1. Ilustrate with an example a typical phase diagram and an atypical phase diagram.

2. The vapour pressure of benzene and methylbenzene are 1.2 x 10 5 Nm-2 and 4.5 x 10 4 Nm-2 at
85°C. Calculate the total pressure exerted by a mixture containing 100g of benzene and 75.0 g of
methylbenzene at the same temperature.

3. A mixture of water and bromobenzene boils at 89.5°C at 101kPa. Calculate the percentage of
bromobenzene in the distillate given that the vapour pressure of bromobenzene at 89.5°C is 2.95
x 104 Pa.

4. a.Explain the meaning of the term partition coefficient. Under what conditions does a partition
coefficient vary?

b. In an experiment, 150 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm-3 of aqueous ethanoic acid was shaken with 50
cm-3 of an organic solvent which is immiscible with water, until equilibrium was reached.
10.0 cm3 of 0.0115 mol dm-3 of sodium hydroxide for reaction in a titration. Calculate the
partition coefficient of ethanoic acid.

5. The table below shows the retention time for several substances.

Substance A B C D E F G
Retention 12.7 16.2 20.0 23.1 26.2 41.6 47.7
time /s
The substances are found at a distance of 10.5 cm, 15.0 cm, 17.0 cm and 31.0 cm from the
start line. Given that the speed of the paper in the recorder moves at a speed of 0.65 cm s -1,
identify the components in the mixture.
 Chemical Equilibrium
Examples of
Multiple Choice Questions

1.
When the system A + B C + D is at equilibrium,
(a) the sum of the concentrations of A and B must equal the sum of the concentrations of
C and D.
(b) the forward reaction has stopped.
(c) both the forward and the reverse reactions have stopped.
(d) the reverse reaction has stopped.
(e) neither the forward nor the reverse reaction has stopped.
2.
2SO3(g) 2SO2(g) + O2(g)
The conventional equilibrium constant expression (Kc) for the system as described by the
above equation is:
(a) [SO2]2/[SO3]
(b) [SO2]2[O2]/[SO3]2
(c) [SO3]2/[SO3]2[O2]
(d) [SO2][O2]
(e) none of these
3.
Consider the following reversible reaction. In a 3.00 liter container, the following
amounts are found in equilibrium at 400 oC: 0.0420 mole N2, 0.516 mole H2 and 0.0357
mole NH3. Evaluate Kc.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
(a) 0.202
(b) 1.99
(c) 16.0
(d) 4.94
(e) 0.503
4.
If the equilibrium constant for the reaction
A + 2B C + 5/2 D
has a value of 4.0, what is the value of the equilibrium constant for the reaction
2C + 5D 2A + 4B
at the same temperature?
(a) 0.25
(b) 0.063
 (c) 2.0
(d) 8.0
(e) 16
5.
At 445oC, Kc for the following reaction is 0.020.
2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)
A mixture of H2, I2, and HI in a vessel at 445oC has the following concentrations: [HI] =
2.0 M, [H2] = 0.50 M and [I2] = 0.10 M. Which one of the following statements
concerning the reaction quotient, Qc, is TRUE for the above system?
(a) Qc = Kc; the system is at equilibrium.
(b) Qc is less than Kc; more H2 and I2 will be produced.
(c) Qc is less than Kc; more HI will be produced.
(d) Qc is greater than Kc; more H2 and I2 will be produced.
(e) Qc is greater than Kc; more HI will be produced.
6.
Nitrosyl chloride, NOCl, dissociates on heating as shown below. When a 1.50 gram
sample of pure NOCl is heated at 350oC in a volume of 1.00 liter, the percent dissociation
is found to be 57.2%. Calculate Kc for the reaction as written.
NOCl(g) NO(g) + 1/2 Cl2(g)
(a) 0.876
(b) 9.26
(c) 0.107
(d) 1.75 x 10-4
(e) 0.0421
7.
A quantity of HI was sealed in a tube, heated to 425oC and held at this temperature until
equilibrium was reached. The concentration of HI in the tube at equilibrium was found to
be 0.0706 mol/L. Calculate the equilibirum concentration of H2 (and I2). For the gas-
phase reaction,
o
H2 + I2 2HI Kc = 54.6 at 425 C
(a) 9.55 x 10-3 M
(b) 1.17 x 10-3 M
(c) 1.85 x 10-4 M
(d) 4.78 x 10-3 M
(e) 2.34 x 10-3 M
8.
Consider the reaction:
o
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) Kc = 0.10 at 2000 C
Starting with initial concentrations of 0.040 mol/L of N2 and 0.040 mol/L of O2, calculate
the equilibrium concentration of NO in mol/L
(a) 0.0055 mol/L
(b) 0.0096 mol/L
(c) 0.011 mol/L
(d) 0.080 mol/L
(e) 0.10 mol/L
9.
Kc = 0.040 for the system below at 450oC. If a reaction is initiated with 0.40 mole of Cl2
and 0.40 mole of PCl3 in a 2.0 liter container, what is the equilibrium concentration of Cl2
in the same system?
PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
(a) 0.07 M
(b) 0.16 M
(c) 0.11 M
(d) 0.04 M
(e) 0.26 M
10.
The reversible reaction:
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
has come to equilibrium in a vessel of specific volume at a given temperature. Before the
reaction began, the concentrations of the reactants were 0.060 mol/L of SO2 and 0.050
mol/L of O2. After equilibrium is reached, the concentration of SO3 is 0.040 mol/L. What
is the equilibrium concentration of O2?
(a) 0.010 M
(b) 0.020 M
(c) 0.030 M
(d) 0.040 M
(e) none of these
11.
Consider the gas-phase equilibrium system represented by the equation:
2H2O(g) 2H2(g) + O2(g)
Given that the forward reaction (the conversion of "left-hand" species to "right-hand"
species) is endothermic, which of the following changes will decrease the equilibrium
amount of H2O?
(a) adding more oxygen
(b) adding a solid phase calalyst
(c) decreasing the volume of the container (the total pressure increases)
(d) increasing the temperature at constant pressure
(e) adding He gas
12.
The conventional equilibrium constant expression (Kc) for the system below is:
2ICl(s) I2(s) + Cl2(g)
(a) [I2][Cl2]/[ICl]2
(b) [I2][Cl2]/2[ICl]
(c) [Cl2]
(d) ([I2] + [Cl2])/2[ICl]
(e) [Cl2]/[ICl]2
13.
Consider the equilibrium system:
2ICl(s) I2(s) + Cl2(g)
 Which of the following changes will increase the total amount of of Cl2 that can be
produced?
(a) removing some of the I2(s)
(b) adding more ICl(s)
(c) removing the Cl2 as it is formed
(d) decreasing the volume of the container
(e) all of the above
14.
At equilibrium, a 1.0 liter container was found to contain 0.20 moles of A, 0.20 moles of
B, 0.40 moles of C and 0.40 mole of D. If 0.10 moles of A and 0.10 moles of B are added
to this system, what will be the new equilibrium concentration of A?
A(g) + B(g) C(g) + D(g)
(a) 0.37 mol/L
(b) 0.47 mol/L
(c) 0.87 mol/L
(d) 0.23 mol/L
(e) 0.15 mol/L
15.
Consider the following system in a 1.00 L container:
A(g) + B(g) 2C(g)
o
The equilibrium concentrations at 200 C were determined to be:
[A] = 0.200 M [B] = 3.00 M [C] = 0.500 M
How many moles of A must be added to increase the concentration of C to 0.700 M at
200oC?
(a) 0.225 mol
(b) 0.305 mol
(c) 0.417 mol
(d) 0.610 mol
(e) 0.700 mol
16.
Consider the reversible reaction at equilibrium at 392oC:
2A(g) + B(g) C(g)
The partial pressures are found to be: A: 6.70 atm, B: 10.1 atm, C: 3.60 atm. Evaluate Kp
for this reaction.
(a) 7.94 x 10-3
(b) 0.146
(c) 0.0532
(d) 54.5
(e) 121
17.
Kc = 0.040 for the system below at 450oC:
PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
Evaluate Kp for the reaction at 450oC.
(a) 0.40
(b) 0.64
 (c) 2.4
(d) 0.052
(e) 6.7 x 10-4
18.
What is the equilibrium constant for a reaction that has a value of Go = -41.8 kJ at
100oC?
(a) 1.01
(b) 7.1 x 105
(c) -5.87
(d) 1.4 x 10-6
(e) 13.5
19.
The equilibrium constant at 427oC for the reaction:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
is Kp = 9.4 x 10-5. Calculate the value of Go for the reaction at 427o.
(a) -33 kJ
(b) -54 kJ
(c) 54 kJ
(d) 33 kJ
(e) 1.3 J
20.
For a specific reaction, which of the following statements can be made about K, the
equilibrium constant?
(a) It always remains the same at different reaction conditions.
(b) It increases if the concentration of one of the products is increased.
(c) It changes with changes in the temperature.
(d) It increases if the concentration of one of the reactants is increased.
(e) It may be changed by the addition of a catalyst.

Answers: 

1. (e) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (b)
16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (c)