Term Paper Intro To IR

Name: Ahmed Sheraz

Roll no: IR-212129
Submitted To: Sir Sajid Iqbal
Course: BS IR(first semester)
Department of International
Relations

GLOBALIZATION
 Term Paper Intro To IR

GLOBALIZATION
Contents:
 Introduction to globalization
 What is globalization
 History of globalization
 Waves of globalization
 Types of globalization
 International relations and globalization
 Advantage and disadvantage
 Conclusion

INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION

1
 Term Paper Intro To IR

Globalization suggests the proceeding with development and strengthening of monetary,

political, social, social and legal relations across borders. It is facilitated by decreases in
transportation and correspondence costs, the ascent of new data innovations, like the web,
and progressions in the business sectors for merchandise, administrations, work, capital,
and innovation. Despite the fact that it additionally happens inside existing lawful
constructions, globalization much of the time includes political choices about liberation,
streamlined commerce, and the combination of business sectors. It changes the ways of life
and day to day environments for individuals all throughout the planet, introducing new
freedoms to a few, however dangers and dangers to other people. People, firms,
governments, and transnational associations that are lifted out of the system of the country
state, similar to the World Bank, United Nations, the European Union, and worldwide firms
all face difficulties of how to react to globalization. The current volume gives significant data
to private and public chiefs who are picking methodologies for creation, speculation, and
public strategy in the undeniably globalized society. (christensen & kowalczyk, 2017)

WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is the word used to portray the developing reliance of the world economies,
societies, and populaces, achieved by cross-line exchange labour and products, innovation,
and streams of speculation, individuals, and data. Nations have fabricated financial
organizations to work with these developments over numerous hundreds of years. In any
case, the term acquired prevalence after the Cold War in the mid of 1990 as these helpful
courses of action formed present day regular day to day existence. We live in an increasingly
interconnected and interdependent world. Globalization touches every part of our lives,
from the products we buy to the food we eat to the ways we communicate with one
another. Globalization is also tied to some of the other biggest issues we face in the modern
era, including climate change, trade, terrorism, and the spread of deadly diseases .Being
intertwined with countries and markets all over the world has both benefits and downsides,
so globalization has both proponents and detractors. No matter which side you’re on,
globalization is simply a reality of modern life. Globalization broadly refers to the expansion
of global linkage.

HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is an historical process that began with the first movement of people out of
Africa into other parts of the world. Traveling short or long distances, migrants, merchants
and others have delivered their ideas, customs and products to new lands. The major events
are

SILK ROADS (1ST CENTURY BC to 5TH CENTURY AD, 13TH 14TH CENTURIES AD)
Individuals have been exchanging products for nearly insofar as they've been near. In any
case, as of the first century BC, an exceptional marvel happened. Without precedent for
history, extravagance items from China began to show up on the other edge of the Eurasian

2
 Term Paper Intro To IR

landmass – in Rome. They arrived subsequent to being pulled for a huge number of miles
along the Silk Road. Exchange had quit being a nearby or provincial issue and began to get
worldwide. This shouldn't imply that globalization had begun vigorously. Silk was for the
most part an extravagance decent, as were the flavours that were added to the
intercontinental exchange among Asia and Europe. As a level of the complete economy, the
worth of these fares was little, and numerous brokers were included to get the products to
their objective. Be that as it may, worldwide exchange joins were set up, and for those
included, it was a goldmine. (Venham, n.d.)

Spice routes (7th-15th centuries)

The following part in exchange happened on account of Islamic vendors. As the new religion
spread every which way from its Arabian heartland in the seventh century, trade did as well.
The originator of Islam, the prophet Mohammed, was broadly a vendor, similar to his
significant other Khadija. Exchange was hence in the DNA of the new religion and its
supporters, and that appeared. By the mid ninth century, Muslim merchants previously
ruled Mediterranean and Indian Ocean exchange; a short time later, they could be found as
far east as Indonesia, which over the long run turned into a Muslim-dominant part country,
and as far west as Moorish Spain. The fundamental focal point of Islamic exchange those
Middle Ages were flavours. In contrast to silk, flavours were exchanged primarily via ocean
since antiquated occasions. Be that as it may, by the middle age time they had become the
genuine focal point of global exchange. Boss among them were the cloves, nutmeg and
mace from the mythical Spice - Maluku islands in Indonesia. (Venham, n.d.)

Age of discovery (15th to 18th centuries)

Genuinely worldwide exchange started off in the Age of Discovery. It was in this period,
from the finish of the fifteenth century onwards, that European adventurers associated East
and West – and unintentionally found the Americas. Supported by the disclosures of the
supposed "Logical Revolution" in the fields of cosmology, mechanics, physical science and
transportation, the Portuguese, Spanish and later the Dutch and the English first "found", at
that point enslaved, lastly incorporated new terrains in their economies.
The Age of Discovery shook the world. The most (in) famous "revelation" is that of America
by Columbus, which everything except finished pre-Colombian human advancements,
However financial specialists today actually don't really view this period as one of genuine
globalization. Exchange surely began to get worldwide, and it had even been the primary
justification beginning the Age of Discovery. However, the subsequent worldwide economy
was still especially unbalanced. The European domains set up worldwide stock chains,
however for the most part with those states they possessed. (Venham, n.d.)

WAVES OF GLOBALIZATION
There are 4 waves of globalization

3
 Term Paper Intro To IR

GLOBALIZATION 1.0 Globalization1.0 refers to the rapid growth in world trade,

mainly during the nineteenth century or it can be called the pre-1914 period. Globalization
2.0 or present 1945 period alludes on the worldwide industrialization after the Second
World War. It is driven by more noteworthy global participation. The post-war period saw
less protectionism and a fast development in world exchange, in any event in western
economics

GLOBALIZATION 2.0 Globalization2.0 or present 1945 time alludes on the worldwide

industrialization after the Second World War. It is driven by more prominent global
collaboration. The post-war period saw less protectionism and a fast development in world
exchange, at any rate in western economies.

GLOBALIZATION 3.0 The third wave of globalization (globalization 3.0) is thought to

have started around 1990Which was driven by advances in technology, including the spread
of the internet. During this wave:
 It was easy for different stages of production to be based in various locations across the
globe, leading to the emergence of modern supply chains.
 Firms were enabled to further cut the cost of producing products and delivering services by
moving their operations to cheaper locations, known as offshoring.

GLOBALIZATION 4.0 The current wave, Globalization 4.0, is a set to be driven by the
Fourth Industrial Revolution, which is occurring at the present time. In 2011, the term
Industry 4.0 was presented by the German government and Siemens. Industry 4.0
movements producing away from simple and mechanical advances and toward everything
computerized.

Tools of Globalization 4.0: The improvement of cutting edge innovations can

possibly altogether affect worldwide usefulness. These advancements are

 Artificial intelligence
 Nanotechnology
 Big data
 The internet of things
 3D printing
 Autonomous vehicles

Features of Globalization 4.0: Features of globalization 4.0 are

 Digitally enabled services
 Global public private cooperation
 New model of education

4
 Term Paper Intro To IR

 Globally shared purpose

 Reducing inequalities and insecurities
The focal topic of the 49th World Economic Forum's Annual gathering, which was held
in Davos, Switzerland from January 5 – January 25, 2019 was "Globalization 4.0: Shaping
a New Architecture in the Age of the Fourth Industrial Revolution."

TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION
There are total 8 types of globalization

Political globalization Alludes to the political exchanges between country states. It

incorporates the normalization of worldwide guidelines around exchange, guiltiness, and
law and order. Worldwide bodies including the United Nations, European Union and World
Trade Organization are key worldwide associations intended to work with expanding
political globalization. This remembers developing streamlined commerce and multilateral
arrangements for speculation. Probably the greatest positive of political globalization is that
it makes worldwide law and order. It forestalls atrocities and polices troublemakers on the
worldwide stage. It can likewise help accelerate different types of globalization, as financial
globalization, in light of the fact that normalized rules around food and exchange principles
makes it simpler for organizations to sell their merchandise abroad. (Drew, 2021)
Social Globalization Otherwise called sociological globalization, social globalization
alludes to the reconciliation of our social orders. Not to be mistaken for social globalization,
sociological globalization alludes to the possibility that we now live in a common society.
(There are various societies inside a general public. However, a general public is a gathering
of individuals who all live respectively). What's more, presently like never before, it feels as
though we as a whole live in one society rather than a gathering of various social orders. For
instance:

 What occurs in Afghanistan can influence what occurs in the United States.
 An infection in China spreads to all edges of the world.
 An atomic weapon in North Korea can compromise lives in New Zealand. (Drew,
2021)

Economic Globalization alludes to the manners in which companies work together as

global associations these days. While once McDonald's just existed in the USA and HSBC just
existed in the UK, presently these organizations are everywhere on the world in a 'globalized
economy'. You will likewise see the development of assembling enterprises to agricultural
countries to take advantage of low wages and brings down the cost of products. This can help
non-industrial countries increment generally speaking business however can be viewed as
abuse of countries with helpless working conditions. It likewise removes great paying
positions from created countries. (Drew, 2021)

5
 Term Paper Intro To IR

Technological Globalization alludes to the spread of innovation all throughout the

planet. Instances of this incorporate the spread of the web, sunlight based board innovation
and clinical advances – which would all be able to help improve the existences of individuals
all throughout the planet. The spread of advances can be deciphered as the 'rising tide lifts all
boats' contention. (Drew, 2021)

Financial Globalization refers to the ease at which money can be spread around the
world. The growth of stock exchanges like the NYSE and FTSE as well as internationalization
of financial markets has made it easier for people to transfer money internationally. (Drew,
2021)

Cultural Globalization alludes to the spread and blending of societies all throughout
the planet. Arjun sir discusses the conceivable impact of 'homogenization' of culture, where
prevailing countries like the United States spread their societies through TV and films, which
prompts the weakening and loss of nearby and native societies. (Drew, 2021)

Ecological Globalization refers to the idea that the world needs to be considered one
interconnected ecosystem. This means that the world needs to work together to address
ecological issues that cross the borders of nation-states. (Drew, 2021)

Geographical Globalization alludes to the possibility that the world is not, at this
point seen as gatherings of particular countries however much it used to be. We currently
work in global coalitions to decide, and countries cooperate to take care of issues . (Drew,
2021)

GLOBALIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

As more countries, individuals, and societies adjust to the consistently changing worldwide
local area, negotiators, government officials, and delegates should meet and manage in like
manner to the requirements and needs of countries. Tact can be applied in numerous
structures; through harmony talks, composed constitutions, field encounters, and so forth
Culture is a natural term and stays unaltered by definition. Be that as it may, globalization
and worldwide relations have continually changed culture both decidedly and contrarily.
Globalization increments overall innovation, and the comprehensibility of quick, successful
correspondence and utilization of items. Globalization joins societies and worldwide
relations on an assortment of levels; financial aspects, strategically, socially, and so on
Worldwide relations have utilized globalization to arrive at its objective: of getting societies.
Worldwide relations centre around how nations, individuals, associations communicate and
globalization is making a significant impact on Worldwide relations. Getting society,
globalization, and worldwide relations is basic for the fate of not just governments,
individuals, and organizations.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION

6
 Term Paper Intro To IR

Globalization has a range of advantages while it has also disadvantages.

ADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION The Advantages incorporate GDP Increase;

measurements shows that GDP in creating nations has expanded twice as much as in the
past. Joblessness is diminished .Education has expanded. Rivalry on Even Platform: The
Companies throughout the planet are contending on a solitary worldwide stage which
permits better choices of shoppers. It expanded expense exchange between countries; The
Corporations have more noteworthy adaptability to work across borders. Worldwide mass
media integrates the world. Expanded progression of correspondences permits crucial data
to be shared among people and enterprises all throughout the planet. It increments in
natural security in created countries. Spread of popularity based plans to created countries.
Decreased social obstructions expansions in the worldwide town

DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION The Disadvantages are considered to be Uneven

Distribution of Wealth, Income Gap between Developed and Developing Countries, where the
wealth of developed countries continues to grow twice as much as the developing world. Next
disadvantage is Different Wage Standards for Developing Countries, which is explained by the
following fact that the technology worker may get more value for his work in a developed country
than a worker in a developing country thus there are in the later many dynamic, industrious and
enterprising people who are well educated and ready to work with rigor .The reveal of Globalization
is also considered as a disadvantage which is explaining by future factors such as war that can be
demand the reveal of the globalization and current process of globalization may just be impossible
to reverse. There is also another aspect of disadvantage of globalization in media sphere. The threat
that control of world media by a handful of corporations will limit cultural expression. And the final
in my estimation is the chance of reactions for globalization being violent in an attempt to preserve
cultural heritage.

CONCLUSION
Globalization all alone has a ton of gains and advantages, however because of the impact of
some different elements and particularly the nature and construction of most agricultural
countries, it impacts adversely in spite of its benefits. These effects hold genuine difficulties
for non-industrial nations even with required monetary development and improvement for
these nations. To this end, the authority of the different countries in the created world
should comprehend that their significant duties lie in the requirements of their nearby social
orders. It is accordingly basic that these nations figure judicious approaches and changes
that would control advancement of exchange and the intricacies of globalization all in all to
adjust to their own home grown monetary plan. Globalization itself ought be not frustrated.
Yet, the degree and speed of its encouraging ought to be made to mirror the country's
circumstance and introducing financial regulation so that over the long haul, the non-
industrial nation itself would have the option to unequivocally contend in the more
extensive confluence of globalization.

END