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Energy Management Information Systems for Energy Efficiency

Article  in  IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · September 2019

DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2019.2939507

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Energy Management Information Systems

for Energy Efficiency
Luigi Martirano(1), Franco Bua(2), Loredana Cristaldi(3), Giacomo Grigis(4), Luca Mongiovì(5), Silvia Polverini(4), Enrico Tironi(3)

(1) Sapienza University of Rome – DIAEE, Italy, martirano@ieee.org, (2) Engineering and Consulting, Pavia, Italy, (3) Politecnico di Milano – DEIB
Department, Milan, Italy, (4) Schneider Electric S.p.A., (5) Energy and ICT Consultant, Italy

Abstract—An Energy Management Information System (EMIS) in their efforts to manage energy at the process, system, facility,
combines software, hardware, and data to support people in their and enterprise level—year after year. EMIS architecture is able
efforts to manage energy at the process, system, facility, and to support organization in the evaluation of Energy
enterprise level, year after year. A distributed measurement and Performance Indicators (EnPIs). An effective EMIS requires
monitoring system DMS is a fundamental part of an EMIS; it is the knowledge along the time of both the relevant energy uses
constituted by the meters distributed in the switchboards of the (this activity concerns all types of energy not only electricity)
power system. The paper suggests a method of assessment of a
and the main influencing factors such as operational
DMS based on an indicator called Level of Coverage (LOC). This
indicator can evaluate the level of coverage of a single meter or of requirements (e.g. production data) and environmental data
a whole system considering the classification in significant energy (e.g. external temperature, humidity, etc.); this function is done
uses according to the standard ISO 50001. starting from the output of a distributed measurement and
monitoring system (DMS). The DMS consists in a complex
Keywords: Distributed Monitoring Systems; Building Management architecture of distributed meters, devices and sensors with or
Systems; Energy Management; Energy Efficiency; Monitoring Plan without a central server with a supervisory system. A DMS
devoted to electrical energy analysis is based on the use of
List of symbols apparatus like current sensors, voltage sensors, power meters
DMS distributed monitoring system
(profiles), power analyzers (quality and THD), supervisory
EMIS energy management information system
EnPIs energy performance indicators systems. Starting from DMS outputs, EMIS functions can be
U, UZ significant energy use, significant energy use at logically grouped in four layers that are presented with a top-
local level down approach, starting from the end users’ specifications to
C circuit the low-level data acquisition requirements:
B branch, part of a circuit that supplies an UZ  Information Presentation
LOCM level of coverage of a meter  Data Correlation and Analysis
LOCUZ level of coverage of a UZ
 Data Classification, Transformation and Storage
WUZ, WC, WPOC yearly energy spent by a significant energy use at
local level, by a circuit, by the total structure  Data Acquisition, Collection and Adaptation
eU, eUZ, eC , eB yearly energy spent in p.u. by an use U, a More in detail the EMIS can perform data correlations and
significant energy use at local level UZ, a circuit analysis allowing to the users: (i) see in real time the
C, and a branch B information about the energy and power consumption, (ii)
wB energy weight of each B compared to the energy analyze their consumption and expenses on energy, (iii) use
of the circuit C different types of graphs, tabulated and manipulated data, (iv)
NB number of branches that supplies an UZ synthetic reporting. The energy consumption is defined as the
SB number of circuits from which an UZ is fed. quantity of energy used by an organization in a specific period
I. INTRODUCTION (e.g. an year), for an energy use or for the global uses of a
building or production process.
It is well known that the control of energy consumptions in a With this target, a DMS has to perform a metering process
building or in an organization enables to improve the energy activity that consists in the continuous integration of quantities
performance. The energy management standards refer to energy measured as a function of time.
measurement and monitoring as being an important factor in In order to perform an effective metering process, DMS must
improving energy performance (EP), defined as the measurable be able to monitor also the influencing factors defined as
results relating to energy efficiency, energy use and energy measurable or quantifiable parameters which can have an
consumption [1], [2], [3]. impact on EnPIs and are subjected to regular changes; this
In the field of metering systems, the most important standards factors are considered “influencing” (Influencing factors for a
are ISO 50001, ISO 50004, ISO 50006, ISO 50015. The building is given by the level of occupancy of the structure,
standards define a measurement plan as the procedure for the indoor temperature and humidity, instead if we consider a
design, deployment, utilization, maintenance and improvement production line number of products produced by a production
of an energy management information system (EMIS). An line could be of interest).
EMIS combines software, hardware, and data to support people

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A monitoring process represents one of the activity that can be
potentially carried out by a DMS. It is the continuous evaluation
of measurements or signals, with the multiple aim of: - the
analysis of the EP by the calculation of indicators also in
correlation with the influencing factors; - the report of potential
system malfunctions; - the provision of alarm indications.
Starting from the previous considerations, the effectiveness of
the DMS depends on different factors, hardware, software (e.g.
[12], [16] and [17]) and architectural but one of the elements
not yet discussed in the literature is represented by the level of
coverage (LoC) of the DMS. The LoC has to be evaluated
considering the mission assigned to the LoC, so when the
mission focalizes the analysis of the energy uses the concepts
of zones and services are required.
The aim of this paper is to provide a method of assessment of
EMIS and a specific criterion to assess the LoC of a DMS.
II. ZONES, SERVICES, USES AND MESHES
The Standard IEC 60364-8-1 provides requirements and
recommendations for the efficient use of energy in low voltage
electrical installations [4]. The standard proposes the use of
active electrical energy efficiency measures, i.e., “measures for
the optimization of electrical energy produced, supplied,
flowing and consumed by an electrical installation for the best
permanent functionally equivalent service”.
The standard introduces two concepts:
- the "methodology of the plant life cycle" (MPLC);
- the “meshes”.
The MPLC approach for the energy efficiency corresponds to
the activation of a permanent cycle to be followed during the
entire life of the system: a monitoring system is fundamental to
check the actual operation of the system and the effectiveness
of the measures. By the continuous check, it is possible to
design and implement new corrective actions creating a
virtuous loop and performing an adaptive maintainance. At this
aim the power system has to be designed in order to accept this
approach.
The “meshes” approach consists in dividing the power system
into meshes. A mesh is defined as a group of electrical
equipment powered from one or several electric circuits of the
system for one or several zones including one or several
services for electrical energy efficiency [4].
A zone is a part or area of a building or infrastructure or a
process and its equipment considered for energy efficiency. For
example an industrial appliance/system, a floor of a building, a
space near the windows or a space away from the windows [4].
The energy use is defined by the standard ISO 50001 as the
manner or kind of application of the energy [1]. Examples of
energy uses are ventilation, lighting, heating, cooling,
transportation, processes, production lines.
A significant energy use (U) is defined by the same standard as
the energy use accounting for substantial energy consumption
and/or offering considerable potential for energy performance
improvement [1]. Taking into consideration the globally
determined significant energy uses and the definition of zones,
the authors suggest the introduction of the still significant
energy use at local level (UZ) [5].
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In order to classify significant energy uses at local level, it is
possible to identify a matrix where the rows represent the zones
considered by the organization and the columns represent the
energy uses. Table I shows an example of classification
following the simple rules described above. Table I reports 9
significant energy uses and 3 zones; lighting service is
classified as globally significant energy use (U=1 of Table I)
and the lighting of a specific zone (Zone 1 of Table I) is
classified as not significant at local level (cell empty in the
Table I). The same significant energy use is classified in the
example as “significant at local level” for the zone 2 (UZ=7 in
the Table I).
The introduction of the meshes allows highlighting the
importance of the power system architecture when compared
with the zones and significant energy uses at local level
classification.
TABLE I.
EXAMPLE OF SIGNIFICANT ENERGY USES AT LOCAL LEVEL
(UZS) ASSESSMENT.
U 1 2 3 4 - 8 9
Zone
1 UZ=1 UZ=2 -
2 UZ=7 UZ=8 UZ=9 UZ=10 - UZ=14 UZ=15
3 UZ=3 - UZ=6
An example of use U is lighting. An example of use at local
level UZ is lighting for building 1. An use U can coincide with
an UZ or can be a sum of several UZs.
An EMIS can track the consumptions by zone and by
significant use only if the circuits’ architecture is organized in
such a way that the meters can monitor the energies
independently.
New Italian national guidelines of ENEA on energy audits and
particularly on monitoring plans, have the goal to obtain
reliable EnPIs by measuring energy consumptions and
influencing factors [6]. They require “to measure the
consumptions of process (if present), ancillary services and
general services with levels of coverage greater than minimum
percentage thresholds".
Standard 60364-8-1 encourages that the measures must:
- Allow verification of consumption as a basis for providing an
indication of the situation and suggest the main initiatives to
achieve savings wherever are the main consumption;
- Optimize with building automation and control systems
everything that consumes energy which should be treated
actively if we are to achieve lasting gains;
- Monitor, maintain and improve the electrical system. Since
the objectives are fixed for a long period of time, the electrical
energy efficiency programs represent a permanent
improvement in time.
The “mesh approach” suggested by the Standard is based on the
following criteria:
1) the architecture of the power system has to be organized with
circuits coincident with meshes.
2) the meshes (circuits) must coincide with the significant
energy uses at local level UZs.
3) each mesh must be monitored by independent meters.
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III. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT OF AN EMIS

The level of the EMIS can be evaluated by a method based on
minimum tabled recommendations [7],[8]. The method is
comparable with the criteria introduced by AFNOR [9]. The
method uses 3 levels: 1 or basic, 2 or medium, 3 or high. The 6
different criteria are:
DMS Level of Coverage: The ability to quantify the energy
consumptions by significant energy uses at local level.
Data Acquisition: the ability to take readings from the
measuring points at regular intervals.
Influencing Factors: The ability to quantify the influencing Figure 1. Example of 2 meters system (M1 and M2).
factors.
Communication and Storage: The ability to communicate and The value of LOCM < 1 depends on the repartition of the energy
store the acquired data. between the two (or more) branches of the circuit.
Energy Performance: The ability to view, process, analyze and The first required analysis during the assessment is to estimate
control energy performance by using the acquired data. the repartition of the energy. In the proposed method, LOCM
Monitor: The ability to monitor the installation by the assumes the estimated maximum value in p.u. of the energy
management of the acquired data. divided per branches.
Each criterion shall be being independent, meaning that one In the case shown in Figure 1, LOCM1=1 (M1 can perform the
criterion can be classified as "basic" while the other is measurement of 100% of the energy in circuit 1) and
"medium" and the other "high", depending on the LOCM2=0.7, being the estimated energy of B2.2 equal to 70%
appropriateness of each of the criterion in the context of the of the energy of the circuit.
project and its intentions. It is possible also define an overall The LOC of a UZ, defined LOCUZ, represents the quantity of
score equal to the minimum value obtained for the 6 different energy of the UZ measured by the meters in an unbundled way.
criteria. The Level of Coverage (LoC) can be defined as the LOCUZ is equal to the sum of the LOCM of the circuit
percentage of the yearly energy monitored by the DMS per unit, supplying the UZ weighted on the energy of each circuit. For
independently for significant energy uses at local level, on the the analysis, it is necessary to define, preliminary, the quantity
global yearly demand. For its evaluation the paper introduces a of energies for each UZ, for each circuit C and for each branch
level of coverage LOC parameter and an assessment method B.
[10,11]. LOC Assessment procedure.
The suggested LOC assessment procedure may seem
IV. THE LEVEL OF COVERAGE LOC apparently complex but implemented in an automatic tool it
becomes remarkably simple to use. Its main steps are shown in
A DMS can be designed according to several requirements with
Figure 2. The process, after the steps requiring the analysis of
an architecture that can be distributed or concentrated, and by
the topology of the circuits and the weight of the loads, presents
adopting different standards of communication [12-17].
the advantage to be easily implemented, allowing to the
The effectiveness of a DMS, apart from the mentioned
designer or manager to evaluate the efficiency of the DMS and
characteristics, is strongly related to the LOC.
check the status of the consumptions of the UZi.
In this paper, the authors will introduce a novel method to
qualify the LoC. Even if it has been tested considering the
electrical power systems, it is possible to extend it to all the
kinds of technical systems [10,11].
Starting from the idea of use and significant energy uses at local
level, it is possible to introduce three levels of LOC:
- of a single circuit C equipped with a meter M, named LOCM;
- of a significant energy use UZ, named LOCUZ
- of the whole distributed metering system DMS, named
LOCDMS
The level of coverage of a circuit/meter LOCM represents the
quantity of energy fed through the circuit measured in an
unbundled way according to the UZs classification.
If LOCM is referred to the energy of the circuit (eC), the value
can range between 0 to 1, and in particular:
‐ 1 if the meter is located on a circuit that supplies only one
UZ.
‐ <1 if the meter is located on a circuit that supplies more UZs.
‐ 0 if no meter is present.
Figure 2. Assessment of the level of coverage LOC of a DMS

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1. Classification of the U and UZ for the structure
A preliminary analysis consists in the classification of the U and
UZ for the organization.
Given a building/structure, the energy manager/designer
decides the list of global uses U, and, starting from the list of
zones Z and the list of significant energy uses U, defines the list
of the significant energy uses at local level UZ.
An example of UZ classification is listed in Table I and is
represented in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Example of classification in significant energy uses at local
level UZs.
2. Analysis of the power system in combination with the
energy uses
This step consists in the combined analysis of the architecture
of the power system and analysis of the circuits C, and of the
branches B fed from the circuit C, done by means of the
assessment of the power system architecture in combination
with the UZ list.
An UZ (or part of UZ) supplied by a circuit C is defined as a
branch B. The goal of this step is to determine the list of
branches, defined as the combination of the UZs with the power
supply circuits. Figure 4 shows an example of 3 circuits-4
branches system. In the example, circuits C1 and C3 are with 1
branch while circuit C2 is 2 branches (B2.1 and B2.2).
Figure 4. Assessment of the branches.
Notable case 1. A circuit C supplies several UZ
When a circuit Cx supplies only one UZ, it coincides with the
branch Bx.
When a circuit Cx supplies more than one UZ, it defines more
Branches defined Bx.y.
NB is defined as the number of branches of a circuit equal to
the number of different UZs fed from the circuit.
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In Figure 4, the power system consists of 3 circuits C1, C2 and
C3. NB1 is equal to 1, NB2 is equal to 2 and NB3 is equal to 1.
Circuit C2 is divided in two branches: B2.1 and B2.2.
Notable case 2. UZ supplied from several circuits.
An UZ can be powered by more than one circuit.
In Figure 4, UZ3 is supplied from B2.2 and from B3.
For each UZ it is possible to determine the number of supplying
branches equal to SB.
3. Assessment of the yearly energy spent by a significant
energy use at local level.
Each UZ is characterized by a yearly energy spent in p.u.:
eUZ=WUZ/WPOC [p.u.] (1)
WUZ is the yearly energy spent by the UZ in MWh;
WPOC is the global yearly energy spent by the structure in MWh.
eUZ can be defined as the energy weight of the UZ compared to
the energy spent by the total structure. In first approximation, it
can be estimated.
4. Assessment of the yearly energy spent by circuits C and
branches B
Yearly energy spent by a circuit.
It is possible to evaluate the energy spent by each circuit
compared to the energy spent by the total structure/building, by
using the formula:
eC= ∑ 𝐾 ∗ 𝑒 , [p.u.] (2)
being:
- NB the number of branches of the circuit;
- Ki a division factor in case of a branch that supply a UZ with
other circuits;
- eUZ,i the energy of the ith UZ supplied from the circuit.
In absence of other information, Ki can assumes the value of :
Ki=1/SB [p.u.] (3)
Where SB was defined as a characteristic parameter of the UZi
equal to the number of circuits from which the UZi is fed.
Note that the ratio Ki assumes an equal division of the power
supplied by the circuit for the different UZs served, its value
can be changed by a more in-depth analysis, according to the
actual energy of each branch.
Figure 5 shows an example of eC and eB evaluation.
 
Figure 5. Example of evaluation of the energy weights of the circuits.
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POC
M_POC
SB1

M2 M_SB2
M1
C1 C2 C3 C4 SB2
B3.1 B3.2
M5 M8
UZ1 UZ2 UZ5 UZ6 C5 C6 C7 C8
0,269 0,255 0,131 0,057
B5.1 B5.2

UZ3 UZ7 UZ8 UZ4

0,195 0,040 0,040 0,014
Figure 6. Case Study

POC
M_POC
SB1

M2 M3 M_SB2
M1
C1 C2 C3 SB2
B3.1 B3.2 B3.3
M5 M6 M8
UZ1 UZ2 UZ5 UZ6 C5 C6 C8
0,269 0,255 0,131 0,057
B5.2 B6.1 B6.2
B5.1

UZ3 UZ7 UZ8 UZ4

0,195 0,040 0,040 0,014
Figure 7. Scheme of the case study considering the main meters.

Yearly energy spent by a branch of a circuit. RLOCM3=1

For each branch Bi of a circuit C, the energy spent can be
evaluated by: Level of coverage LOCM of a meter.
eBi 𝐾𝑖 ∙ 𝑒   [p.u.] (4) For each circuit it is possible to evaluate the level of coverage
The energy weight of the branch Bi according to the circuit is of the meter LOCM as:
equal to
wBi                 [p.u.] (5) 𝐿𝑂𝐶𝑀 𝑒 ∙ max 𝑤 , [p.u.] (7)

Note that the LOCM value of a meter is equal to:

5. Assessment of the level of coverage LOCM of a meter
eC, if wB,i=1, in case of only one branch.
Relative level of coverage RLOCM of a meter.
< eC, if wB,i<1 in case of more branches.
For each circuit it is possible to evaluate the relative level of
0 if the meter is not present.
coverage of the meter RLOCM as:
In the case of figure 2 we have:
LOCM1=0.33*1 =0.33
𝑅𝐿𝑂𝐶𝑀 max 𝑤 , [p.u.] (6)
LOCM2=0.5*0.66=0.33
In the case of figure 2 we have:
LOCM3=0.17*1 =0.17
RLOCM1=1
RLOCM2=0,66

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6. Assessment of the level of coverage LOCUZ of a UZ The power system consists in 2 switchboards (SB1 and SB2), 8
The paper introduces a level of coverage LOCUZ of a UZ equal circuits (C1-C8).
to: Circuit 3 has 2 branches: B3.1 and B3.2.
∗ Circuit 5 has 2 branches: B5.1 and B5.2.
𝐿𝑂𝐶𝑈𝑍 ∑ , [p.u.] (8)
There are 6 meters: M_POC on the main point of connection,
Being: M_SB2 on the main feeder of SB2 and 4 circuit meters M1, M2,
eB,i the energy of the i-branch that supplies UZ M5 and M8.
Figure 6 shows the 8 UZ (Uz1-UZ8) and the yearly energy eUZ
for each UZ, in per unit on the global yearly energy.
LOCUZ is referred to the energy of the UZ so the value can Table II shows the list of UZs shared for general use U (HVAC,
range between 0 to 1. lighting, DATA).
In the case of figure 2 we have: According to the formulas it is possible to evaluate the LOCM
LOCUZ1=1 for each meter.
LOCUZ2=0.66 Considering that the presence of a meter I the POC corresponds
LOCUZ3=0.33+0.5=0.83 to a common meter on the circuits C3 and C4 while the presence
The LOCUZ can be evaluated by a bottom up process, starting of a meter on the SB2 corresponds to a common meter on the
from the terminal level to move up to the point of connection circuits C6 and C7.
(POC) with the grid. Scheme of Figure 6 can be transformed in the scheme of Figure
The LOCUZ depends on the UZ classification that is related to 7.
the discretion of the energy manager and owner/manager of the Results are shown in Table IV.
structure/building/organization. TABLE II.
LIST OF U AND UZS
7. Assessment of the level of coverage LOCU of an use U
An use level of coverage LOCU can be defined as the sum of
the LOCUZ weighted for the energies of the UZi included in U.
∑ ∗
LOCU = ∑
[p.u.] (9)

8. Assessment of the level of coverage LOCDMS of the whole

system
A global LOCDMS can be defined as the sum of the LOCU
weighted for the energies eU of each U. TABLE III.
YEARLY ENERGY OF THE USES U [P.U.]
LOCDMS = ∑ 𝑒 ∗ 𝐿𝑂𝐶𝑈 [p.u.] (10)

The same DMS can obtain a higher score of LOCDMS if the

list of UZ is shorter or a lower score if the UZ list longer and
The DMS considered has a whole level of coverage of 0.7765.
more detailed.
The use “HVAC” has covered by a LOCU equal to 0,84.
V. CASE STUDY The use “lighting” has covered by a LOCU equal to 0,913.
The use “DATA” has covered by a LOCU equal to 0,415
A case study is shown in Figure 6.

TABLE IV
RESULTS
Circuit Branch UZ eUZ SB Ki eB eC wB Meter RLOCM LOCM UZ LOCUZ U LOCU LOCDMS
[p.u.] [p.u.] [p.u.] [p.u.] [p.u.] [p.u.] [p.u.] [p.u.] [p.u.] [p.u.] [p.u.]
C1 B1 UZ1 0,269 1 1 0,269 0,269 1 M1 1 0,269 UZ1 1 HVAC 0,840363 0,7765
C2 B2 UZ2 0,255 2 0,5 0,128 0,128 1 M2 1 0,128 lighting 0,913208
UZ2 0,708
C3 B3.1 UZ2 0,255 2 0,5 0,128 0,316 0,404 M3 0,4152 0,131 DATA 0,415214
C3 B3.2 UZ5 0,131 1 1 0,131 0,316 0,415 M3 0,4152 0,131 UZ5 0,415
C3 B3.3 UZ6 0,057 1 1 0,057 0,316 0,181 M3 0,4152 0,131 UZ6 0,415
C5 B5.1 UZ3 0,195 1 1 0,195 0,215 0,907 M5 0,907 0,195 UZ3 0,907
C5 B5.2 UZ7 0,04 2 0,5 0,02 0,215 0,093 M5 0,907 0,195
UZ7 0,787
C6 B6.1 UZ7 0,04 2 0,5 0,02 0,06 0,333 M6 0,6667 0,04
C6 B6.2 UZ8 0,04 1 1 0,04 0,06 0,667 M6 0,6667 0,04 UZ8 0,667
C8 B8 UZ4 0,014 1 1 0,014 0,014 1 M8 1 0,014 UZ4 1
 

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 This is the author's version of an article that has been published in this journal. Changes were made to this version by the publisher prior to publication.
The final version of record is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2019.2939507

VI. CONCLUSIONS [17] S. S. S. R. Depuru et alii, "Smart meters for power grid: Challenges,
issues, advantages and status", Renewable and sustainable energy
A distributed metering system DMS is fundamental to manage reviews, vol. 15, pp. 2736-2742, 2011.
and control the energy performance of a building/structure. In
this work, a method for the assessment of DMS is presented.
The method defines 6 criteria for the overall system grade
evaluation. The paper introduces a method to assess the level of
coverage LOC of a DMS that can be implemented in a tool. In
a given structure, considering the list of the significant energy
uses at local level, a DMS can track the consumptions only if
the circuits’ architecture is organized in such a way that the
meters can monitor the energies independently. The suggested
method permits to optimize the location of the meters offering
a quantitative indicator of the level of coverage.

REFERENCES
[1] ISO 50001:2011 “Energy Management System”,
[2] ISO 50004:2014 “Energy management systems - Guidance for the
implementation, maintenance and improvement of an energy
management system”,
[3] ISO 50006:2014 “Energy management systems - Measuring energy
performance using energy baselines (EnB) and energy performance
indicators (EnPI) -- General principles and guidance”,
[4] IEC 60364-8-1:2014 “Electrical energy efficiency within low-voltage
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