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HW09 Solutions
HW09 Solutions
HOMEWORK #9
(Due 29/05/2020 – 8:30)
* The problem to be graded in this homework.
k 0.02607 W/m.C
h Nu (36.78) 4.794 W/m 2 .C
L 0.2 m
As (0.15 m)(0.2 m) 0.03 m 2
Heat loss by both natural convection and radiation heat can be expressed as
Flue gases are released to atmosphere using a cylindrical stack. The rates of heat transfer from the stack with and without
wind cases are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 3 The local atmospheric
pressure is 1 atm.
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and the film temperature
of (Ts+T)/2 = (40+10)/2 = 25C are (Table A-15)
k 0.02551W/m.C
1.562 10 5 m 2 /s
Air
Pr 0.7296 D = 0.6 m Ts = 40C
1 1 T = 10C
0.003356 K -1
Tf (25 273)K
L = 10 m
Analysis (a) When there is no wind heat transfer is by natural
convection. The characteristic length in this case is the height of
the stack, Lc L 10 m. Then,
k 0.02551W/m.C
h Nu (473.9) 20.15 W/m 2 .C
D 0.6 m
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 3 Heat loss by radiation is
negligible. 4 The air pressure in the enclusure is 1 atm.
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and the average temperature of (T1+T2)/2 Absorber
= (80+40)/2 = 60C are (Table A-15)
Solar Plate,
k 0.02808 W/m.C radiation
1.896 10 5 m 2 /s
Pr 0.7202
1 1 1.5 m
0.003003K -1
Tf (60 273)K L = 2.5
Glass cm
Insulation
Analysis For 0 , we have horizontal rectangular enclosure. The characteristic
length in this case is the distance between the two glasses Lc = L = 0.025 m Then, Cover,
g (T1 T2 ) L3 (9.81 m/s 2 )(0.003003K -1 )(80 40 K )(0.025 m) 3
Ra Pr (0.7202) 3.689 10 4
2 (1.896 10 5 m 2 /s ) 2
1708 Ra 1 / 3
Nu 1 1.441 1
Ra 18
1708 (3.689 10 4 )1 / 3
1 1.441 1 3.223
3.689 10 4 18
1708sin(1.8 30)1.6 (3.689 10 4 ) cos(30)
1/ 3
1708
1 1.441 1 1
(3.689 10 ) cos(30) (3.689 10 ) cos(30)
4 4 18
3.074
T T2 (80 40)C
Q kNuAs 1 (0.02808 W/m.C)(3.074)(4.5 m 2 ) 621 W
L 0.025 m
For 90 , we have vertical rectangular enclosure. The Nusselt number for this geometry and orientation can be determined
from (Ra = 3.689104 - same as that for horizontal case)
0.3 0.3
H 1.5 m
Nu 0.42Ra1 / 4 Pr 0.012 0.42(3.689 10 4 )1 / 4 (0.7202) 0.012 1.69
L 0.025 m
T T2 (80 40)C
Q kNuAs 1 (0.02808 W/m.C)(1.69)(4.5 m 2 ) 344 W
L 0.025 m
Discussion Caution is advised for the vertical case since the condition H/L < 40 is not satisfied
4. A spherical vessel with a 30.0-cm outside diameter is used as a reactor for a slow endothermic
reaction. The vessel is completely submerged in a large water-filled tank, held at a constant
temperature of 30° C. The outside surface temperature of the vessel is 20° C. Calculate the rate
of heat transfer in steady operation for the following cases:
a. the water in the tank is still,
b. the water in the tank is still (as in a part a), however, the buoyancy force caused by the
difference in water density is assumed to be negligible, and
c. the water in the tank is circulated at an average velocity of 20 cm/s.
A spherical vessel is completely submerged in a large water-filled tank. The rates of heat transfer from the vessel by natural
convection, conduction, and forced convection are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The surface temperature is
constant.
Properties The properties of water at the film Ts = 30C
temperature of (Ts+T)/2 = (30+20)/2 = 25C are Water
(Table A-9)
997 kg/m 3 k 0.607 W/m.C T = 20C
D = 30 cm
0.89110 3 kg/m s / 8.937 10 7 m 2 /s
Pr 6.14 0.247 10 3 K -1
Analysis (a) Heat transfer in this case will be by natural
convection. The characteristic length in this case is Lc = D = 0.3
m. Then,
g (Ts T ) D 3 (9.81 m/s 2 )(0.247 10 3 K -1 )(30 20 K )(0.3 m) 3
Ra Pr (6.14) 5.029 10 9
2
(8.937 10 7 m 2 /s ) 2
0.589Ra1 / 4 0.589(5.029109 )1 / 4
Nu 2 2 144.8
1 0.469 / Pr 9 / 16 4 / 9
1 0.469 / 6.14
9 / 16 4 / 9
Then
k 0.607 W/m.C
h Nu (144.8) 293.0 W/m 2 .C
D 0.3 m
As D 2 (0.3 m) 2 0.2827 m 2
The rate of heat transfer is
Q nat. conv hA(Ts T ) (293.0 W/m 2 .C)(0.2827 m 2 )(30 20)C 828 W
(b) When buoyancy force is neglected, there will be no convection currents (since β = 0) and the heat transfer will be by
conduction. Then Rayleigh number becomes zero (Ra = 0). The Nusselt number in this case is
Nu = 2
Then
k 0.607 W/m.C
h Nu (2) 4.047 W/m 2 .C
D 0.3 m
Q cond hA(Ts T ) (4.047 W/m 2 .C)(0.2827 m 2 )(30 20)C 11.4 W
(c) In this case, the heat transfer from the vessel is by forced convection. The properties of water at the free stream
temperature of 20C are (Table A-9)
998 kg/m 3 k 0.598 W/m.C
3
1.002 10 kg/m.s / 1.004 10 -6 m 2 /s
s , @ 30C 0.798 10 3 kg/m.s Pr 7.01
The Reynolds number is
VD (0.2 m/s)(0.3 m)
Re 59,760
1.00410 6 m 2 /s
The Nusselt number is
1/ 4
hD
Nu 2 0.4 Re 0.5 0.06 Re 2 / 3 Pr 0.4
k s
(7.01)
1/ 4
0.4
3
2 0.4(59,760) 0.5
0.06(59,760) 2/3 1.002 10 439.1
0.79810 3
The heat transfer coefficient is
k 0.598 W/m.C
h Nu (439.1) 875.3 W/m 2 .C
D 0.3 m
The rate of heat transfer is
Q forcedconv hA(Ts T ) (875.3 W/m 2 .C)(0.2827 m 2 )(30 20)C 2474 W
5. Consider a 1.2-m-high and 2-m-wide double-pane window consisting of two 3-mm-thick
layers of glass (k = 0.78 W/m·K) separated by a 2.5-cm-wide airspace. Determine the steady
rate of heat transfer through this window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day
during which the room is maintained at 20° C while the temperature of the outdoors is 0° C.
Take the heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the window to be h1 = 10
W/m2·K and h2 = 25 W/m2·K, and disregard any heat transfer by radiation. Evaluate air
properties at a film temperature of 10° C and 1 atm pressure. Is this a good assumption?
A double-pane window consisting of two layers of glass separated by an air space is considered. The rate of heat transfer
through the window and the temperature of its inner surface are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 3 Radiation effects are
negligible. 4 The pressure of air inside the enclosure is 1 atm.
Properties We expect the average temperature of the air gap to be roughly
the average of the indoor and outdoor temperatures, and evaluate The
properties of air at 1 atm and the average temperature of (T1+T2)/2 = (20
+0)/2 = 10C are (Table A-15) Air
k 0.02439 W/m.C
1.426 10 5 m 2 /s 20C 0C
Pr 0.7336 L=2.5 cm
1 1
0.003534 K -1
Tf (10 273)K H = 1.2 m
Analysis We “guess” the temperature difference across the air
gap to be 15C = 15 K for use in the Ra relation. The
characteristic length in this case is the air gap thickness, Lc = L
= 0.025 m. Then,
Then the Nusselt number and the heat transfer coefficient are determined to be
0.3 0.3
H 1.2 m
Nu 0.42Ra1 / 4 Pr 0.012 0.42(2.931 10 4 )1 / 4 (0.7336) 0.012 1.714
L 0.025 m
k 0.02439 W/m.C
hair Nu (1.714) 1.672 W/m 2 .C
L 0.025 m
Then the rate of heat transfer through this double pane window is determined to be