23/06/2016

MEASUREMENTS, SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

And STOICHIOMETRY

MEASUREMENT

Measurement

- Is the determination of the dimensions, capacity, quantity,

or extent of something

- Is a quantitative observation and consists of two parts:

a number and a scale (called a unit)

Examples
mass, volume, temperature, pressure, length, height, time

1
 23/06/2016

MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

Two measurement systems:

English System of Units (commercial measurements):

pound, quart, inch, foot, gallon

Metric System of Units (scientific measurements)

SI units (Systeme International d’Unites)
liter, meter, gram
More convenient to use

FUNDAMENTAL SI UNITS

Physical Quantity Name of Unit Abbreviation

Mass Kilogram kg
Length Meter m
Time Second s (sec)
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of substance Mole mol
Electric current Ampere A
Luminous intensity Candela cd

2
 23/06/2016

DERIVED SI UNITS

Physical Quantity Name of Unit Abbreviation

Force Newton N (m-kg/s2)

Pressure Pascal Pa (N/m2; kg/(m-s2)
Energy Joule J (N-m; m2-kg/s2)
Power Watt W (J/s; m2-kg/s3)
Frequency Hertz Hz (1/s)

METRIC UNITS

Prefix Abbreviation Notation

Giga G 109
Mega M 106
Kilo k 103
Deci d 10-1
Centi c 10-2
Milli m 10-3
Micro µ 10-6
Nano n 10-9
Pico p 10-12
Femto f 10-15

3
 23/06/2016

UNIT CONVERSIONS

Length/Distance Time Volume Mass

2.54 cm = 1.00 in. 1 min = 60 sec 1 gal = 4 qt 1 Ib = 454 g

12 in. = 1 ft 1 hour = 60 min 1 qt = 0.946 L 1 Ib = 16 oz
1 yd = 3 ft 24 hours = 1 day 1 L = .0265 gal 1 kg = 2.20 Ib
1 m = 39.4 in. 7 days = 1 week 1 mL = 0.034 fl. oz. 1 oz = 28.3 g
1 km = 0.621 mile
1 km = 1000 m

24 hours 1 day
24 hours = 1 day » 1 day
or
24 hours

UNIT CONVERSIONS
Convert 34.5 mg to g

How many gallons of juice are there in 20 liters of the juice?

Convert 4.0 gallons to quarts

4
 23/06/2016

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

Exact Numbers
- Values with no uncertainties
- There are no uncertainties when counting objects or people
(24 students, 4 chairs, 10 pencils)

- There are no uncertainties in simple fractions

(1/4, 1/7, 4/7, 4/5)

Inexact Numbers
- Associated with uncertainties

- Measurement has uncertainties (errors) associated with it

- It is impossible to make exact measurements

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

Measurements contain 2 types of information

- Magnitude of the measurement
- Uncertainty of the measurement

- Only one uncertain or estimated digit should be reported

Significant Figures
digits known with certainty + one uncertain digit

5
 23/06/2016

RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

1. Nonzero integers are always significant

2. Leading zeros are not significant

0.0045 (2 sig. figs.) 0.00007895 (4 sig. figs.)
The zeros simply indicate the position of the decimal point

3. Captive zeros (between nonzero digits) are always significant

1.0025 (5 sig figs.) 12000587 (8 sig figs)

RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

4. Trailing zeros (at the right end of a number) are significant

only if the number contains a decimal point
2.3400 (5 sig figs) 23400 (3 sig figs)

5. Exact numbers (not obtained from measurements) are assumed

to have infinite number of significant figures

6
 23/06/2016

RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

Rounding off Numbers

1. In a series of calculations, carry the extra digits through

to the final result before rounding off to the required
significant figures

2. If the first digit to be removed is less than 5, the

preceding digit remains the same
(2.53 rounds to 2.5 and 1.24 rounds to 1.2)

RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

Rounding off Numbers

3. If the first digit to be removed is greater than 5, the

preceding digit increases by 1
(2.56 rounds to 2.6 and 1.27 rounds to 1.3)

4. If the digit to be removed is exactly 5

- The preceding number is increased by 1 if that
results in an even number
(2.55 rounds to 2.6 and 1.35000 rounds to 1.4)
- The preceding number remains the same if that
results in an odd number
(2.45 rounds to 2.4 and 1.25000 rounds to 1.2)

7
 23/06/2016

RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

- The certainty of the calculated quantity is limited by the least
certain measurement, which determines the final number of
significant figures

Multiplication and Division

- The result contains the same number of significant figures as the

measurement with the least number of significant figures

2.0456 x 4.02 = 8.223312 = 8.22

3.20014 ÷ 1.2 = 2.6667833 = 2.7

RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

- The certainty of the calculated quantity is limited by the least

certain measurement, which determines the final number of
significant figures

Addition and Subtraction

- The result contains the same number of decimal places as the

measurement with the least number of decimal places
2.045 7.548
3.2 − 3.52
+ 0.234
4.028 = 4.03
5.479 = 5.5

8
 23/06/2016

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
- Used to express too large or too small numbers (with many zeros)
in compact form

- The product of a decimal number between 1 and 10 (the coefficient)

and 10 raised to a power (exponential term)

24,000,000,000,000 = 2.4 x 1013

coefficient
Exponent (power)
0.000000458 = 4.58 x 10-7

Exponential term

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

- Provides a convenient way of writing the required

number of significant figures

6300000 in 4 significant figures = 6.300 x 106

2400 in 3 significant figures = 2.40 x 103

0.0003 in 2 significant figures = 3.0 x 10-4

9
 23/06/2016

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
- Add exponents when multiplying exponential terms

(5.4 x 104) x (1.23 x 102) = (5.4 x 1.23) x 10 4+2

= 6.6 x 106

- Subtract exponents when dividing exponential terms

(5.4 x 104)/(1.23 x 102) = (5.4/1.23) x 10 4-2

= 4.4 x 102

DENSITY
- The amount of mass in a unit volume of a substance

mass
Density = Ratio of mass to volume =
volume
Units
Solids: grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3)
Liquids: grams per milliliter (g/mL)
Gases: grams per liter (g/L)

- Density of 2.3 g/mL implies 2.3 grams per 1 mL

- Density usually changes with change in temperature

10
 23/06/2016

DENSITY
The amount of mass in a unit volume of a substance

For a given liquid

- Objects with density less than that of the liquid will float

- Objects with density greater than that of the liquid will sink

- Objects with density equal to that of the liquid will remain

stationary (neither float nor sink)

TEMPERATURE

- The degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment

- 3 common temperature scales

Metric system
Celsius and Kelvin

English system
Fahrenheit

11
 23/06/2016

TEMPERATURE
Celsius Scale (oC)
- Reference points are the boiling and freezing
points of water (0oC and 100oC)
- 100 degree interval

Kelvin Scale (K)

- Is the SI unit of temperature (no degree sign)
- The lowest attainable temperature on the Kelvin scale is 0
(-273 oC) referred to as the absolute zero

Fahrenheit Scale (oF)

- Water freezes at 32oF and boils at 212oF
- 180 degree interval

TEMPERATURE

K = o C + 273 or o
C = K − 273

9
o
C=
5
( o
F − 32 ) or
o
F=
5
( C ) + 32
o

10o, 40o, 60o are considered as 2 significant figures

100o is considered as 3 significant figures

12
 23/06/2016

LOGARITHMS

n = 10a implies log n = a

- The logarithm (base 10) of n is equal to a

(written as log on calculators)

log 1000 = 3 since 1000 = 103

log 0.01 = -2 since 0.01 = 10-2

LOGARITHMS

log 436 = 2.639

2 is the characteristic
0.639 is the mantissa

- The number of digits in the mantissa should be equal to

the number of significant figures in the original number (436)

log 4368 = 3.6403 log 0.4368 = -0.3597

13
 23/06/2016

ANTILOGARITHMS

n = 10a implies antilog a = n

- n is the antilogarithm of a
(written as antilog or 10x or INV log on calculators)

antilog 3 = 1000 since 103 = 1000

antilog -2 = 0.01 since 10-2 = 0.01

ANTILOGARITHMS

antilog 2.639 = 436

- The number of significant figures in the answer should be equal

to the number of digits in the mantissa

antilog 6.65 = 4466835.922 = 4.5 x 106

antilog -3.230 = 0.0005888436 = 5.89 x 10-4

14
 23/06/2016

BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

- Whole numbers are placed on the left side of the formula (called
coefficients) to balance the equation (subscripts remain unchanged)

- The coefficients in a chemical equation are the smallest set of whole

numbers that balance the equation

C2H5OH(l) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g)

BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

- States of reactants and products

- Physical states of reactants and products are represented by
(g): gas
(l): liquid
(s): solid
(aq): aqueous or water solution

15
 23/06/2016

BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Balance the following chemical equations

Fe(s) + O2(g) → Fe2O3(s)

C12H22O11(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)

(NH4)2Cr2O7(s) → Cr2O3(s) + N2(g) + H2O(g)

MOLAR MASS
- Add atomic masses to get the formula mass (in amu)
= molar mass (in g/mol)

- That is the mass, in g, of 1 mole of the substance

1 mole = 6.02214179 x 1023 entities (atoms or molecules)

Usually rounded to 6.022 x 1023 (Avogadro’s number)
This implies that 6.022 x 1023 amu = 1.00 g
Atomic mass (amu) = mass of 1 atom
molar mass (g) = mass of 6.022 x 1023 atoms

16
 23/06/2016

MOLAR MASS

Calculate the mass of 2.4 moles of NaNO3

Molar mass NaNO3 = 22.99 + 14.01 + 3(16.00)

= 85.00 g /mol NaNO3

CHEMICAL FORMULA

Consider Na2S2O3:

- Two atoms of sodium, two atoms of sulfur, and three atoms of

oxygen are present in one molecule of Na2S2O3

- Two moles of sodium, two moles of sulfur, and three moles of

oxygen are are present in one mole of Na2S2O3

17
 23/06/2016

CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS

CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS
Calculate the number of molecules present in 0.075 g of urea,
(NH2)2CO

Given mass of urea:

- convert to moles of urea using molar mass (MM= 60.07 g/mol)
- convert to molecules of urea using Avogadro’s number

18
 23/06/2016

CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS
How many grams of carbon are present in a 0.125 g of vitamin C,
C6H8O6

Given mass of vitamin C:

- convert to moles of vitamin C using molar mass (176.14 g/mol)
- convert to moles of C (1 mole C6H8O6 contains 6 moles C)
- convert moles carbon to g carbon using atomic mass

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
(STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS)

Given:
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

- 1 molecule of C3H8 reacts with 5 molecules of O2 to

produce 3 molecules of CO2 and 4 molecules of H2O

- 1 mole of C3H8 reacts with 5 moles of O2 to produce

3 moles of CO2 and 4 moles of H2O

19
 23/06/2016

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
(STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS)
Given:
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
What mass of oxygen will react with 96.1 g of propane?

- make sure the equation is balanced

- calculate moles of propane from given mass and molar mass
- determine moles of oxygen from mole ratio (stoichiometry)
- calculate mass of oxygen (MM= 32 g/mol)

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
(STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS)
Given:
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
What mass of CO2 will be produced from 96.1 g of propane?

- make sure the equation is balanced

- calculate moles of propane from given mass and molar mass
(MM= 44.11 g/mol)
- determine moles of CO2 from mole ratio (stoichiometry)
- calculate mass of CO2

20