𝐸𝐶𝑈𝐴𝐶𝐼𝑂𝑁𝐸𝑆 𝐿𝐼𝑁𝐸𝐴𝐿𝐸𝑆 𝐻𝑂𝑀𝑂𝐺𝐸𝑁𝐸𝐴𝑆 𝐶𝑂𝑁 𝐶𝑂𝐸𝐹𝐼𝐶𝐼𝐸𝑁𝑇𝐸𝑆 𝐶𝑂𝑁𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑁𝑇𝐸𝑆

𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑛 = 2
𝑎𝑦 ′′ + 𝑏𝑦 ′ + 𝑐𝑦 = 0
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥 , 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
𝑎𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0
𝑒 𝑚𝑥 (𝑎𝑚2 + 𝑏𝑚 + 𝑐 ) = 0
𝑎𝑚2 + 𝑏𝑚 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑎𝑢𝑥𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑟
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑚=
2𝑎
−𝑏 + √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑚1 =
2𝑎
−𝑏 − √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑚2 =
2𝑎
 1) 𝑆𝑖 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑠, 𝑚1 ≠ 𝑚2
2) 𝑆𝑖 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑠, 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
3) 𝑆𝑖 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0, 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑗𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑠
𝑚1 = 𝛼 + 𝛽𝑖 𝑦 𝑚2 = 𝛼 − 𝛽𝑖

𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑜 (1)𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑠:

𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑚2𝑥
𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑜 (2) 𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑠:
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥𝑒 𝑚1𝑥
𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑜 (3) 𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑗𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑠, 𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑠:
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝑐1 cos(𝛽𝑥 ) + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝛽𝑥 ))
 𝑦1 = 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥
𝑒 2𝑚1𝑥
𝑦2 = 𝑦1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑚1𝑥

e− P ( x ) dx
y2 = y1 ( x)  2 dx
y1 ( x)
𝑚1 𝑥
𝑒 2𝑚1𝑥
𝑦2 = 𝑒 ∫ 2𝑚 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥
𝑒 1
𝑦 = 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥𝑒 𝑚1𝑥
 𝐸𝑗𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑠

1) 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 2𝑦 ′′ − 5𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 0

2𝑚2 − 5𝑚 − 3 = 0, 𝑎 = 2, , 𝑏 = −5 𝑦 𝑐 = −3
−(−5) ± √(−5)2 − 4(2)(−3) 5 ± √25 + 24 5 ± √49
𝑚= = =
2(2) 4 4
5±7
𝑚=
4
5+7 12
𝑚1 = = =3
4 4
5−7 −2 1
𝑚2 = = =−
4 4 2
1
3𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2

2. 𝑦 ′′ − 10𝑦 ′ + 25𝑦 = 0
3. 𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 ′ + 7𝑦 = 0
𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 7 = 0
−4 ± √16 − 4(1)(7) −4 ± √−12
𝑚= = =
2 2
−4 ± 2√3𝑖 −2 ± √3𝑖
= =
2
𝑚1 = −2 + √3𝑖
𝑚2 = −2 − √3𝑖
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝑐1 cos(𝛽𝑥 ) + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝛽𝑥 ))
𝛼 = −2 𝑦 𝛽 = √3
𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 (𝑐1 cos(√3𝑥) + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(√3𝑥))
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑛𝑜 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑠
𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 6
1. 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑎
𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 0
𝑚2 + 4𝑚 − 2 = 0
−4 ± √16 − 4(−2) −4 ± √24 −4 ± 2√6
𝑚= = = = −2 ± √6
2 2 2
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −(2+√6)𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −(2−√6)𝑥
2. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑜 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑎
𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 6
𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦𝑝′ = 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵, 𝑦𝑝′′ = 2𝐴
2𝐴 + 4(2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵) − 2(𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶) = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 6
2𝐴 + 8𝐴𝑥 + 4𝐵 − 2𝐴𝑥 2 − 2𝐵𝑥 − 2𝐶 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 6

−2𝐴𝑥 2 = 2𝑥 2 , − 2𝐴 = 2, 𝐴 = −1
8𝐴𝑥 − 2𝐵𝑥 = −3𝑥
8𝐴 − 2𝐵 = −3
8(−1) − 2𝐵 = −3
−8 − 2𝐵 = −3
−2𝐵 = −3 + 8
5
𝐵=−
2
2𝐴 + 4𝐵 − 2𝐶 = 6
5
2(−1) + 4(− ) − 2𝐶 = 6
2
−2 − 10 − 2𝐶 = 6
 −2𝐶 = 6 + 12
18
𝐶= = −9
−2
2
5
𝑦𝑝 = −𝑥 − 𝑥 − 9
2
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
5
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −(2+√6)𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −(2−√6)𝑥 2
−𝑥 − 𝑥−9
2
Si ninguna función en la supuesta yp es parte de yc
En la siguiente tabla se muestran soluciones particulares de prueba.
 g (x) For ma de yp
1. 1 (una constante) A
2. 5x + 7 Ax + B
3. 3x 2 − 2 Ax2 + Bx + C
4. x3 − x + 1 Ax3 + Bx 2 + Cx + E
5. sen 4 x A cos 4 x + B sen 4 x
6. cos 4 x A cos 4 x + B sen 4 x
7. e5 x Ae5 x
8. (9 x − 2)e5 x ( Ax + B )e5 x
9. x 2 e5 x ( Ax 2 + Bx + C )e5 x
10. e3 x sen 4 x Ae 3 x cos 4 x + Be3 x sen 4 x
11. 5 x 2 sen 4 x ( Ax 2 + Bx + C ) cos 4 x + ( Ex2 + Fx + G) sen 4 x
12. xe3 x cos 4 x ( Ax + B)e3 x cos 4 x + (Cx + E )e3 x sen 4 x