End of question 1

New Regionalism is an outgrowth of the process of globalization “based on the idea that one cannot
isolate trade and economy from the rest of society…” The thesis that social development must
accompany economic development for integration efforts to succeed stands in contrast to “Old”
Regionalism, (also known as “first generation” regionalism, or “classic” regionalism) which was primarily
seen as a process of economic integration. According to De Lombarede, this movement began to gather
speed in the late 1980s and is associated with changes in Eastern Europe and the end of the Cold War.

A key difference between the two theories is who is considered a relevant actor. As mentioned, in classic
regionalism the Nation-State is the preeminent actor, while new regionalism proponents hold that non-
state actors like multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations, and other interested
social groups, must be considered when analyzing how and why regions choose to integrate. With this
claim, new regionalists also challenge the traditional theories of realpolitik in international relations by
recognizing new, multidimensional actors, with varied and complex interests, on whom the threat of
coercion has little effect.

New regionalism, shift in national systems of administration and cultural, economic, and political
organization following the Cold War. New regionalist projects, which began about the mid-1980s,
differed in substance from the earlier rise in regionalist developments, which had begun about the
1950s and later became known by the term old regionalism. The emergence of new regionalism
coincided with the end of the Cold War and a period of increasing global economic integration. Its
development ultimately led to regional organizations that were more open with respect to trade than
those that had formed in the era of old regionalism.

End of question 2

Neofunctionalism is a theory of regional integration which downplays globalisation and

reintroduces territory into its governance. ... Neofunctionalism describes and explains the process
of regional integration with reference to how three causal factors interact: Growing economic
interdependence between nations.

Neofunctionalism is a theory of regional integration which downplays globalisation and

reintroduces territory into its governance. Jean Monnet's approach to European integration,
which aimed at integrating individual sectors in hopes of achieving spillover effects to further the
process of integration, is said to have followed the neofunctional school's tack. The founder of
the term, Ernst B. Haas, later declared the theory of neofunctionalism obsolete, a statement he
revoked in his final book,[1] after the process of European integration started stalling in the 1960s,
when Charles de Gaulle's "empty chair" politics paralyzed the institutions of the European Coal
and Steel Community, European Economic Community, and European Atomic Energy
Community.[2] The theory was updated and further specified namely by Wayne Sandholtz, Alec
Stone Sweet, and their collaborators in the 1990s and in the 2000s (references below). The main
contributions of these authors was an employment of empiricism.

Neofunctionalism describes and explains the process of regional integration with reference to
how three causal factors interact:[3][4]

 Growing economic interdependence between nations

 Organizational capacity to resolve disputes and build international legal regimes
 Supranational market rules that replace national regulatory regimes

Early neofunctionalist theory assumed a decline in importance of nationalism and the nation-
state; it predicted that, gradually, elected officials, interest groups, and large commercial interests
within states would see it in their interests to pursue welfarist objectives best satisfied by the
political and market integration at a higher, supranational level. Haas theorized three
mechanisms that he thought would drive the integration forward: positive spillover, the transfer
of domestic allegiances and technocratic automaticity.[5]

Functionalism, in social sciences, theory based on the premise that all aspects of a society—
institutions, roles, norms, etc. —serve a purpose and that all are indispensable for the long-term
survival of the society.

Functionalism, in social sciences, theory based on the premise that all aspects of a society—institutions,
roles, norms, etc.—serve a purpose and that all are indispensable for the long-term survival of the
society. The approach gained prominence in the works of 19th-century sociologists, particularly those
who viewed societies as organisms. The French sociologist Émile Durkheim argued that it was necessary
to understand the “needs” of the social organism to which social phenomena correspond. Other writers
have used the concept of function to mean the interrelationships of parts within a system, the adaptive
aspect of a phenomenon, or its observable consequences. In sociology, functionalism met the need for a
method of analysis; in anthropology it provided an alternative to evolutionary theory and trait-diffusion
analysis.

Functionalism is a theory of international relations that arose during the interwar period principally
from the strong concern about the obsolescence of the state as a form of social organization. Rather
than the self-interest of nation states that realists see as a motivating factor, functionalists focus on
common interests and needs shared by states (but also by non-state actors) in a process of global
integration triggered by the erosion of state sovereignty and the increasing weight of knowledge and
hence of scientists and experts in the process of policy-making (Rosamond, 2000). Its roots can be traced
back to the liberal/idealist tradition that started with Kant and goes as far as Woodrow Wilson's
"Fourteen Points" speech (Rosamond, 2000).
End of question 3

End of question 4
Globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world's economies,
cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and
flows of investment, people, and information.

Globalization means the speedup of movements and exchanges (of human beings, goods, and services,
capital, technologies or cultural practices) all over the planet.

Globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s economies,
cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and
flows of investment, people, and information. Countries have built economic partnerships to facilitate
these movements over many centuries.