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Strength Evaluation of Shotcrete Repaired Beams: Aci Structural Journal Technical Paper
Strength Evaluation of Shotcrete Repaired Beams: Aci Structural Journal Technical Paper
Twelve reinforced concrete beams were tested to failure. Two of the reinforcement corrosion, delamination, degradation of
beams were unrepaired original beams, jive beams were repaired by strength, and eventual failure of the member.
removing the bottom layer to a depth equal to 35 mm, and the last
jive were repaired by removing the cover concrete to 20 mm. Normal
The most widely used technique in repairing dam-
shotcrete and polymer-portland cement-shotcrete were used in re- aged concrete members is to remove the depth of the
pairing the beams. The repaired beams were compared to the original concrete affected by spalling and replace it with shot-
beams wiih respect to cracking, deflection, ultimate strength, and crete layers. Although numerous structures have been
mode of failure. Testing has shown that the shotcrete layers and par- repaired in this manner during the last decade, limited
ent concrete remained bonded and acted together throughout loading
until failure. The reduction in the strength of the repaired beams was
data are available on their performance under applied
8 percent when the concrete cover (20 mm) was replaced and /2.5 loads until failure.
percent when the 35-mm layer was replaced. The purpose of this investigation is to study the
overall behavior of shotcrete-repaired beams and to de-
termine whether the bond between the parent concrete
Keywords: beams (supports); cracking (fracturing); deflection; performance; and shotcrete layers is sufficient to develop full com-
reinforced concrete; repairs; shotcrete; strength; tests.
posite behavior under applied load. The repaired beams
are compared to the original ones with respect to
Bottom layers of concrete girders and slabs in bridges cracking, deflection, mode of failure, and ultimate
and other structures show cracking, heavy deteriora- strength.
tion, and reinforcing-bar corrosion. These problems
often occur in the tension zone, where cracking can oc-
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
cur due to static overload, impact and dynamic load,
Test beams
shrinkage, creep, or thermal gradients. Major cracks
To study the strength and behavior of shotcrete-re-
are aesthetically unpleasant and affect the durability of
paired beams, 12 beams were tested to failure. The de-
concrete. The provisions of ACI 318-83 are intended to
tails of the test beams are shown in Table 1 and Fig. l.
limit crack widths to 0.33 mm (0.013 in.) for exterior
The beams were divided into three groups. Group Bl
exposure. Wider cracks may lead to intrusion and salts,
consisted of two unrepaired beams; Group B2 con-
sisted of five beams - two were repaired using normal
Table 1 - Details of test beams shotcrete and the other three using polymer-portland
cement-shotcrete; and Group B3 consisted of five
Beam Beam Kind of Tension Compression
groups no. shotcrete reinforcement reinforcement beams - three were repaired using normal shotcrete
Bl.l 6-10 mm dia. 4-8 mm dia.
and the other two using polymer-portland cement-shot-
Bl -
B1.2 6-10 mm dia. 4-8 mm dia. crete. The thickness of the shotcrete was 35 mm in
B2.1 NC Normal 6-10 mm dia. 4-8 mm dia. Group B2 and 20 mm in Group B3, as shown in Fig. l.
B2NC B2.2 NC shotcrete 6-10 mm dia. 4-8 mm dia. All beams were designed so that a bending failure
B2.3 PPC 6-10 mm dia. 4-8 mm dia. would occur at ultimate due to the applied loads
B2 PPC B2.4 PPC Polymer-portland 6-10 mm dia. 4-8 mm dia.
B2.5 PPC
cement-shotcrete
6-10 mm dia. 4-8 mm dia. shown.
B3.1 NC Normal 6-10 mm dia. 4-8 mm dia.
B3 NC B3.2 NC 6-10 mm dia. 4-8 mm dia.
B3.3 NC shotcrete
6-10 mm dia. 4-8 mm dia. ACI Structural Journal, V. 86, No. 3, May-June 1989.
Received Dec. 29, 1987, and reviewed under Institute publication policies.
B3.4 PC Polymer-portland 6-10 mm dia. 4-8 mm dia. Copyright © 1989, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved, including
B3 PPC B3.5 PPC cement-shotcrete the making of copies unless permission is obtained from the copyright propri-
6-10 mm dia. 4-8 mm dia.
etors. Pertinent discussion will be published in the March-April 1990 ACI
I mm ~ 25.4 in. Structural Journal if received by Nov. I, 1989.
Bl 12-8mm0
4-8mmi!l
~1
12-8mm0
c
I SOOmm I 7 SOmm
L 6-10mm0
lSOOmm
4000mm
'i
7500mm I SOOmm
~~~I I. G .I
I
~T
SOOmm
4-8mm0
6-10mm0
B2 ~ !2-Bmm0
I SOOmm
B3 4 8 0 12-8mm0 12-8mm0
~iii¥_~~I:;;e=::::C::;;;-t=···!~I~~7>~ ~!+
~ Shotcrete ~
4-8mm0
6-10mm0
6 -lOmm\l SOOmm
b) Bt<am !<cady 1 or
Teosting
~ ~82 NC
40
30
Table 2 - Observed loads, deflections, and
strains at ultimate
20 Maximum
Cracking Maximum Maximum compressive Ratio of repaired
10 Age, load, load, deflection, strain, to original beams
Beam years kN kN mm mm/mm maximum load
Bl 3.75 21 94.7 182 0.00330 1.00
80 120 160 200 21.0 B2 NC 3.75 20 82.2 176 0.00358 0.87
B2 PPC 3.75 23.3 83.0 204 0.00424 0.88
Deflection (mm)
B3 NC 3.75 23.3 87.1 232 0.00385 0.92
B3 PPC 3.75 19.0 87.3 216 0.00367 0.92
Fig. 5 - Load-midspan deflection for beams of Group
BJ NC and BJPPC I kN = 0.225 k>p; I mm = 25.4 m.
90
.... a) Beall! 3.1 NC
80
70
- - - Original beams Bl
60
-·· _ Repaired beams 83 PPC
so -· _ Repaired beams 81 Nc
b) Beam 3,2 NC
.
0
the original beams. The average maximum compressive Crac-k width (tnm)
CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions can be drawn from this
experimental investigation:
1. Repair of cracked tension zones by removing the
depth of the concrete affected by cracking and replac-
ing it by shotcrete layers is a successful technique.
2. The reduction in the strength of the repaired
beams was 8 percent when the concrete cover (20 mm)
was replaced and 12.5 percent when the 35-mm layer
was replaced. Fig. 9 - Mode of failure for one of the beams
ACI Structural Journal I May-June 1989 275
3. The maximum crack widths in the repaired beams CONVERSION FACTORS
were larger than those in the original beams at all stages lmm 0.03937 in.
of loading. lm 3.281 ft
I MN 224.8 X 10' Jbf
4. The cracking patterns and the modes of failure for I MN.m 736.6 X 103 ft-lb
the repaired beams were similar to those for the origi- I MPa 145.0 psi
nal beams.
5. Normal shotcrete as well as polymer-portland ce- REFERENCES
I. ACI Committee 318, "Building Code Requirements for Rein-
ment-concrete can be used for repairing such cracked
forced Concrete (ACI 318-83)," American Concrete Institute, De-
zones. No difference was noticed in the behavior of troit, 1983, Ill pp.
beams repaired by different types of shotcrete. 2. Abdel-Halim, Mohamed A. H., and McClure, Richard M.,
6. The shotcrete layers and the parent concrete re- "Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Polymer-Portland Cement Con-
mained bonded and acted compositely throughout crete Beams," Polymer Concrete: Uses, Materials, and Properties,
SP-89, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1985, pp. 105-126.
loading until failure.
3. Mansur, M.A., and Ong, K. C. G., "Epoxy-Repaired Beams,"
Concrete International: Design & Construction, V. 7, No. 10, Oct.
1985, pp. 46-50.
4. ACI Committee 506, "Recommended Practice for Shotcreting
(ACI 506-66) (Reaffirmed 1978)," American Concrete Institute, De-
troit, 1966, 26 pp.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 5. Chung, H. W., "Epoxy-Repaired Reinforced Concrete Beams,"
The experimental work of this investigation was carried out in the ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 72, No.5, May 1975, pp. 233-234.
structural laboratory of the Civil Engineering Department, Ruhr- 6. Chung, H. W., and Lui, L. M., "Epoxy-Repaired Concrete
Universitat Bochum, The Federal Republic of Germany. The assis- Joints," ACI JoURNAL, Proceedings V. 74, No. 6, June 1977, pp.
tance of Dip!.- Ing. Regina Stratmann and Messrs. Dreir Jurgen and 264-267.
Schulte Erhard in conducting the tests is gratefully acknowledged. 7. Chung, H. W., and Lui, L. M., "Epoxy-Repaired Concrete
Thanks are extended to the personnel of the Pressbau Company for Joints Under Dynamic Loads," ACI JoURNAL, Proceedings V. 75,
manufacturing the beams and shotcreting. No.7, July 1978, pp. 313-316.