Major Assignment #1

Name XXX
Registration Number XXX
Course Title Quantitative Data Analysis
Session Spring 2020
Submitted To Sir Ahmad Zaki Ludin
Submission Date 06-10-2019
Quantitative
Data
Analysis
The First Assignment
Spring 2020
Instructions:
This assignment has two parts, the first part is
“Page#36 – Chapter Quiz - ELEMENTARY STATISTICS: A
STEP BY STEP APPROACH, TENTH EDITION ”.
And second part includes solving “Page#105 – Chapter
Quiz - ELEMENTARY STATISTICS: A STEP BY STEP
APPROACH, TENTH EDITION ”.
Show all your work since partial credit is given.
Answer without the necessary work will receive no
credit.
Your work should be as a single pdf file, and remember to submit it in your Kardan’s
Web-based Portal at least one day before the due date.
Determine each statement is true or false, if the statement is false, explain
why?

Answer#1: True
Inferential statistics involves taking a sample from a population, calculating a statistic on
the sample, and inferring from the statistic the value of the corresponding parameter of the
population. So probability is used there.

Answer#2: True Statement

A sample is said to be biased if it does not represent the population from which it has been
selected. Therefore the statement is TRUE.

Answer#3: False Statement

The difference between a sampling measures and a population measure is called a
sampling error. A non-sampling error occurs when the data are obtained
erroneously or the sample is biased.

Answer#4: False
For cluster sampling, some groups should have been selected at random and all the
members of that group should have been included in the sample. The sampling used
here is stratified sampling.

Answer#5: True
Temperature is numerical and can be ordered on the basis of its magnitude.

Answer#6: True
Height of a basketball player can be any real number between some extreme limits.
It doesn't take integral discrete values.

Answer#7: False
The boundary of value 6 inches will be 5.5-6.5 inches hence the given statement is
False

Select the best Answer.

Answer#8: C- Discrete
Since it can take only numerical values

Answer#9: B- 25.55 – 25.65 ounces

Adding and subtracting 0.05 to the boundary hence we have the above number
option b is correct.

Answer#10: D – Stratified
Stratified samples are obtained by dividing the population into groups (called
strata) according to some characteristic that is important to the study, then
sampling from each group. So stratified sampling is used here as researcher divided
subjects into two groups according to gender and then selected members from each
group for her sample

Answer#11: A – Nominal
Mutually exclusive and no ranking or order can be imposed on data.

Answer#12: C - an observational study

In an observational study, the researcher merely observes what is happening or
what has happened in the past and tries to draw conclusions based on these
observations.;

Answer#13: A – a confounding variable

A confounding variable is one that influences the dependent or outcome variable
but was not separated from the independent variable.

Use the best answer to complete the sentences.

Answer#14: 1- Descriptive 2- Inferential

Two major branches of statistics are descriptive and inferential

Answer#15: 1- Gambling 2- Insurance

For example, policyholders who smoke tobacco are at a higher risk for developing
serious health problems. Statistics show that this often results in increased health
insurance claims.

Answer#16: ___ Population

A population consists of all subjects (human or otherwise) that are being studied.

Answer#17: ___Sample
A sample is a group of subjects selected from a population and the population is the
group of all subjects under study.

Answer#18: 1- Saves time 2- Saves money 3- Use when population is infinite

It is not possible to use the entire population for a statistical study; therefore,
researchers use samples.

Answer#19: a. Random b. Systematic c. Cluster d. Stratified

The four basic sampling methods are random, systematic, cluster and stratified.

Answer#20: ____ Quasi-experimental

Sometimes when random assignment is not possible, researchers use intact groups.
These types of studies are done quite often in education where already intact groups
are available in the form of existing classrooms. When these groups are used, the
study is said to be a quasi-experimental study
Answer#21: ____ Random

Answer#22: a. descriptive b. inferential c. descriptive d. inferential e. Inferential

Answer#23: a. nominal b. ratio c. ordinal d. interval e. ratio

a) Movies are divided into different groups according to the rating so nominal
measure.
b) The variable (Number of candy bars sold on a fund drive) possesses all the
characteristics of interval measurement and there exist a true zero so ratio.
c) The automobiles are classified into different categories that ban be ranked so
it is an ordinal measure.
d) The variable (Temperature of hair dryers) is an interval measurement since
it precise difference between units.
e) The variable (Weights of suitcases on a commercial airlines) possesses all the
characteristics of interval measurement and there exist a true zero so it is a
ratio.

Answer#24: a. Continuous b. Discrete c. Continuous d. Continuous e. Discrete

Number of cups of coffee and number of gallons of milk are discrete integer values.
Age, amount of drug injections and time are continuous values that can take any real
number.

Answer#25:
a) 32 minutes --> 31.5–32.5 minutes > +0.5 | -0.5
b) 0.48 millimeter --> 0.475–0.485 millimeter +0.005 | -0.005
c) 6.2 inches --> 6.15–6.25 inches +0.05 | -0.05
d) 19 pounds --> 18.5–19.5 pounds +0.5 | -0.5
e) 12.1 quarts --> 12.05–12.15 quarts +0.05 | -0.05

Second Part:
Determine whether each statement is true or false. If the statement is false,
explain why?

Answer#1: False
The classes must be mutually exclusive. Mutually exclusive classes have non
overlapping class limits so that data cannot be placed into two classes.
If overlapping classes are used, same data would have to be placed in two classes.

Answer#2: True
Answer#3: False
The class width for a class in a frequency distribution is found by subtracting the
lower (or upper) class limit of one class from the lower (or upper) class limit of the
next class. The classes must be equal in width. This avoids a distorted view of the
data.

Answer#4: True
The most useful method of presenting the data is by constructing charts and graphs.
So frequency distribution aids in constructing charts and graphs.

Answer#5: True
Different types of data leads to different types of graphs. It also depends upon the
way the researcher wants to portray the results.

Answer#6: False
The frequency polygon is a graph that displays the data by using lines that connect
points plotted for the frequencies at the midpoints of the classes. Here midpoint of
classes are used in x axis, not class limits.

Answer#7: False
Data collected over a period of time cannot be graphed by using a pie graph. It is
used to show relative sizes. For the representation of time period we have time
series graph.

Select the best Answer.

Answer#8: c) Cumulative frequency graph

The ogive is a graph that represents the cumulative frequencies for the classes in a
frequency distribution. So it is also known as cumulative frequency graph.

Answer#9: c) 8.55-8.85
Lower boundary= 8.6- 0.05=8.55
Upper boundary = 8.8+0.05= 8.85

Answer#10: b) pie graph

A pie graph is a circle that is divided into sections or wedges according to the
percentage of frequencies in each category of the distribution. The purpose of the
pie graph is to show the relationship of the parts to the whole by visually comparing
the sizes of the sections.

Answer#11: b) 1
In relative frequencies, the proportion of frequency with respect to the total
frequency is used. So when we add all those relative frequencies, since the
denominator is same, all the numerator gets added up. The sum of numerators is
nothing but the sum of all frequencies or total frequency. Therefore it adds up to 1.
Use the best answer to complete the sentences.

Answer#12: a- categorical b- ungrouped c-grouped

Answer#13: a- 5 b- 20

Answer#14: ___ Categorical ___

Answer#15: ___ Time series___

Answer#16: ___ Stem and leaf plot___

Answer#17: ___ Vertical axis ___ (or Y)

Answer#18:

Class Tally Frequency

H = House |||| | 6
A = Apartment |||| 5
M = Mobile |||| | 6
C = Condominium |||| ||| 8

Total 25
Answer#19:
Draw a circle
The slice size (central angle of the circle) is the product of 360 and the percent of
values in the category. Draw the slices for each category.
Relative frequency (fi) can be found by dividing the frequency by the total frequency.

The central angles and percentage for various observations can be calculated as:

fi Measure of central
Class Frequency
angle
H = House 6 (6/25 ) 0.24 (6/25 × 360)° = 86.4°
A = Apartment 5 (5/25 ) 0.2 (5/25 × 360)° = 72°
M = Mobile 6 (6/25 ) 0.24 (6/25 × 360)° = 86.4°
C = Condominium 8 (8/25 ) 0.32 (8/25 × 360)° = 115.2°
 And for finding the percentage we can use the relative frequency so RF can be
calculated by dividing the frequency from total frequency
Frequenc fi Measure of Percentage
Class
y central angle
H = House 6 (6/25 ) (6/25 × 360)° = 0.24 * 100% = 24
0.24 86.4°
A = Apartment 5 (5/25 ) 0.2 * 100% = 22
(5/25 × 360)° = 72°
0.2
M = Mobile 6 (6/25 ) (6/25 × 360)° = 0.24 * 100% = 24
0.24 86.4°
C = 8 (8/25 ) (8/25 × 360)° = 0.32 * 100% = 32
Condominium 0.32 115.2°

Now we have all the necessary requirements in order to draw a pie chart so we
continue …

Answer#20:
Class Frequency
1 1
2 5
3 3
4 4 `` Class: 1, 2,
5 2 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
6 6
Frequency: 1, 5,
7 2
8 3
3, 4, 2, 6, 2, 3, 4
9 4
Tota 30
l
Answer#21:
The width of each bar has to be the same and the height has to be equal to the
frequency.
Histogram

Draw a line between the middle of the top of consecutive bars in the histogram.
Frequency Polygon
Draw a line between the top right canners of consecutive bars in the histogram with
the cumulative frequencies.
Ogive

Answer#22:
Answer#23:
Answer#23:
Answer#24:
HORIZONTAL BAR GRAPH

The width of each bar has to be the same and the height has to be equal to the
amount.
Pareto Chart
The bars should have equal width and the height has to be equal to the amount.

The bars have to be ranked from highest to lowest.

Answer#25:

Step 1:
To find percentage we use the below calculation

Frequency fi Percentage
38 (38/84 ) 0.45 0.45 * 100% = 45
15 (15/84 ) 0.17 0.17* 100% = 17
9 (9/84 ) 0.10 0.10* 100% = 10
8 (8/84 ) 0.095 0.095 * 100% = 9.5
4 (4/84 ) 0.047 0.047 * 100% = 4.7
10 (10/84 ) 0.11 0.11 * 100% = 11
From the above pie chart, we observe that maximum number of people which are
(about 38) lost or stolen wallet, checkbook or credit card and a minimum number of
people (about 4) lose their identities by Phishing

Answer#26:
Year is on the horizontal axis and Deaths is on the vertical axis.
Connect the points of consecutive years with a line

Time Series

From the above graph we observe an increasing trend over the period 2020 to 2035
therefore predicted number of needless deaths due to childhood obesity as the time
period increases

Answer#27:
From the given data we have

Leading Digit (Stem) Trailing Digit (Leaf)

1 5 9
2 6 8
3 1 5 8 8 9
4 1 7 8
5 3 3 4
6 2 3 7 8
 7 6 9
8 6 8 9
9 8
Place the digits of the tens to the left of the vertical line and the digits of the ones of
every data value to the right of the vertical line.

It is positively skewed

Answer#28:

Answer#12:
Answer#12:
Answer#12:
Answer#12:
Answer#12:
Answer#12:
\

Time Series
From the above graph the right side of the dot plot is extended larger than the left
side. Hence, the distribution of the dot plot is positively skewed.

Answer#29:

The width of the bottles which represent the bars of the bar graph do not have the same
width.
The difference in the width of the bottles then exaggerates the difference between the
categories.