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Civil Engineering Mechanics

CVG2149

LEC7
Conservation of Energy

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Ch11: Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity &

Acceleration

• Position coordinate of a particle is defined

by positive or negative distance of particle
from a fixed origin on the line.
• Consider particle which occupies position P
at time t and P’ at t+t,
x
Avg velocity 
t
• Consider particle with velocity v at time t and
v’ at t+t,
v
Instantaneous acceleration  a  lim
t 0 t
v dv d 2 x
a  lim  
t 0 t dt dt 2

Chapter 11: Definition formulas

dx
Velocity: v
dt

dv d  dx  d 2 x
Acceleration
a a  
dt dt  dt  dt 2

dv dv dx dx dv dv
a   v
dt dt dx dt dx dx

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Chapter 11: Uniform Rectilinear Motion

dx
 v 
dt

Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion

dv
 a 
dt

Chapter 11: Rectilinear Motion

v  cst “Body starts from rest a  cst

a0 and reaches a velocity
of….”

Uniformly Accelerated
Uniform Motion
Motion
?

Equation Equations:

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Chapter 11: Motion of a projectile

Rectangular components of
acceleration and velocity:
a x  x  0 a y  y   g az  z  0
with initial conditions,
x0  y 0  z 0  0  
v x 0 , v y 0 , v z 0  0
Integrating twice yields
vx  x  vx 0 v y  y  v y 0  gt vz  z  vz 0
y  y0  v y 0 t  vz  z0  vz 0 t
gt 2
x  x0  vx 0 t
2
(parabolic trajectory)
Equation of motion for a projectile from origin

v x  v x 0 v y  v y 0  gt vz  vz 0
y  v y 0 t 
gt 2
x  vx 0 t z  vz 0 t
2
Resistance of air is neglected

Chapter 11:
v  cst
Equation of Uniform Motion
a0
Equation Uniformly Accelerated Motion a  cst

Equation Motion for Projectile:

ax  0 ay  g az  0
v x  v x 0 v y  v y 0  gt vz  vz 0
y  v y 0 t 
x  vx 0 t gt 2 z  vz 0 t
2

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Particle Kinetic Energy: Principle of Work &

Energy 
• Consider a particle of mass m acted upon by force F
dv
Ft  mat  m
dt
dv ds dv
m  mv
ds dt ds
F t ds  mv dv
• Integrating from A1 to A2 ,
s2 v2
 Ft ds  m  v dv  12 mv2  12 mv1
2 2
• Kinetic energy is associated with s1 v1
speed of the particle. Is a scalar.
U12  T2  T1 T  12 mv 2  kinetic energy
• Kinetic energy is always positive 
regardless the direction of • The work of the force F is equal to the change in
movement. kinetic energy of the particle.
• Units of work and kinetic energy are the same:
2
 m  m
T  12 mv 2  kg    kg 2 m  N  m  J
 
s  s 

1. Principle of Work & Energy


• The work of the force F is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the
particle.
U12  T2  T1

T  12 mv2  kinetic energy

T1  U12  T2

U12  V1  V2
2. Principle of Conservation of Energy
• At any point the sum of potential and kinetic energies is constant
T1  V1  T2  V2
E  T  V  constant

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SOLUTION1:
• Apply the principle of work and
energy separately to blocks A and B.

• When the two relations are combined,

the work of the cable forces cancel.
Solve for the velocity.
Two blocks are joined by an inextensible
cable as shown. If the system is released
from rest, determine the velocity of block
A after it has moved 2 m. Assume that
the coefficient of friction between block A
and the plane is mk = 0.25 and that the
pulley is weightless and frictionless.


U  F r T  12 mv2  kinetic energy

SOLUTION 1:
• Apply the principle of work and energy separately
to blocks A and B.
 
WA  200 kg  9.81 m s 2  1962 N
FA  m k N A  m kWA  0.251962 N   490 N
U12  T2  T1 T1  U12  T2 :
0  FC 2 m   FA 2 m   12 m Av 2
FC 2 m   490 N 2 m   1
2
200 kg v 2

 
WB  300 kg  9.81m s 2  2940 N
T1  U12  T2 :
0  Fc 2 m   WB 2 m   12 m B v 2

 Fc 2 m   2940 N 2 m   12 300 kg v 2

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• When the two relations are combined, the work of the

cable forces cancel. Solve for the velocity.
FC 2 m   490 N 2 m   12 200 kg v 2

 Fc 2 m   2940 N 2 m   12 300 kg v 2

2940 N 2 m   490 N 2 m   12 200 kg  300 kg v 2

4900 J  12 500 kg v 2

v  4.43 m s

1 2
T  12 mv2  kinetic energy Ve  kx
2
SOLUTION 2: Vg  Wy
• Apply the principle of conservation of energy
separately to blocks A and B.

WA  200 kg 9.81 m s2   1962 N

FA  mk N A  mkWA  0.251962 N   490 N
T1  V1  T2  V2
0  FC  FA 2 m   12 mAv 2  0
FC  490 N 2 m   12 200 kgv 2

WB  300 kg 9.81 m s2   2940 N

T1  V1  T2  V2 :
0  WB  Fc 2 m   12 mB v 2  0
2940 N  Fc 2 m   12 300 kgv 2

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• When the two relations are combined, the work of the

cable forces cancel. Solve for the velocity.
FC  490 N 2 m   12 200 kgv 2
2940 N  Fc 2 m   12 300 kgv 2

2940 N 2 m   490 N 2 m   12 200 kg  300 kg v 2

4900 J  12 500 kg v 2

v  4.43 m s

Conservation of energy

•At 1 (no deflection):

• At 3:

Conservation of energy
v max = 0.926 m/s

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Conservation of Energy

•At 2

• At 3:

•Conservation of energy:

v 2= 0.848 m/s

Applications of the Principle of Work and Energy

• Determine velocity of pendulum bob at A2.
Consider work & kinetic energy.

• Force P acts normal to path and does no
work.
1 2 1 2
T2  T1  mv2  mv1  U12
2 2
• Velocity found without determining T1  U12  T2
expression for acceleration and integrating.
1W 2
0  Wl  v2
• All quantities are scalars and can be added 2g
directly.
• At point A2: v2  2 gl
• Forces which do no work are eliminated from
the problem.

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Conservation of Energy
• Work of a conservative force,
U12  V1  V2

• Concept of work and energy,

U12  T2  T1

• Follows that
T1  V1  T2  V2
E  T  V  constant
T1  0 V1  W • When a particle moves under the action of
T1  V1  W conservative forces, the total mechanical
energy is constant.
1W
T2  12 mv22  2 g   W V2  0
2g • Friction forces are not conservative. Total
T2  V2  W mechanical energy of a system involving
friction decreases.
T3  0 V3  Wl T3  V3  Wl
• Mechanical energy is dissipated by friction
into thermal energy. Total energy is constant.

• What happens if more then just one object is involved?

• Is it possible to apply conservation of energy everywhere?

• The velocity of the first object will be transferred to the

second object.

1. We need to find a law for defining the transfer.

CH13.10 ~

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