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Univeristy of Engineering and Technology Peshawar: Steel Structures
Univeristy of Engineering and Technology Peshawar: Steel Structures
TECHNOLOGY PESHAWAR
CE–409
Steel Structures
Modified By:
CE-409:Steel Structures
Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar.
Course Information
Course Aim
To develop understanding among students to the steel as structural
component and to develop their ability to design of various structural
members comprising of a complete structural system.
Taxonomy
CLO No. Description PLOs
Domain
Describe the theories and models suitable for the analysis
1 C2 1
and design of structural steel members.
Analyze structural steel members under axial loads, flexure
2 C5 2
and shear and connections under axial loads
Design structural steel members under axial loads, flexure
3 C6 3
and shear and connections under axial loads
• Introduction
• Design Philosophies
• Design of Welded Connections
• Design of Bolted Connections
• Design of Tension Members
• Design of Compression Members
CE-409:Steel Structures 7
Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
Reference Manual
CE-409:Steel Structures 8
Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
CE-409: Steel Structures
Lecture No. 1
Introduction to Steel Structures
By:
• Building Codes
• Design Specifications
• In short, the architect decides how the building should look like
while the structural engineer make sure that the building does not
fall.
1. Functional Planning:
Development of a plan that will enable the structure to fulfill effectively the
purpose for which it is to be built
2. Structural Scheme:
Deflection Considerations
ASD Commentary L3.1 suggests following Limits:
Trib
Design Moment
utar
yA
rea
Beam
Unbraced Length
Tributary Area
6. Cost Estimation
1. Make a tentative cost estimates for several preliminary structural
layouts.
2. Selection of constructional material based on:
Availability of specific material
Corresponding skilled labor
Relative costs
Wage scales
• The terms like demand, stress and load are used to express the
effect of applied load(s).
Limit State:
A limit state is a condition beyond which a structural system or a
structural component ceases to fulfill the function for which it is
designed.
• The limit states can broadly be classified into the following three
categories:
i. Strength Limit State
ii. Serviceability Limit State
iii. Special Limit State
CE-409: Steel Structures 25
Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
Structural Design (Cont.)
Strength Limit State: It ensures safety of the structure
• Flexure, Torsion, Shear, Fatigue, Settlement, Bearing
• For the design purpose, the structural engineer must select and
evaluate the overall structural system in order to produce an efficient
and economical design but cannot do so without a thorough
understanding of the design of the components of the structure.
Thus, component design is the focus of this course.
CE-409: Steel Structures 27
Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
Building Codes
What is Steel?
• In the later part of the eighteenth century and in the early nineteenth
century, cast iron and wrought iron were used in various types of
bridges.
• Steel, an alloy of primarily iron and carbon, with fewer impurities
and less carbon than cast iron, was first used in heavy construction
in the nineteenth century.
• In 1874, the first structural steel railroad bridge Eads bridge was
constructed in St. Louis, Missouri, USA (Tall, 1964).
• In 1884, the first building the Home Insurance Building with a steel
frame was completed in Chicago, USA.
• The different types of steel that can be used, are discussed in the
next slides.
Types of Steel
Based on the composition, steel can be of the following three types:
2. Low-alloy steels:
Iron and carbon plus other components (usually less than 5%). The
additional components are primarily for increasing strength, which is
accomplished at the expense of a reduction in ductility.
Types of Steel
• Different grades of structural steel are identified by the designation
assigned to them by the American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM).
• This organization develops standards for defining materials in terms
of their composition, properties, and performance, and it prescribes
specific tests for measuring these attributes (ASTM, 2005a).
• One of the most commonly used structural steels is a mild steel
designated as ASTM A36, or A36 for short.
• It has a stress–strain curve of the type shown in the Figures in the
following slides.
• It has the following tensile properties.
Yield stress: Fy = 36,000 psi (36 ksi)
Tensile strength: Fu = 58,000 psi to 80,000 psi (58 ksi to 80 ksi)
Types of Steel
P P
L ΔL
Area = A
Section
CE-409: Steel Structures 41
Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
Stress-Strain Curves (Mild Steel)
Typical Stress-Strain Curve (Ductile/Mild Steel)
Components of Structure:
D F
E
Beam
Column
Beam-Column
Beam-Column
A B C
72
CE-411: Lecture 01 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
Tributary Area
73
CE-411: Lecture 01 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
Loads
Definition:
The forces that act on a structure are called loads.
2. Live Loads
Those loads which are not permanently attached to the
structure (unlike the dead loads) and can vary in magnitude and
location with time. Live loads can also be gravity loads like the dead
loads.
Examples of live loads include furniture, equipment, occupants
of buildings, earthquake load, snow load, wind load, blast load, etc.
As, the magnitude of a live load is not well defined, therefore,
these loads, must be estimated based on certain codes.
In many cases, a structural member must be investigated for
various positions of a live load so that a potential failure condition is not
overlooked.
If a live load is applied slowly and is not removed and
reapplied, then it can be quantified as a static load. In this course, all
the loads to be dealt with, will be considered as static loads.
Components of Structure:
The components of a frame structure can be classified as:
i. Beam:
A structural member used to carry vertical / transverse loads. It is
primarily subjected to bending or flexural stresses.
ii. Column:
A structural member used to carry axial loads. It is primarily subjected
to axial compressive stresses.
iii. Beam-Column:
A structural member used to carry axial loads along with significant
amount of bending. It is primarily subjected to axial compressive stresses.
In reality, all members, even those classified as beams or columns, may be
subjected to both bending and axial loading, but in many cases, the effects
are minor and can be neglected.