate due
to steep slope. In the entire province, riverbank erosion and changing river course are some of
alarming issues for the flood plain managers. Due to short preparedness and lack of early
warning, such floods cause severe damages. In critical breaching areas, marginal protective
embankments and guided head spur have been constructed to mitigate the impacts of flood

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losses. Similar, the nature and characteristics of floods in Gilgit-Baltistan, FATA and AJK is
not different than the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [1].

Keeping in view the recent climate change scenario, the Government planning machinery has
recently developed a long-term Comprehensive Flood Management Plan (2012–2022), where
stress has been made proactive approach. The country Flood Forecasting & Warning System
will further be upgraded and expended by installation of new Weather Radars and expansion
of Flood Telemetry Network Stations. All such efforts would help in flood forecasting and
early warning system considerably and minimize future flood damages [1].

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9 References

[1] Muhammad Yahya Maqbool, Shahzad Hussain, "Institutional Framework for Disaster
Risk Management in Pakistan: Issues,Challenges and Policy Recommendations," Disaster
Risk Management and Climate Change for Business Continuity and Sustainable
Development , vol. 10, 2017.
[2] "Wikipedia," List of floods in Pakistan, 10 december 2020. [Online]. Available:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_floods_in_Pakistan.
[3] M. Bisht, "IDSA comment," Pakistan Floods: Causes and Consequences, 19 August 2010.
[Online]. Available:
https://idsa.in/idsacomments/PakistanFloodsCausesandConsequences_mbisht_190810.
[4] "World Health Organiztion," Pakistan: the health impact of the floods, Semptember 2010.
[Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/hac/crises/pak/highlights/september2010/en/.

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