Renements of some geometric inequalities

1 2 2
Mihály Bencze , Hui-Hua Wu and Shan-He Wu
1
Str. Harmanului 6, 505600 Sacele-Négyfalu, Jud. Brasov, Romania

E-mail: benczemihaly@yahoo.com
2
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Longyan University, Longyan Fujian 364012, P.R. China

E-mail: wushanhe@yahoo.com.cn

Abstract: In this paper, based on the improved versions of certain classical analytic inequalities, some
renements of the inequalities involving the semi-perimeter,circumradius and inradius of a triangle are es-
tablished.
Keywords: geometric inequality; analytic inequality; renement; triangle; semi-perimeter; circumradius;
inradius

2000 AMS Mathematics subject classication: 26D05, 26D15, 51M16

1 Main Results
For a given triangle ABC , we assume that A, B, C denote its angles, a, b, c denote the lengths of
its corresponding sides, s, R and r denote the semi-perimeter, circumradius and inradius of a triangle
respectively. We will customarily use the notations of cyclic sum and cyclic product such as
X Y
f (a) = f (a) + f (b) + f (c), f (a) = f (a)f (b)f (b).
The inequalities related to the semi-perimeter,circumradius and inradius of a triangle have been widely
studied in the literature, see for example [113]. The purpose of this paper is to establish some renements of
this type of geometric inequalities. To do this, we will present the improvements of certain classical analytic
inequalities, these inequalities will be used as the main tool in the proof of the renements of geometric
inequalities.
Theorem 1. If x, y, z > 0, then
r
x+y+z xy + yz + zx √
≥ ≥ 3 xyz. (1)
3 3
Proof. Using the arithmetic-geometric means inequality gives
 2
x+y+z 1 2
x + y 2 + z 2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx


=
3 9
1
≥ (xy + yz + zx + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx)
9
1
= (xy + yz + zx) ,
3

1
we hence have r r √
x+y+z xy + yz + zx 3 3 xy · yz · zx √
≥ ≥ = 3 xyz.
3 3 3
Application 1. In all triangle ABC holds

6 3
s2 + r2 + 4Rr
 
2s 2
≥ ≥ (4sRr) (2)
3 3
 s 6  r(4R + r) 3
2
≥ ≥ sr2 (3)
3 3
 2 6  2  3  2 2 2
s + r2 + 4Rr 2s r 2s r
≥ ≥ (4)
6R 3R R
 6  2 3
4R + r s
2
≥ ≥ s2 r (5)
3 3
6  2 3 
s + r2 − 8Rr

2R − r r 4
≥ 2
≥ (6)
6R 48R 4R
6  2 3 
s + (4R + r)2

4R + r s 4
≥ 2
≥ (7)
6R 48R 4R
Proof. In Theorem 1 we take (x, y, z) ∈ {(a, b, c), (s − a, s − b, s − c), (ha , hb , hc ),
(ra , rb , rc ), (sin2 A2 , sin2 B2 , sin2 C2 ), (cos2 A2 , cos2 B2 , cos2 C2 )} respectively, we have
P rP
a ab
qY
≥ ≥ 3 a,
3 3
P
from 3 a = 2s ab = s2 + r2 + 4Rr, a = 4sRr, we deduce the inequality (2).
P Q
3 ,
P rP
(s − a) (s − a)(s − b)
qY
≥ ≥ 3 (s − a),
3 3
P
from (s−a) = 3s , (s − a)(s − b) = r(r + 4R), (s − a) = sr2 , we deduce the inequality (3).
P Q
3
P rP
ha ha hb
qY
≥ ≥ 3 ha ,
3 3
2 2 2 2 2
from ha = s +r2R+4Rr , ha hb = 2sR r , ha = 2sRr , we deduce the inequality (4).
P P Q

P rP
ra r a rb
qY
≥ ≥ 3 ra ,
3 3
from ra = 4R + r, ra rb = s2 , ra = s2 r, we deduce the inequality (5).
P P Q

s
P 2A P 2C
sin 2 sin2 B2
r
sin 2 Y A
sin2
3
≥ ≥
3 3 2
2 2 2
from −8Rr
2 , we deduce the inequality (6).
P 2A
sin 2 = 2R−r sin2 A2 sin2 B2 = s +r , sin2 A2 = 16R r
P Q
2R , 16R2

2
 s r
A C B
cos2
P P
2 cos2 2 cos2 2 3
Y A
≥ ≥ cos2 ,
3 3 2
s2 +(4R+r)2 Q s2
from cos2 A 4R+r
cos2 A
cos2 B
, cos2 A2 16R2 , we deduce the inequality (7).
P P
2 = 2R , 2 2 = 16R2 =

Theorem 2. If x, y, z > 0, then

  s !
1 1 1 (x + y) (y + z) (z + x)
(x + y + z) + + ≥3 1+ 3
≥ 9. (8)
x y z xyz
Proof. Using the arithmetic-geometric means inequality gives

 
1 1 1 y z x z x y
(x + y + z) + + = 3+
+ + + + +
x y z x x y y z z
y+z x+z x+y
= 3+ + +
x y z
r
y + z x + z x +y
≥ 3+33 · ·
x y z
s !
3 (x + y) (y + z)(z + x)
= 3 1+ ,
xyz

√ √ √
s !  s 
3 (x + y) (y + z)(z + x) 3 2 xy · 2 yz · 2 zx
3 1+ ≥ 3 1 + 
xyz xyz
= 9.

The inequality (8) is proved.

Application 2. In all triangle ABC holds

r !
s2 + r2 + 4Rr 2 2
3 s + r + 2Rr
≥3 1+ ≥9 (9)
2Rr 2Rr
r !
4R + r 3 4R
≥3 1+ ≥9 (10)
r r
r !
s2 + r2 + 4Rr 2 2
3 s + r + 2Rr
≥3 1+ ≥9 (11)
2Rr 2Rr

r !
(2R − r) s2 + r2 − 8Rr 2 2
3 (2R − r) (s + r − 8Rr) − 2Rr
2
≥3 1+ ≥9 (12)
2Rs2 2Rr2

r !
(4R + r) s2 + (4R + r)2 3 2
3 (4R + r) + s (2R + r)
≥3 1+ ≥9 (13)
2Rs2 2Rs2

3
Proof. In Theorem 2 we take (x, y, z) ∈ {(a, b, c), (s − a, s − b, s − c), (ha , hb , hc ),
(sin2 A 2 B
(cos2 A2 , cos2 B2 , cos2 C2 )} respectively, we have
2 C
2 , sin 2 , sin 2 ),
sQ !
X X1 (a + b)
3
( a) ≥3 1+ Q ≥ 9 ⇐⇒ (9),
a c
since
Q
4Rr+r 2 +s2 (a+b) 2Rr+r 2 +s2
P P1
( a) a = 2Rr , Q
c = 2Rr .
sQ !
X X 1 3 [(s − a) + (s − b)]
( (s − a)) ≥3 1+ Q ≥ 9 ⇐⇒ (10),
s−a (s − c)
since
Q
P P 1 4R+r [(s−a)+(s−b)] 4R
(s − a) = s, s−a = sr ,
Q
(s−c) = r .

sQ
X X 1 (ha + hb )
3
( ha ) ≥ 3(1 + Q ) ≥ 9 ⇐⇒ (11),
ha hc
since
Q
s2 +r 2 +4Rr 1 (h
Qa +hb ) s2 +r 2 +2Rr
= 1r ,
P P
ha = 2R , ha hc = 2Rr .
sQ !
X AX 1 (sin2 A2 + sin2 B
2)
sin2 ≥3 1+ ≥ 9 ⇐⇒ (12),
sin2 A
Q 2C
2 2 sin 2
since

(2R−r)(s2 +r 2 −8Rr) (sin2 A 2 B (2R−r)(s2 +r 2 −8Rr )−2Rr 2

Q
2 +sin 2 )
sin2 A2 1
P P
sin2 A = 2Rr 2 , Q 2
sin 2C = 2Rr 2 .
2

sQ
X AX 1 (cos2 A2 + cos2 B
2)
cos2 A
≥ 3(1 + 3
) ≥ 9 ⇐⇒ (13),
cos2 A2
Q
2 cos2 2

since
(4R+r)(s2 +(4R+r)2 ) (cos2 A 2 B
(4R+r)3 +s2 (2R+r)
Q
A 1 2 +cos 2 )
cos2
P P
2 cos2 A = 2Rs2 , Q
cos2 A
= 2s2 R .
2 2

Theorem 3. If x, y, z > 0, then

X X x2 + y 2 X x3
2 x≤ ≤2 . (14)
z yz
Proof. Using the arithmetic-geometric means inequality gives

4
 X x2 + y 2 2xy 2yz 2zx
≥ + +
z z x y
 xy yz   xy zx   yz zx

= + + + + +
z x z y x y
r r r
xy yz xy zx yz zx
≥ 2 · +2 · +2 ·
z x z y x y
= 2(y + x + z)
X
= 2 x.

On the other hand, we have

1 2
x3 y3 x4 + y 4 2 (x + y 2 )2 x2 + y 2
+ = ≥ ≥ ,
yz zx xyz xyz z
thus
X x2 X x2 + y 2
2 ≥ .
yz z
The Theorem 3 is proved.
Application 3. In all triangle ABC holds

X a2 + b2 a4 2
P
4s ≤ . ≤ (15)
c abc
Proof. Putting in the inequality (14) x = a, y = b, z = c, the inequality (15) follows immediately.

Theorem 4. If x, y, z > 0, then

x+y+z √ 1 n√ √ √ √
2 √ √
2 o
− 3 xyz ≥ max ( x − y)2 , y− z , z− x . (16)
3 3
Proof. Direct computation gives

√ √
x+y+z √ 1 √ √ z+ xy + xy √
− 3 xyz − ( x − y)2 = − 3 xyz
3 3 √ 3 √
≥ 3
xyz − 3 xyz
= 0,

thus
x+y+z √ 1 √ √
− 3 xyz ≥ ( x − y)2 .
3 3
The Theorem 4 is proved.
Application 4. In all triangle ABC holds

2s √ 1 n√ √ √ √ √ √ o
− 4sRr ≥ max ( a − b)2 , ( b − c)2 , ( c − a)2 (17)
3

3 3

5
 s √ √ √ 2 √ √ 2 √ √
 
1
2
(18)
3
− sr2 ≥ max s−a− s−b , s−b− s−c , s−c− s−a
3 3
r
s2 + r2 + 4Rr 2 2
3 2s r 1 np p p p p p o
− ≥ max ( ha − hb )2 , ( hb − hc )2 , ( hc − ha )2 (19)
6R R 3
4R + r √ 1 n
2 2 2
o
(20)
3
− s2 r ≥ max (ra − rb ) , (rb − rc ) , (rc − ra )
3 3
r ( 2  2  2 )
2R − r r2 1 A B B C C A
(21)
3
− ≥ max sin − sin , sin − sin , sin − sin
6R 16R2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2

r ( 2  2  2 )
4R + r s2 1 A B B C C A
(22)
3
− ≥ max cos − cos , cos − cos , cos − cos
6R 16R2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2

Proof. We take (x, y, z) ∈ {(a, b, c), (s − a, s − b, s − c), (ha , hb , hc ), (ra , rb , rc ),

(sin2 A2 , sin2 B2 , sin2 C2 ), (cos2 A2 , cos2 B2 , cos2 C2 )} in Theorem 4 respectively, and apply the following
identities:
P Q
P a =2s, a = Q 4sRr,
(s − a) =s, (s − a) = sr2 ,
s2 +r 2 +4Rr 2 2
ha = 2sRr ,
P Q
P ha = 2R Q ,
r =4R + r, r = s2 r,
P a 2 A 2R−r Qa 2 A r2
sin 2 = 2R , sin 2 = 16R 2,
2 A 4R+r 2 A s2
P Q
cos 2 = 2R , cos 2 = 16R2 ,
we obtain the desired inequalities (17)(22).

Theorem 5. If x, y, z > 0, then

r
4p 2
max {x, y, z} − min {x, y, z} ≤ x + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz − zx (23)
3
Proof. Without loss of generality, we assume that x = max {x, y, z}, z = min {x, y, z}. Then, we have

(x − y)2 + (y − z)2 + (z − x)2

x2 + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz − zx =
2
1
2 (x − y + y − z)2 + (z − x)2
≥
2
3(x − z)2
= ,
4
thus r
4p 2
x−z ≤ x + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz − zx.
3
The inequality (23) is proved.
Application 5. In all triangle ABC holds

r
4p 2
max {a, b, c} − min {a, b, c} ≤ s − 3r2 − 12Rr (24)
3

6
 r
4p 2
max {s − a, s − b, s − c} − min {s − a, s − b, s − c} ≤ s − 3r2 − 12Rr (25)
3
r s 2
4 s2 + r2 + 4Rr 6s2 r
max {ha , hb , hc } − min {ha , hb , hc } ≤ − (26)
3 2R R
r q
4 2
max {ra , rb , rc } − min {ra , rb , rc } ≤ (4R + r) − 3s2 (27)
3

 r r
4 16R2 + r2 − 3s2 + 8Rr
  
2 A 2 B 2 C 2 A 2 B 2 C
max sin , sin , sin − min sin , sin , sin ≤ (28)
2 2 2 2 2 2 3 16R2

s
 r 2
(4R + r) − 3s2
  
2 A 2 B 2 C 2 A 2 B 2 C 4
max cos , cos , cos , − min cos , cos , cos ≤ (29)
2 2 2 2 2 2 3 16R2

Proof. We take (x, y, z) ∈ {(a, b, c), (s − a, s − b, s − c), (ha , hb , hc ), (ra , rb , rc ),

(sin2 A2 , sin2 B2 , sin2 C2 ), (cos2 A2 , cos2 B2 , cos2 C2 )} in Theorem 5 respectively, and apply the following
identities:
a2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca = s2 − 3r2 − 12Rr,
(s − a)2 + (s − b)2 + (s − c)2 − (s − a)(s − b) − (s − b)(s − c) − (s − c)(s − a) = s2 − 3r2 − 12Rr,
 2 2 2 2
h2a + h2b + h2c − ha hb − hb hc − hc ha = s +r2R+4Rr − 6sR r ,
2
ra2 + rb2 + rc2 − ra rb − rb rc − rc ra = (4R + r) − 3s2 ,
16R2 +r 2 −3s2 +8Rr
sin4 A2 + sin4 B2 + sin4 C2 − sin2 A2 sin2 B2 − sin2 B2 sin2 C
2 − sin2 C
2 sin2 A
2 = 16R2 ,
(4R+r)2 −3s2
cos4 A
2 + cos sin4 B
2 + cos4 C
2 − cos2 A
2 cos2 B
2 − cos2 B
2 cos2 C
2 − 2 C 2 A
cos 2 cos 2 = 16R2 .

Theorem 6. If x, y, z > 0, then

3 3
min (x − y)2 , (y − z)2 , (z − x)2 ≤ x2 +y 2 +z 2 −xy−yz−zx ≤ max (x − y)2 , (y − z)2 , (z − x)2 . (30)
 
2 2
Proof. Note that

(x − y)2 + (y − z)2 + (z − x)2

x2 + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz − zx = ,
2
thus we have
3
min (x − y)2 , (y − z)2 , (z − x)2 ≤ x2 + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz − zx

2
3
max (x − y)2 , (y − z)2 , (z − x)2 .

≤
2
The inequality (30) is proved.
Application 6. In all triangle ABC holds

3 n
2 2 2
o
min (a − b) , (b − c) , (c − a)
2

7
 n o
2 2 2
≤ s2 − 3r2 − 12Rr ≤ max (a − b) , (b − c) , (c − a) (31)

3
min (ha − hb )2 ,(hb − hc )2 (hc − ha )2

2
 2 2
s + r2 + 4Rr 6s2 r 3
≤ max (ha − hb )2 ,(hb − hc )2 (hc − ha )2 (32)

≤ −
2R R 2
3
min (ra − rb )2 ,(rb − rc )2 (rc − ra )2

2
2 3
≤ (4R + r) − 3s2 ≤ max (ra − rb )2 ,(rb − rc )2 (rc − ra )2 (33)

2
( 2  2  2 )
3 2 A 2 B 2 B 2 C 2 C 2 A
min sin − sin , sin − sin , sin − sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( 2  2  2 )
16R2 + r2 − 3s2 + 8Rr 3 2 A 2 B 2 B 2 C 2 C 2 A
≤ ≤ max sin − sin , sin − sin , sin − sin
16R2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(34)
( 2  2  2 )
3 A B B C C A
min cos2 − cos2 , cos2 − cos2 cos2 − cos2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( 2  2  2 )
(4R + r)2 − 3s2 3 2 A 2 B 2 B 2 C 2 C 2 A
≤ ≤ max cos − cos , cos − cos cos − cos (35)
16R2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Proof. The proof of inequalities (31)(35) are similar to the proof of inequalities (24)(29).
Theorem 7. If x, y, z > 0, then
 X 3 Y
2 1X
X 3
2
x + xy ≥ x2 + xy + y 2 ≥ xy (36)
3 3

Proof. By applying the arithmetic-geometric means inequality, we have

!3
x2 + xy + y 2
P
Y
2 2


x + xy + y ≤
3
 X 3
2 2 1X
= x + xy .
3 3
√
Setting a = x2 + xy + y 2 , b = y 2 + yz + z 2 , c = z 2 + zx + x2 , it is easy to verify that there is a
p p

triangle with the sides length a, b, c, according to the above substitution, the right-hand side inequality of
(36) is equivalent to the well-known Pólya-Szegö inequality in a triangle [14]:
 3
4F
2
(abc) ≥ √ , (37)
3
where F denotes the area of a triangle whose sides are a, b, c. This completes the proof of Theorem 7.

8
 Application 7. In all triangle ABC holds

1 Y
(5s2 − 3r2 − 12Rr) ≥ a2 + ab + b2 ≥ (s2 + r2 + 4Rr)3 (38)


27
1 Y
(2s2 − 3r2 − 12Rr) ≥ (s − a)2 + (s − a)(s − b) + (s − b)2 ≥ (r2 + 4Rr)3 (39)

27
"  2 #3  2 6
1 s2 + r2 + 4Rr 6s2 r Y 2s r
h2a + ha hb + h2b ≥ (40)


2 − ≥
27 2R R R

1  3 Y 2
2(4R + r)2 − 3s2 ≥ ra + ra rb + rb2 ≥ s6 (41)


27

"  2 #3 3
3(s2 + r2 − 8Rr)
  2
1 2R − r Y
4 A 2 A 2 B 4 B s + r2 − 8Rr
2 − ≥ sin + sin sin + sin ≥
27 2R 16R2 2 2 2 2 16R2
(42)

"  2   #3 3
3 s2 + (4R + r)2
  2
1 4R + r Y
4 A 2 A 2 B 4 B s + (4R + r)2
2 − ≥ cos + cos cos + cos ≥
27 2R 16R2 2 2 2 2 16R2
(43)
Proof. In Theorem 7 we take (x, y, z) ∈ {(a, b, c), (s − a, s − b, s − c), (ha , hb , hc ),
(ra , rb , rc ), (sin2 A2 , sin2 B2 , sin2 C2 ), (cos2 A2 , cos2 B2 , cos2 C2 )} respectively, we have
1  X 2 X 3 Y 2
X 3
2 a + ab ≥ a + ab + b2 ≥ ab ,
27
from ab = s2 + r2 + 4Rr, we deduce the inequality (38).
P P
a = 2s,

1 h X X i3 Y   hX i3
2 (s − a)2 + (s − a)(s − b) ≥ (s − a)2 + (s − a)(s − b) + (s − b)2 ≥ (s − a)(s − b) ,
27
from (s − a) = s, (s − a)(s − b) = r(r + 4R), we deduce the inequality (39).
P P

1  X 2 X 3 Y
X 3
2 ha + ha hb ≥ h2a + ha hb + h2b ≥ ha hb ,
27
s2 +r 2 +4Rr 2
from , ha hb = 2sR r , we deduce the inequality (40).
P P
ha = 2R

1 h X 2 X i3 Y
X 3
2 ra + ra rb ≥ ra2 + ra rb + rb2 ≥ ra rb ,
27
from ra = 4R + r, ra rb = s2 , we deduce the inequality (41).
P P

 X 3 Y   X 3
1 4 A
X
2 A 2 B 4 A 2 A 2 B 4 B 2 A 2 B
2 sin + sin sin ≥ sin + sin sin + sin ≥ sin sin ,
27 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
s2 +r 2 −8Rr
from sin2 A 2R−r
sin2 A
sin2 B
, we deduce the inequality (42).
P P
2 = 2R , 2 2 = 16R2

9
  X 3 Y  2  X 3
1 4 A
X
2 A 2 B 4 A 2 A 2 B 4 B 2 A 2 B
2 cos + cos cos ≥ cos + cos cos + cos ≥ cos cos ,
27 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
s2 +(4R+r)2
from cos2 A 4R+r
cos2 A
cos2 B
, we deduce the inequality (43).
P P
2 = 2R , 2 2 = 16R2

Theorem 8. If x, y, z > 0, then

9xyz X xy 2 1 X 2 X 
≤ ≤ x + xy . (44)
2 (x + y + z) x+y 4
Proof. By applying the arithmetic-geometric means inequality, we have
p
X xy 2 Y 3 xy 2
≥3 √
x+y 3
x+y
3xyz
= Q√3
x+y
3xyz
≥ 1
P
3 (x + y)
9xyz
= ,
2 (x + y + z)
on the other hand, we have
X xy 2 1 X (x + y)2 y
≤
x+y 4 x+y
1  X X 
= x2 + xy .
4
This completes the proof of Theorem 8.
Application 8. In all triangle ABC holds
X ab2 1
9Rr ≤ ≤ (3s2 − r2 − 4Rr) (45)
a+b 4
9r2 X (s − a) (s − b)2 1
≤ ≤ (s2 − r2 − 4Rr) (46)
2 c 4
" 2 #
9s2 r2 X ha h2 1 s2 + r2 + 4Rr 2s2 r
≤ b
≤ − (47)
s2 + r2 + 4Rr ha + hb 4 2R R

9s2 r X ra r 2 1
b
(4R + r)2 − s2 (48)

≤ ≤
2 (4R + r) ra + rb 4
" 2 #
9r2 X sin2 A sin4 B 1 2R − r s2 + r2 − 8Rr
≤ 2 2
≤ − (49)
16R(2R − r) sin2 A2 + sin2 B2 4 2R 16R2
" 2 #
9s2 X cos2 A cos4 B 1 4R + r s2 + (4R + r)2
≤ 2 2
≤ − (50)
16R(4R + r) cos2 A2 + cos2 B2 4 2R 16R2

10
 Proof. In Theorem 8 we take (x, y, z) ∈ {(a, b, c), (s − a, s − b, s − c), (ha , hb , hc ),
(ra , rb , rc ), (sin2 A2 , sin2 B2 , sin2 C2 ), (cos2 A2 , cos2 B2 , cos2 C2 )} respectively, we have

9 a
Q X ab2 1 X 2 X
P ≤ ≤ ( a + ab),
2 a a+b 4
from a = 2s, ab = s2 + r2 + 4Rr, a = 4sRr, we deduce the inequality (45).
P P Q

Q
9 (s − a) X (s − a)(s − b)2 1 X X
P ≤ ≤ ( (s − a)2 + (s − a)(s − b)),
2 (s − a) c 4
from (s − a) = s, (s − a)(s − b) = r(r + 4R), (s − a) = sr2 , we deduce the inequality (46).
P P Q

Q
9 ha X ha h2 1 X 2 X 
b
P ≤ ≤ ha + h a hb ,
2 ha ha + hb 4
2 2 2 2 2
from ha = s +r2R+4Rr , ha hb = 2sR r , ha = 2sRr , we deduce the inequality (47).
P P Q

Q
9 ra X ra r 2 1 X 2 X 
P ≤ b
≤ ra + ra rb ,
2 ra r a + rb 4
from ra = 4R + r, ra rb = s , ra = s r, we deduce the inequality (48).
2 2
P P Q

9 sin2 A2 X sin2 A sin4 B

Q  
2 2 1 X 4A X 2A 2 B
P 2A ≤ ≤ sin + sin sin ,
2 sin 2 sin2 A2 + sin2 B2 4 2 2 2
2 2
r2
from −8Rr
2 , we deduce the inequality (49).
P 2A P 2A
sin 2 = 2R−r sin 2 sin2 B2 = s +r , sin2 A2 = 16R
Q
2R , 16R2

9 cos2 A2 X cos2 A cos4 B

Q  
2 2 1 X 4 A
X
2 A 2 B
≤ ≤ cos + cos cos ,
2 cos2 A2 cos2 A2 + cos2 B2
P
4 2 2 2
2 2 Q
s2
from cos2 A2 = 4R+r cos2 A2 cos2 B2 = s +(4R+r) , cos2 A2 = 16R 2 , we deduce the inequality (50).
P P
2R , 16R2

Theorem 9. 1
(m = 1, 2, . . .),


xm )
P P
Let E (m) = ( xm then for x, y, z > 0 the following inequality
holds
E (m + 1) ≥ E (m) ≥ · · · ≥ E (1) ≥ 9. (51)
Proof. By using power means inequality and Cauchy-Schwarz inequality [15], we deduce that

X  X 1

E (m + 1) = xm+1
xm+1
X 
hX m+1
i 1 m+1
= (xm ) m ( m) m
x
m+1 X  m+1
1− m+1
 X
m
 m 1− m+1 1 m
≥ 3 m x 3 m
m
x
X  X 1   1 X  X 1  m1
= xm xm
xm 9 xm
X  X 1 
≥ xm
xm
= E(m),

11
 and  X  X 1 
E(1) = x ≥ 9.
x
The Theorem 9 is proved.
Application 9. In all triangleABC holds


2 
s2 − r2 − 4Rr s2 + r2 + 4Rr − 16s2 Rr s2 + r2 + 4Rr
≥ ≥ 9, (52)
8s2 R2 r2 2Rr

 2

s2 − 2r2 − 8Rr (4R + r) − 2s2 4R + r
≥ ≥ 9. (53)
s2 r2 r
Proof. Putting m = 2 in Theorem 9 gives
   

1 1 1 1 1 1
2
x +y +z2 2
+ 2 + 2 ≥ (x + y + z) + + ≥ 9. (54)
x2 y z x y z
In the inequality (54) we take (x, y, z) ∈ {(a, b, c), (s − a, s − b, s − c)}, respectively, it follows that
 X  X 1   X  X 1 
a2 ≥ a ≥ 9, (55)
a2 a
X  X 1
 X  X 1

(s − a)2 ≥ (s − a) ≥ 9. (56)
(s − a)2 (s − a)
In inequalities (55) and (56), we apply the following identities:

2 
X X 1 (s2 − r2 − 4Rr) s2 + r2 + 4Rr − 16s2 Rr
( a2 )( )= ,
a2 8s2 R2 r2
X X1 s2 + r2 + 4Rr
( a)( )= ,
a 2Rr
 
2
X X 1 (s2 − 2r2 − 4Rr) (4R + r) − 2s2
( (s − a)2 )( )= ,
(s − a)2 s2 r2
X X 1 4R + r
( (s − a))( )= ,
(s − a) r
giving the desired inequalities (52) and (53).

Acknowledgments. The research was supported by the Science and Technology Project of Longyan
University of China.

12
References
[1] O. Bottema, R. Z. Djordjevi¢, R. R. Jani¢, D. S. Mitrinovi¢ and P. M. Vasi¢, Geometric Inequalities,
Wolters-Noordho, Groningen, 1969.

[2] D. S. Mitrinovi¢, J. E. Pe£ari¢ and V. Volenec, Recent Advances in Geometric Inequalities, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1989.

[3] D. S. Mitrinovi¢, J. E. Pe£ari¢, V. Volenec and J. Chen, Addenda to the Monograph: Recent Advances
in Geometric Inequalities (I), J. Ningbo Univ., 4 (2) (1991),79145.

[4] J. Sándor, Selected Chapters of Geometry, Analysis and Number Theory, RGMIA Monographs, Victoria
Univ., 2005 [Available online at URL: http://rgmia.vu.edu.au/monographs].

[5] J. C. Kuang, Applied Inequalities, third ed., Shandong Science and Technology Press, Jinan, China,
2004 (in Chinese).

[6] X. Z. Yang, Research in Inequality, Tibet People's Publishing House, Lasha, China, 2000 (in Chinese).

[7] Y. D. Wu. The best constant for a geometric inequality, J. Inequal. Pure Appl. Math., 6 (4) (2005),
Article 111, pp.117 (electronic).

[8] J. L. Díaz-Barrero, Some cyclical inequalities for the triangle, J. Inequal. Pure Appl. Math., 6 (1) (2005),
Article 20, pp.111 (electronic).

[9] Y.N. Aliyev, The best constant for an algebraic inequality, J. Inequal. Pure Appl. Math., 8 (2) (2007),
Article 79, pp.113 (electronic).

[10] R. A. Satnoiau, General power inequalities between the sides and the circumscribed and inscribed radii
related to the fundamental triangle inequality. Math. Inequal. Appl., 5 (4) (2002), 745751.

[11] R. A. Satnoiau, Rened geometric inequalities between two or more triangles obtained by dedublation.
Math. Inequal. Appl., 7 (2) (2004), 289298.

[12] R. A. Satnoiau, A universal method for establishing geometric inequalities in a triangle. Amer. Math.
Monthly, 108 (2001), 360364.

[13] R. B. Nelsen, Euler's triangle inequality via proofs without words, Math. Mag., 81 (1) (2008), 5861.

[14] G. Pólya and G. Szegö, Aufgaben und Lehrsätze aus der Analysis, II, Leipzig, 1925.

[15] D. S. Mitrinovi¢ and P. M. Vasi¢, Analytic Inequalities, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1970.

13