-..

- .........

•
Beneath New York City,
a workerwalks _g a '"'
tunnel alon
c rry in,g,w ,er. ••,·
for at
a J
I

• •

) ,..• • ' · Discuss these questions with a partner.

·• .,

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I

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• rl1
. -1, , ,
.
, .
., • . , . , . \ ¡; " ...,.., -
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1. at should visitors to your city see? Are any
, •
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.
of these sights underground?
-
,. -.• . ,,.-\
.'

.
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• •. .
.,.. f•·....,..,. . .·., ..:,,_,
............
,.,........ 1 .-, , •
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..

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.
J

• • f ••111 •
, .
• I
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• •
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.
:·
2. Have you ever thought about what lies
' • ..
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?
-
, . , . ,-,, .-,. # . ,

.. ¡;
beneath
can your city theatstreets
thingsand
do you think
. •_,....- - ,.. . - - . ... . you find under sidewalks?
.,
.

. .
-

,-
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. .
:-
.
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., ,. •-1 • •

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•

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. • ' . • • '

. . ....
·: ,, .

.
-

.
, . • •
.
,. 3. Would you consider visiting the areas under
.. .
, .
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-
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..:., • ..:.· · ·_' •-'. _.. . -_--\, - : 1./ :. - •' - o,-. f.'..' ji,¡ · :,..,,,_.--.·. · ---:··· : - - '- • ,- - : : 1 _, --, :_ ,-,..:,

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 •qu d1.1et to
u,ry wat r

- -

D r / r
.F r
By N eil Sbea

Befare You
Read
A. Matching. Look at the diag:rarn of Paris above.Then match the
eventswith the dates.
1. A cave-in swallowed buildingsand people. • • a. t800s
2. Paris"ssubway system. lhe Mérro. was opened. • b . 1 5th centur y
•
• c. 1774
3. Thesewers v.-ere improvedand expanded. •
• d. 1786
4. Wheels we:re used ro liftstone-s 10 the surface. •
• e. 1900
S. Bonwere firs t poured into tlle tunne.Ls.

•
B. Sean. Thoughmost of llle twmels beneath Paris arecJosed co e.he public,
 some u.rban explorers,known as cataphiles,stillfind thei.r way into che
runne ls.What do you think the ca ta philes do underneath Paris?
Sean the reading to find three things. Then read the wholo passaboe.
68 llniLSA
u_,.,,_, .... ,... . .. . .. .. .-. . .. • .'IJ -.,,i- ,. _
.-.. --
 20th Century (1900)
19th Century (1800s) París opens its first sub w ay, the M ét ro .
To help keep the city clean, the sewers are improved and made bigger.
The earliest lines run close to the
surface. Later subway systems would
' take people deeper underground and
further out of the city.

sewers utilities

--
Present day Métro line
Early Métro line_

WW2 bunker

- -

ubway out
of the city

1 l'm standing on a sidewalk in the early morning. The great avenues Like the famous city
of Paris are silent, and the shops are closed. From a bakery comes above, the París
the smell of fresh bread. Suddenly, a man with long hair and a u n d erg ro u nd
lamp on his head appears from a hale in the sidewalk. He is soon ha
5 followed by a young woman holding a lantern.1 Mud covers their s g ro w n o v er t
he
boots. The man places the iron cover over the hale and takes
centuries. Today, it is
the woman's hand. Together, they run down the street, smiling.
m ade up of over 300
The couple had been exploring the tunnels beneath the city. kilometers of t un
nels.
When the Romans occupied Paris, they cut out stone from deep
10 within the earth to build their city and make sculptures. Later, the
French used more stone to construct the Notre Dame Cathedral,
the Louvre, and many other buildings. This left huge underground
tunnels upon which part of the city now stands. Once used for

© NalJonal Geographtc Leammg a oart oí Cengage Leannng

1 A lantern Is a lamp in a
metal trame with a handle
 on top so you can carry it.
Unit 5A 69
ALL RI GHTS RESERVEO No part of ttns work covered by the copynght herein may be reproduced o, dismbuted ,n any lorm or by any means. except aspenmttedby U S copynght law wilhout the prior wntten permrss•on of lhe copyngh1DW11er
 growing mushrooms, burying the dead, oras hiding places during
15 wartime, today they are mostly forgotten, except by "cataphiles"
people who love to go down into the tunnels below Paris, even
though it's actually not permitted.

A City Rediscovered
Exploring the underground city first became a trend in the 1970s
20 and '80s. lt was easier to enter the tunnels then, because there were
many more open entrances through forgotten doorways and into
catacombs-rooms filled with bones. The bones had been moved into
the tunnels to solve the problem of crowded cemeteries. By the end
of the 1980s, most of the entrances were shut, and police regularly
25 walked the tunnels. However, there are still cataphiles, like the couple
1 saw that morning, and for those who dare, the underground is an
exciting place to meet, have parties, perform for each other, or
create art.
 Underground Explorations
30 My own exploration began beneath the old Paris opera house,
where sew er2 workers showed me a 55-meter-long underground
pond, a pond that actually had fish in it! Later, at France's
national bank, officials guided me below to an amazing room filled
with 2,600 tons of gold.

35 As cataphiles are the best guides, 1 then asked Dominique and

Yopie, experienced cataphiles, to give me a tour. Descending into
the underground through a secret entrance beneath a bridge, we
walked for hours through catacombs and galleries of huge, bright
paintings. Yopie dove into water-filled passages to see where they
40 led. We stopped to rest in a room with stone furniture, where
Yopie told me, Many people come down here to party, sorne to
jj

paint . Sorne people to destroy orto create orto explore. We do

what we want here. We don't have rules . . ."

2 A sewer is a large undergro und channel that carries waste matter and rain water away.

v In an area known as "the

beach," cataphiles cover the
walls with art, including a
wave painted in the style of
• Jap an ese printmaker Hokusai.
....... ·.•,:
..,
.
.-
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"'r,
.......

.
.....

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',
.
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• ' ...

1. .. •• ,
\ ----
' '

Unit SA 71
Reading Comprehension
Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question.
Gist 1. What is the reading mainly about?
a. why tourists know so little about Paris's tunnels
b. the tunnels under Paris and the people who explore them
c. why tunnels will someday be Paris's newest tourist attraction
d. how the recent discovery of Paris's tunnels is changing the city
lnference 2. Why was the couple that the writer met smiling as they ran
down the street?
a. They were able to replace the iron cover.
b. They had discovered a dangerous tunnel below.
c. They had explored a tunnel without getting caught.
d. They felt dirty and wanted to run home and take a shower.
Detail 3. Which statement is NOT true about the tunnels under Paris?
a. People grew mushrooms there.
b. They were once used as a hiding place.
c. People explore them even though it's not permitted.
d. Companies remove the stone to construct modern buildings.
Detail 4. Why did it use to be easier to enter the tunnels?
a. The tunnels were safer.
b. There were more open entrances.
c. There was less water in the tunnels.
d. There were fewer dangerous people living there.
Purpose 5. What is the purpose of the fourth paragraph?
a. to give a personal account of visiting the tunnels
b. to describe how the tunnels were used in past decades
c. to give reasons why cataphiles should be hired as guides Did You Know?
d. to describe how the tunnels will likely be used in the future 1n certain parts of
Reference 6. In line 41, what does the word here refer to? París, tall buildings
cannot be built
a. the entrances b. the tunnels
because the earth
c. the opera house d. the museum
beneath is filled
lnference 7. Which statement would a cataphile probably agree with? with tunnels and
a. More police are needed to keep the tunnels safe. catacombs.
b. The bones should be removed from the tunnels.
c. Only cataphiles should be allowed to explore the tunnels.
d. People should be able to do whatever they want in the tunnels.

72 Unit
SA
© Natlonal Geagraph,c leaming a oart of Cengage leam1119
All RIGHTS RESERVEO No part of lh1s worl< covered by the copyngtn here1nmay be rep,oduced or dlsmbuted ,nany form or by any means. except as perrmtted by U.S copynghllaw witnool tl>e pnor wnlien permtss•on o1 the copyngh1 owner
 Reading Skill

Understanding the Functions of

Prepositional Phrases
A preposit ional phrase consists of a preposit ion (e.g., to, on,
in, of, with, over, and down) and its object. Such phrases
(underlined in the examples below) give important, additional
details about nouns and verbs. When a prepositional phrase
modifies a noun, it answers questions su ch as Which one? or
What kind?
Examples: The passage to the chamber was narrow. {Which passage?) /
He is a new type of tourist. (Type of what? / What kind?)
When a preposit io nal phrase modifies a verb, it answers
questions such as Where?, How?, or When?

Examples: She climbed up the /ad d er. (Where?) / Our guide spoke in a
/oud voice. {How?) / In May, I visited París. (When?)

A. Analyzing. Underline the prepositional phrases in the paragraph below.

l' m st an d in g on a sidewalk in the early morning. The great

avenues of Paris are silent, and the shops are closed. From a bakery
comes the smell of fresh bread. Su d d enly, a man with long hair and a
lamp on his h ead appears from a hole in the sidewalk. He is soon
followed by a young woman holding a lantern. M ud covers their boots.
Th e
man places the iron cover over the hole and takes the woman's han
d. Together, they run down the street, sm ilin g .

B. Completion. Answer the questions below with prepositional phrases

from A.
1. Where is the writer standing?
2. When is this happening?
3. Where is the lamp?
4. Where does the man put the cover?
5. Where does the couple run?

Critical Thinking Discuss with a partner. What could be sorne reasons

why visiting Paris's underground is not permitted? Do you think people
should be allowed to explore there?
©

N
a
 tlonal Geograph,c leaming a oart of Cengage leam1119

Unit 5A 73
All RIGHTS RESERVEO No part of th1s woñ< covered by the copyngtn here1nmay be rep,oduced or dlstnbuled ,nany form or by any means,e,ccept as perrmtted by U.S copynghllaw w,tnool the pnor wnlien permiss•on of the copyngh! owner
A.. Completion. Compltee the information by circling the
correct word in ea,ch pair.

Much of !he network of l. (sC1Jl ptures/ tunnels) under

París is off limits to tourists. w ith trails that only the
cataphiles- and the po!ice- know. However, there is a
small section where lourism is allowed. A visitor-
fñendly legal 2. (ent.rance / trend) can be found off
Place Oenfe.rt-Rachereaun,ear the M ontpa.rn asse
district.

Here. visitors can walk along skuD-a nd-bone-lined Toursi t<. walk through
11 s ect.ion of the,Paris
pathways. Touñsts are 3. (occupied / permitted) to take photos
cataoombs th.;,i1 1$ open
In these cataoombs. Howeve.r most are respectful and r.o thcpublic.
4. (silent/ daring) as they S. (occupy / des cend) into the
catacombs. the final resting placeof perhapssix million peo ple.
lt'sa fascinating but strangely sad visit formany people.

B. Word.s in Context. Complete each sentence with thecorrect

answeJ.
1. Things thatare usually made outoí iron ___
lnclude _
a. tools b. shoes

2.. A sculpture is a work ofart made by .

a. painti.ng ordrawing b.shaping stone, wood. ar clay

3. lf something is described as a trend. itis probably becoming _

a. more popular b. Je,ss p opul ar
4. To descend a mountain means to it.
a.go up b. go down

5. lí you dare to do some lhing, you are t di,

a.b rave enougb b.smart enough

Word Partnership
Ose trend with: (v.) start a trend,follow a c:reru:I;
( n . ) fashion uend. trends etter . indostry trend: fad}.)
latest trend. cu.r..rent Lrend. downward trend.
 74 U■ft5A

IJIO< ,,..._I:..,
.,,..
_,... ,... -
.,...•, ., ..,,,..-1_ -------,.. -
..
Before You Read Each of the 4 65 ,00 0 round
steel manholes on the streets
of New York City is a doorway
A. Definitions. Look at the photo above and read the
to an underground network of
caption. Match the words in bold to their definitions.
tunnels. Some-for telephone,
1. : substances that blow up, breaking things TV, or electricity cables- líe
apart suddenly and with great force ju st below the surface. Others,
2. - - - - - - : waste and used water from homes and carved deep into the earth using
buildings explosives and huge machines,

3. : round hales in a city street used by

workers © Nanonal
Geograph,c
leammg a
pa,t af
B. Predict. Look at the headings, photo, and caption on pages 76- Cengage
leammg
77. Check ( ) the information you think you will read about.
Then read the passage to check your ideas.
D what lies beneath the streets of New York City
D what makes working under New York City dangerous
D what makes the streets of New York City dangerous
 are for the city's subways, water pipes, and sewage system .

Un it 5B 75
AlL RIGHTS RESERVED No partal tt11s work covered by the copyright hereinmay be reproduced or d1stnbuted ,n any formar by anymean, s exceptas penmtled by U S. copynght taw w,thout the prior wnr.en pennrss>on of fhe copyngh1
owner
1 A Dangerous Job
Since I was a boy, 1 have always looked down open manholes
with curiosity, so I welcomed the opportunity to explore and
write about the world beneath New York City. With a group of 11
5 "sandhogs"-the nickname1 for the workers who build New York's
underground-1 boarded a slow, shaky elevator lit by a single light
bulb. Slowly we went down a shaft 2 dug through 200 meters of
rock. The sandhogs were building a new tunnel to bring water into
the city. The present tunnel system carries more than 5.6 billion
10 liters of water every day. That's enough water to fill more than
2,200 Olympic-sized swimming pools.

As we descended, it got dark and the air got cool. 1 looked up

into darkness and down into deeper blackness, then the elevator
stopped, and everyone got out. Then carne the hard part, climbing
15 another 1O meters down a long, slippery metal ladder.3 At the
bottom was a dark tunnel filled with dust and smoke. Sandhogs
were using explosives like dynamite4 to cut through the solid rock.
The tunnel extends slo w ly- ,o n lyfour meters a day-and with each
day come new dangers. Sandhogs live in constant fear of being
20 hurt by sharp pieces of exploded rock. Their bodies are covered in
such scars.5

"Why do this work?" 1 asked Brian Gallagher, a sandhog for 16

years. Brian 's father was a sandhog, too, but it is not tradition that
brought him here. "lt's the money," he sai d . An experienced
25 sandhog earns over $100,000 ayear. The rewards are well
deserved. A sandhog's chances ofdying on the job are far greater
than those of an above-ground construction worker, or even a
New York City police officer. iJ Everything down here can kill you,"
one sandhog said. They know many more workers will die befare
30 the tunnel is completed.

1 A River of Sewage ,,,. " San dh o gs " at

work d eep und er
On another trip below the city, sewer worker Jeff Kwami showed New York City
me how the city's sewage is kept flowing smoothly. We went
down a manhole wearing plastic bodysu its, gloves, and tanks of
air.
35 Everything around us was wet and slippery, as weclimbed
carefully down 12 meters and then stopped on a narrow concrete
step. In

1 A nickname is an informal and unofficial name.

2 A shaft is a vertical tunnel.
3 A ladderis a structure made for climbing on.
4 Dynamite is an explosive substance.
5 A scar is a mark left on the skin after a wound oran injury has healed.
 76 Unit 5B
© Natlonal Geagraph,c leammg a oart of Cengage leam1119
All RIGHTS RESERVEO No part of th1s woñ< covered by the copyngtn here1nmay be rep,oduced or dlsmbuted ,nany form or by any means,except as permrtledby U.S copynght law witnool the pnor 'Nnlien perm,ss•on o1 the copyngh1 owner
 front of me was a fast·movni g river of sewage nearty two meters wide.tt
smelled awfuL I as ked Kwami, ''Nhathappens if you tall in and you·re
notattached to a rope?· He saíd i f you didn't pull yourself out, you'd drown
in the sewage. But
.lO unliké thedangctssandhogs face, such sltuationsate rar.e. As we move thtough
the sewe,r t<wami :;eems cabn and C"onfi dent , but it':;st;;II a terrifying lhought.

la ter, as weleft the darl<ness and dangerbelow, Kwami joked, "See any
alllgators?" Over the years, ttiere have been storiesabout giant alligators
livingln tt,e sewers. 1tell Kwami that in 1935, the Ne-w York Times reported
an alligator
IS was pulled from a sewer. H estllldldn't believe lt, and we laugh together
aswe cllmbback lo the surface.
- Adapted fromUnder New York by Joel Swerdlow, NationaJ Geogtaphic Ma gazine
¡,u-•·--.. -----..---------..,_-·.·..·......-....---...,.-., .
U, lt SB

, . ._.,.
M utt iple Choice. Choose the bEst answer for each question.

1. Toewriter of the passage is •

a, conside ring ge tting a job as a tunn el worker
b. takni g touristsinto New York City·s tunnels
c. interested in.what liesbeneath New York Ciry
cL re·portingonlhebenefüs ofworklJlgunderground
Det.lil 2. Whatdangerlhaiunderjrtoundworkcrsface is NOT
mentioned?
a. sll ppl ng b. beir\8cut by rock
c. d rowning d. elevatorsfalling
oe 3. Why doesBrian (iallagher work as a sa.nd hog?
a. He enjoys dange.r b. lt's a family tradition.
c. The job payswell. d. The work is easy lO
do..
lnfe,ence
4. Sewer workers probably carry tanks of air because
a. thesmell of the sewage is bad
b. the tunnel is @led with smoke
c. they have to dive into the sewage
d. they need to dean theair in the sewer
Deta1I
5. \.Vh ich of these is the most darigerous job
mentioned?
a. sandhog b, police oíficer
Oc::t.1il
c. sewer worker d. OOIJ.5tructio n worker
Did You Know?
6. Wh.k:hof these th.ingsabout being a sewer worker js Stories suc:h as "the
NOT mentioned7 arngator In the
a. (t'suseful to wear abodysu.it sewer" are
b. h'seasy [O get wel knownasurban
c. 'Die payis very hig.h... legcnds- modem
Maln Idea storíes of unknown
d A rope could s.ave )'Out llíe.
ortgin thatare often
7. What wou1d be tht best headingfor tite last pa:ragraph? believed to be true,
•· Recent Alligaror Síghling but are usuallynot
b. The 80-Year-Old Alligator
c. How toSurvive Sewage
d. JustaStory?
 ---.-·-·
78 Unil SB
....,, ..- , ..........-- ..-- ...................
 .._. -
-
-- -- --..
,
,• -- Í '-·..-. •. -- --
•
Reading Skill - • ·llli
1

,
Breaking Down Long Sentences
Long sentences can be easier to analyze and understand if you break
them into shorter parts called clauses.

1. To identify a clause, first circle each key verb in the text.

2. Find the subject and object (or complement) of each

verb. Underline the subject and double-underline the
object.

3. Draw parentheses around modifiers (such as

adjectives, prepositional phrases, and adverbs).

4. Look at each set of verb, subject, and object (or complement).

Look at the words around them. This is a clause. Each clause has its
own idea. Divide the sentence into its main clauses. Draw slash
marks to separate them.

The first sentence of the reading on pages 76-77 can be broken down
like this:
Since J_@a boy,/J_ have lway rookeq>down open manholes(with
curiosity)/so l (yvelcome t h e opportunity o explore and write about the
world beneath New York City)

A. Analyzing. Read this sentence from the passage. Use the tips
above to break it into smaller parts.
1 looked up into darkness and down into deeper blackness,
then the elevator stopped, and everyone got out.

B. Analyzing. Now use the tips to break down the text below from
the passage.
With a group of 11 " san d h o g s" - t h e nickname
for the workers who build
New York 's underground- 1 boarded a slow, shaky
elevator lit by a single light bulb. Slowly we went down a shaft
So rne tunnels under
dug through 200 meters of rock.
New York City are over
200 meters deep, and
Critical Thinl<ing Discuss with a partner. Why are jobs like
building them can be
tunnel workers (sandhogs) and sewer workers particularly
dangerous.
dangerous? What do you think are the most dangerous jobs?
Why do people do them?
 «,Nanonal Geographtc leam,ng a oart of Cengage
leamlflQ Unit 5B 79
..
AlL RIGHTS RESERVEO No part of tlus woñ< covered by the copynght here1nmay be reproduced or drstnbuted ,n any form or by any meaos,except as penmttedby U.S copyngtit law w,tnool the pnor wnlien pem11ss1on of lhe eopyngh1owner

·- ---
-·
'
·• 'f"r ·• •
l • •• • r
"
• ¿;r _-_
1 ,. r •
..' .... •
...
•

- -
,.
•
,.. :
-----·- .. ..
• • •
1
'
-'
.
•
•
-
-
Vocabulary Practice -- - •
• ,I •

A. Completion. Complete the information with words from the

box. One word is extra.

awful board concrete experienced flowed joked opportunity

Under the 1. buildings of New York City lies one of

its greatest attraction s- its subway system. lt runs 24 hours a
day, 365 days ayear. On a typical weekday, over five million
people
2. ataniaotne of hundreds of stations. More
3. travelers can manage the system easily,
but first-time visit ors can find it confusing.

Nevert heless, if you get a(n) 4 . ,arie on the

subway is an experience worth having and can sometimes provide
really interesting sigh t s. For example,
in August 2013, a dead sh ar k was
found in a subway car. No one knows who put it there, or why. Bu t
since the su b w a y is often quite dirty, sorne people 5. _
tatthe 6. smell was not that unusual !

B. Completion. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

One word is extra.

confident drowned flowed joke slippery

1. Many of the steps leading down to New York's subway can be

------when wet. A rat
2For someone new to the New York subway system, the crowds can
be scary. The secret is to be ankeep moving.

3. In 2012, Hurricane Sandy caused serious flooding to the New York

subway when water from the storm into the subway
stations and tunnels.
4. lt's been estimated that there are as many rats in New York's
subway as there are people. Thousands of these rats i thfloods
caused by the 2012 storm.
 Thesaurus awful Also look up: (adj.) terrible, horrible, dreadful

80 Unit
58 © Nanonal Geographic leammg a oart of Cengage Leam1119
ALLRIGHTS RESERVEO No part ot1111s wofk covered by thecopyngnt hereinmay be reproducedor d1sinb11ted ,n any form ar by any exc:ept as perrmtled bV U .S copynghl law w,tnout the pnor wnlten ce,M lfit!copynght owner
meao, s
 • • . '

Befare You Watch

A. Preview. Look at the photo and read the caption. Then discuss the questions
below with a partner.

1. What exactly do you think Carlos Barrios and Julio Cou Cámara do in their job?
2. Do you think they enjoy their work?

B. Predict. Which of these things do you think you can find in the sewers?
D human waste D bodies D dirty water
O chairs D garbage D bones
Ocars D clean water Ddead animals

t:) N

While You Watch lea

A. Viewing. As you watch, check ( ) the things above that the video mentions.
Were your ideas correct?

B. Categorizing. Which of the things in A does Carlos Barrios take out of the
sewer?
 Viewing 81
All RIGHTS RESERVEO illo pm of !htSwori< covered bym<? copynght nere,n m2f be mproduced or dlstributed 1nany formoc by any means exce¡,1 as pernntt d by U S copyn¡¡lll law witno,,¡11M pc,or wri!ten perms;;ion o11l1e copyngtrt owner

3. What other dirty or

dangerous jobs can
you name?

82 Viewing

After You Watch

A. Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer to each question.
1. Which city does Carlos Barrios work in?
a. Los Angeles b. New York City c. Mexico City
2. What does Carlos Barrios do in the sewers?
a. He cleans the sewer walls.
b. He tests the safety of the water.
c. He removes objects that block the sewers.
3. What advice does Julio give Carlos Barrios befare a job?
a. Be calm and careful.
b. Don't touch anything sharp.
c. Wear a good dive suit.
4. What is Carlos Barrios afraid of while in the sewer?
a. getting a cut b. getting lost c. drowning
5. After diving, what does Carlos Barrios need to do?
a. get washed and cleaned
b. put on a different suit
c. stop by the hospital

B. Discuss. Discuss these questions with a partner.

1. What do you think are the biggest challenges Carlos Barrios faces?
2. Do you think you could do Carlos Barrios' job? Why or why not?
 < Carlos Barrios is lowered
into a river of sewage.
© Nabonat Geograprnc Learning a pan ot Cengage LeamJng
All RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of thts wolk rovere<l oy lllecopyright nerein mav be reproduced or d1stributed tn any lormor Dy any means excepl as permi!ted bY U.S copyngnt taw withotJt !he l)nor writlen penruss1on ot !he copvngnt owner