Three Phase

C
Controlled
ll d R
Rectifier
ifi

Prepared by
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan
Assistant Professor, Department of EEE
American International University - Bangladesh
• Operate from 3 phase ac supply
voltage.
• Higher dc output power.
• Higher output voltage ripple
frequency.
• Filtering requirements are simplified
for smoothing load voltage and load
current.
• Extensively used in high power
variable speed industrial dc drives.

van =Vm sin(ωt ) v = van − v = 3Vm sin(ωt + π )

v =Vm sin(ωt − 2π )
ab bn 6
bn 3 vac = van − vcn = 3Vm sin(ωt − π )
6
Vcn =Vm sin(ωt + 2π )
3
v = v − vcn = 3Vm sin((ωt − π ) vca = vcn − van = 3Vm sin((ωt + 5π )
bc bn 2 6
v = v − van = 3Vm sin(ωt − 5π ) v = vcn − v = 3Vm sin(ωt + π )
ba bn 6 cb bn 2

The following are seen from the
figure:
From 30o to 150o, Van is maximum.
From 150o to 270o, Vbn is maximum.
From 270o to 390o, Vcn is maximum.
The following are seen from the
figure:
From 30o to 90o, Vab is maxium
From 90o to 150o., Vac is maximum
From 150o to 210o, Vbc is maximum
From 210o to 270o, Vba is maximum
From 270o to 330o, Vca is maximum.
maximum
From 330o to 390o, Vcb is maximum.
Three-phase controlled converter circuits can be classified based on
the number of pulses as follows:
1 Three-pulse
1. Three pulse converters
2. Six-pulse converters
3. Twelve-pulse converters
4. Eighteen pulse converters
5. Twenty-four pulse converters
6. Forty-eight pulse converter, etc.
Higher the pulse number, smoother is the output voltage.

Three-Phase Half-Wave Converters

Three single phase half-wave converters can be connected together to
form a three phase half-wave converter.
• 3 Phase
Ph semiconverters
i t are usedd in
i Industrial
I d t i l dc
d drive
d i applications
li ti up
to 15 kW power output.
• Known as 3-pulse converter.
• Single quadrant operation is possible.
• The frequency of output voltage is 3fs.
The transformers in converter circuits are generally delta-connected on
primary side and star-connected on secondary side. The phase difference
between
be wee thee seco
secondary
d y vovoltage
ge and
dpprimary y vo ge iss 30o leading.
voltage e d g. So it iss
better to start firing after 30o.
⎛π ⎞
T1 is triggered at ωt = ⎜ + α ⎟ = ( 300 + α )
⎝6 ⎠
⎛ 5π ⎞
T2 is triggered at ωt = ⎜ + α ⎟ = (1500 + α )
⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛97π ⎞
T3 is triggered at ωt = ⎜ + α ⎟ = ( 2700 + α )
⎝ 6 ⎠
2π
Each thytistor conducts for 1200 or radians
3
 For Resistive Load
There are two modes of conduction: (i) Continuous conduction mode for α ≤
π/6
/6 (30o),
) and (ii) Discontinuous
i i conduction f α ≥ π/6
i mode for /6 (30o)

Average output voltage

V = 1 ∫(5π /6)+α van(ωt)d (ωt) = 3 3 Vm cosα
for continuous mode dc 2π / 3 (π /6)+α 2π
The maximum average output voltage that occurs at delay (or firing) angle α
= 0 is 3 3
V = Vm
dm 2π
The normalized average output
voltage is V
Vn = dc = cosα
V
dm
 RMS output for continuous mode

Vrms = 3 (5π / 6)+α v 2 (ωt )d (ωt )

2π ∫(π / 6)+α an

Vrms = 3 (5π / 6)+α ⎡ ⎤

Vm sin ωtd (ωt ) = 3Vm ⎢ + cos 2α ⎥⎥
2 2 ⎢1 3
∫
2π (π / 6)+α ⎢⎣ 6 8π ⎥⎦

Average output voltage for discontinuous conduction (30o≤α≤150o)

V = 3 ∫(ππ /6)+α van(ωt)d (ωt) = m ⎡⎢1+ cos((α + π )⎤⎥
3V
dc 2π 2π ⎣⎢ 6 ⎦⎥

V
V = d = 1 ⎡⎢1+ cos(α + π )⎤⎥
dc
The normalized average output voltage is n 3 ⎢⎣ 6 ⎥⎦
V
dm

RMS output voltage for discontinuous conduction (30o≤α≤150o)

Vrms = 3 ∫(ππ /6)+α van

2 (ωt )d (ωt ) = 3V 5 − α + 1 sin(2α + π )
2π m 24 8π 8π 3
 For Highly Inductive Load
Since, the
Si th conduction
d ti is i continuous
ti with
ith inductive
i d ti load,
l d Average
A output
t t
voltage and RMS output voltage expression are same for the conduction
mode with resistive load.
Rectifying Mode: In the case of
inductive load the output voltage is
continuous and the average value is
given positive up to α = π/2 (90o).
Inverting Mode: If α > 90o then the
average value is negative, so that
energy is transmitted from the dc
circuit to the ac circuit system.
Example 5.8
Example 5-8 (10.5): A 3-phase half-wave converter is operated from a 3-phase Y-
connected 208 V 60 Hz supply and the load is R = 10Ω. If it is required to obtain an
average output voltage of 50% of the maximum possible output voltage. Calculate (i)
the delay angle α, (ii) the rms and average output currents, (iii) the average and rms
thyristor currents, (iv) the rectification efficiency, (v) the transformation utilization
factor TUF, and (vi) the input power factor PF.

Solution: The phase voltage is Vs= 208/√3= 120.1 V, Vm = √2Vs= 169.83 V,

Vn=Vdc/Vm=0.5, and R = 10Ω.
Th maximum
The i output voltage
l i : V = 3 3 Vm = 3 3 ×169.83 = 140.45 V
is
dm 2π 2π
The average output voltage is : V = VnV = 0.5×140.45 = 70.23 V
dc dm
load the load current is continuous if α≤(π/6) and
(i) For a resistive load,
Vn≥cos(π/6)=86.6%.
According to given value of Vn, the conduction is discontinuous, thus

0.5 = (1/ 3)⎡⎢1+ cos(α + π )⎤⎥ α = 67.7°

⎣ 6 ⎦
(ii) The average output current Idc= Vdc /R=7.02 V

Vrms = 3Vm 5 − α + 1 sin(2α + π ) = 94.74 V I rms = Vrms / R = 9.47 A

24 8π 8π 3

(iii) The average current of a thyristor, IA= Idc/3= 2.34 A and

The rms current of thyristor, IR= Irms/√3= 5.47 A

(iv) Rectification Efficieny, η = (P /Vs I s ) = (70.23× 7.02) /(94.74× 9.47) = 54.95%

dc

(v) The rms input line current is the same as the thyristor rms current,
p volt-ampere
and the input p rating,
g VI = 3VsIs
TUF = (P /Vs I s ) = ( P / 3Vs I ) = (70.23× 7.02) /(3×120.1× 5.47) = 25%
dc dc R

((vi)) PF = ( Po /Vs I s ) = (I rms

2 R / 3V I ) = (9.472 ×10) /((3×120.1× 5.47) = 0.455
s R
 Three-Phase Semiconverters
• 3 Phase
se se
semiconverters
co ve e s aree used in Industrial
dus dc d
drive
ve applications
pp c o s up to o
120 kW power output.
• Known as 3-pulse converter.
• Single quadrant operation is possible.
possible
• Power factor decreases as the delay angle increases.
• Power factor is better than that of 3 phase half wave converter.
• The frequency of output voltage is 3fs. The delay (or firing) angle, α, can
be varied from 0 to π (or 180o). Thus, the maximum value of αmax = 180o.
• The frequency of output voltage is 3fs.

Upper Thyristors:
T1, T2, T3
Lower Diodes:
D2, D3, D1
Switching Sequence:
T1 and D3: Vo=VAB. T1 and D1: Vo=VAC.
T2 and D1: Vo=VBC. T2 and D2: Vo=VBA.
T3 and D2: Vo=VCA. T3 and D3: Vo=VCB.
T1 and D2; T2 and D3; and T3 and D1: should
not be turn on at a time.

Three Phase Semiconverter for α ≤ 60o

During the period of π/6(30o)≤ωt≤7π/6(210o), thyristor T1 is forward biased.
If T1 is fired ωt = (π/6)+ α, Vab is larger than other line voltages so D3 is
forward biased and Vo=Vab. At ωt = (π/2),(π/2) Vac is larger than other line
voltages so D1 is forward biased and Vo=Vac until T2 is fired.
During the period of 5π/6(150o)≤ωt≤11π/6(330o), thyristor T2 is forward
biased. If T2 is fired ωt = (5π/6)+ α, Vbc is larger than other line voltages so
D1 iss forward
o wa d b
biased
ased a
and Vbc. Att ωt = (7π/6), Vba iss larger
d Vo=V a ge tthan
a ot
other
e linee
voltages so D2 is forward biased and Vo=Vba.
If α ≤ π/3 (60o), each thyristor conducts for 2π/3 (120o) and the freewheeling
diode Dm does not conduct.
During the period of 9π/6 (270o) ≤ ωt ≤
13π/6 (390o), thyristor T3 is forward biased.
If T3 is fired ωt = (9π/6)+ α, Vca is larger
than other line voltages so D2 is forward
biased and Vo=Vca. At ωt = (11π/6), Vba is
larger than other line voltages so D3 is
f
forward d biased
bi d and d Vo=V Vcb.
Average Output Voltage for continuous Conduction (α ≤ 60o)

1
V = 3× ⎢∫
⎡
⎢ (π / 2) v d (ωt) + ∫(5π / 6)+α ⎤ 3 3V
vacd (ωt)⎥⎥ = m ⎡⎢1+ cosα ⎤⎥
dc 2π ⎢⎣ (π /6)+α ab (π / 2) ⎦⎥
2π ⎣ ⎦

The maximum average output voltage that occurs at delay (or firing)
angle α = 0 is
V = 3π 3 Vm
dm
⎡ ⎤
The normalized average output voltage is Vn = V ⎢
⎢
/V = 0.5[1+ cosα ]
⎥
⎥
⎣ dc dm ⎦

RMS output voltage for continuous conduction (α ≤ 60o)

1
Vrms = 3× ⎢∫
⎡
⎢ (π / 2) v d (ωt ) + ∫
2 (5π / 6)+α ⎤
vacd (ωt )⎥⎥
2
2π ⎢⎣ (π /6)+α ab (π / 2) ⎦⎥

⎛ 2π
⎡ ⎞⎤
Vrms = 3Vm 3 ⎜ ⎢ + 3 cos α ⎟⎟⎟⎥⎥
2
4π ⎝ 3
⎜⎜⎢
⎢⎣ ⎠⎥⎦
 Three Phase Semiconverter for α > 60o
If α>60o, Vab, Vbc, and Vca will not appear across the output.
During the period of π/6≤ ωt ≤ 7π/6, thyristor T1 is forward biased. If T1 is
fired at ωt = (π/6+α), T1 and D1 conduct and line-to-line voltage vac appears
across the load.
At ωt = 7π/6, vac starts to be negative and the freewheeling diode Dm
conducts. The load current continuous to flow through Dm, and T1 and D1
are turned-off.

If there were no freewheeling diode,

T1 would continue to conduct until
thyristor T2 fired.
During the period of 5π/6≤ωt≤11π/6, thyristor T2 is forward biased. If T2 is
fired at ωt = (5π/6+α), T2 and D2 conduct and line-to-line voltage vba appears
across the load.
load
At ωt = 11π/6, vba starts to be negative and the freewheeling diode Dm
conducts. The load current continuous to flow through Dm, and T2 and D2 are
turned-off.
During the period of 9π/6≤ωt≤15π/6,
thyristor T3 is forward biased. If T3 is
fired at ωt = ((9π/6+α), ), T3 and D3
conduct and line-to-line voltage vcb
appears across the load.
At ωt = 15π/6, vcb starts to be negative
and the freewheeling diode Dm
conducts. The load current continuous
to flow through Dm, and T3 and D3 are
turned-off.
d ff
 Average output voltage for discontinuous conduction α > 60o
1
V = 3× ⎢∫
⎡
⎢ (7π / 2) ⎤
vacd (ωt )⎥ = 3× ⎢∫
⎥ 1 ⎡
⎢ (7π / 2) π ⎤
3Vmsin(ωt − )d (ωt )⎥⎥
dc 2π ⎣⎢ (π /6)+α ⎥⎦ 2π ⎢⎣ (π /6)+α 6 ⎥⎦

3 3Vm ⎡
V = ⎢⎣1+ cosα ⎥⎦
⎤
dc 2π
The maximum average output voltage that occurs at
delay (or firing) angle α = 0 is V = 3π 3 Vm
dm
V
The normalized average output voltage is Vn = dc = 0.5[1+ cosα ]
V
dm
RMS output
t t voltage
lt f continuous
for ti conduction
d ti (α ( > 60o)
1
Vrms = 3× ⎢∫⎢
⎡
(7π / 2) ⎤
vacd (ωt)⎥ = 3Vm
2 ⎥ 3 ⎡
⎢
⎤
π −α + sin 2α ⎥⎥
1
2π ⎢⎣ (π /6)+α ⎥⎦ 4π ⎣
⎢ 2 ⎦
Example 5-9: A 3-phase semiconverter is operated from a 3-phase Y-connected 208 V
60 Hz supply and the load is R = 10Ω. If it is required to obtain an average output
voltage of 50% of the maximum possible output voltage. Calculate (i) the delay angle α,
(ii) the rms and average output currents, (iii) the average and rms thyristor currents, (iv)
the rectification efficiency, (v) the transformation utilization factor TUF, and (vi) the
input power factor PF.
Solution: The phase voltage is Vs= 208/√3= 120.1 V Vm = √2Vs= 169.83
120 1 V, 169 83 V,
V
Vn=Vdc/Vm=0.5, and R = 10Ω.
The maximum output voltage is : V = 3 3 Vm = 3 3 ×169.83 = 280.90 V
dm π π
The average output voltage is : V = VnV = 0.5× 280.9 = 140.45 V
dc dm
(i) For a resistive load, the load current is continuous if α≥(π/3) and
Vn≤[1+cos(π/3)]/2=75%.
≤[1+ ( /3)]/2 75%
According to given value of Vn, the conduction is discontinuous, thus

0.5 = 0.5[1+ cosα ] α = 90°

 (ii) The average output current Idc= Vdc /R=14.05 V

⎡ ⎤
Vrms = 3Vm 3 ⎢π −α + 1 sin 2α ⎥ =180.13 V I rms = Vrms / R =18.01 A
4π ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥

(iii) The average current of a thyristor, IA= Idc/3= 4.68 A and

The rms current of thyristor, IR= Irms/√3= 10.4 A

(iv) Rectification Efficieny, η = ( P /Vs I s ) = (140.45×14.05) /(180.13×18.01) = 60.8%

dc

(iv) Since thyristors conducts for 2π/3, the rms input line current
Is=Irms[√(2/3)] = 14.71 A
TUF = (P /Vs I s ) = ( P / 3Vs I s ) = (140.45×14.05) /(3×120.1×14.71) = 37.2%
dc dc

(vi) PF = ( Po /Vs I s ) = ( I rms

2 R / 3V I ) = (18.012 ×10) /(3×120.1×14.71) = 0.612
s s
 Three-Phase Full Converters
• 3 Phase
se Fully
u y Co
Controlled
o ed Full
u WWaveve
Bridge Converter.
• Known as a 6-pulse converter.
• Used in industrial applications up
to 120kW output power.
• Two quadrant operation is possible.
• The frequency of output voltage is
6fs.
Upper Thyristors: T1, T3, T5
Lower Thyristors: T4, T6, T2

The phase shift between the triggering of two adjacent SCRs is 60o.
Each SCR conducts in two pairs and each pair conducts for 60o.
When the two SCRs are conducting, i.e. one from positive (upper) group
and one from negative (lower) group, the corresponding line voltage is
applied
pp across the load.
When the upper SCR conducts, the current of that phase is positive
whereas when the lower SCR conducts, the current is negative.
 Three Phase Full Converter for Continuous Conduction (α ≤ 60o)
• At ωt = (π/6+α), thyristor T6 already conducting and T1 is turned-on.
• During
i interval
i ( /6 ) ωt ≤ (π/2+α),
(π/6+α)≤ ( /2 ) T1 and T6 conduct and line-to-line
i i
voltage Vab appears across the load.
• At ωt = (π/2+α), T2 is fired and T6 reverse biased immediately.
• During interval (π/2+α)≤ ωt ≤ (5π/6+α), T1 and T2 conduct and line-to-
line voltage Vac appears across the load.
• The firing sequence of thyristors is (T1, T2); (T2, T3); (T3, T4); (T4, T5); (T5,
T6) and (T6, T1).
As the firing angle α changes
from 0 to 90o, the voltage changes
from maximum to zero and the
converter
t i said
is id to
t b
be i
in
rectification mode (operate in first
quadrant).
The load current is continuous for
0 ≤α≤ π/3 (or 60o).
The load current is discontinuous
for α > π/3 (or 60o).
Average output voltage for highly inductive load (continuous conduction
for ≤α≤ π/3 )
V = 6× 1 ∫(π / 2)+α 3Vm sin(ωt + π )d (ωt) = π m cosα
3 3V
dc 2π (π /6)+α 6
The maximum average output voltage that occurs at delay (or firing) angle
α = 0 is 3 3
V = π Vm
dm
V
The normalized average output voltage is Vn = dc = cosα
V
dm
RMS output voltage for highly inductive load (continuous
conduction for ≤α≤ π/3 )

1
Vrms = 6× ∫ (π / 2)+α π ⎡
[ 3Vm sin(ωt + )] d (ωt) = 3Vm ⎢ +
2 ⎢1 3 3
⎤
cos 2α ⎥⎥
2π (π /6)+α 6 ⎢⎣ 2 4π ⎥⎦
 For the angles in the ranges 90o
to 180o, the voltage varies from
zero to negative maximum and
the converter is said to be in
inversion mode (operate in
fourth quadrant). For inductive
load αmax = π (or 180o).

Waveshapes for Resistive Load

For α = 2π/3 (or 120o) with
resistive load the output
voltage is zero and hence αmax
= 2π/3 (or 120o).
For α > π/3 with resistive
load, the full converter
behaves as semiconverter.
Example: 5.10
Example 5-10 (10.6): A 3-phase full converter is operated from a 3-phase Y-connected
208 V 60 Hz supply and the load is R = 10Ω. If it is required to obtain an average output
voltage of 50% of the maximum possible output voltage. Calculate (i) the delay angle α,
(ii) the rms and average output currents, (iii) the average and rms thyristor currents, (iv)
the rectification efficiency, (v) the transformation utilization factor TUF, and (vi) the
input power factor PF.
Solution: The phase voltage is Vs= 208/√3= 120.1 V Vm = √2Vs= 169.83
120 1 V, 169 83 V,
V
Vn=Vdc/Vm=0.5, and R = 10Ω.
The maximum output voltage is : V = 3 3 Vm = 3 3 ×169.83 = 280.90 V
dm π π
The average output voltage is : V = VnV = 0.5× 280.9 = 140.45 V
dc dm
(i) 0.5 = cosα ; α = 60°

(ii) The average output current Idc= Vdc /R=14.05 V

⎡ ⎤
Vrms = 3Vm ⎢ 1 + 3 3 cos 2α ⎥ =159.29 V I rms = Vrms / R =15.93 A
⎢2
⎣
4π ⎥
⎦

(iii) The average current of a thyristor, IA= Idc/3= 4.68 A and

The rms current of thyristor, IR= Irms/√(2/6)= 9.2 A
(iv) Rectification Efficieny, η = (P /Vrms I rms )
dc
η = (140.45×14.05) /(159.29×15.93) = 77.8%

(iv) The rms input line current, Is=Irms[√(4/6)] = 13 A

TUF = (P /Vs I s ) = ( P / 3Vs I s ) = (140.45×14.05) /(3×120.1×13) = 42.1%

dc dc

(vi) PF = ( Po /Vs I s ) = ( I rms

2 R / 3V I ) = (15.932 ×10) /(3×120.1×13) = 0.542
s s