MAK311E - SPRING 2020

HOMEWORK #9
(Due 29/05/2020 – 8:30)
* The problem to be graded in this homework.

1. (*) Consider a 15-cm × 20-cm printed

circuit board (PCB) that has electronic
components on one side. The board is
placed in a room at 20°C. The heat loss
from the back surface of the board is
negligible. If the circuit board is dissipating
8 W of power in steady operation, determine
the average temperature of the hot surface
of the board, assuming the board is
a. vertical,
b. horizontal with hot surface facing
up, and
c. horizontal with hot surface facing
down.
Take the emissivity of the surface of the board to be 0.8 and assume the surrounding surfaces to be at
the same temperature as the air in the room. Evaluate air properties at a film temperature of 32.5°C
and 1 atm pressure. Is this a good assumption?.
A printed circuit board (PCB) is placed in a room. The average temperature of the hot surface of the board is to be
determined for different orientations.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Air is an ideal gas with
constant properties. 3 The local atmospheric pressure is 1 atm. 3 The heat Insulation
loss from the back surface of the board is negligible.
Properties We evaluate air properties at a film temperature of (Ts+T)/2 = 32.5C PCB, Ts
and 1 atm based on the problem statement. Then, for an air temperature of T =
20C, the corresponding surface temperature is Ts = 45C. The properties of air at 8W
1 atm and 32.5C are (Table A-15)
L = 0.2 m
k  0.02607 W/m.C
  1.631 10 5 m 2 /s Air
Pr  0.7275
T = 20C
1 1
   0.003273K -1
Tf (32.5  273)K
Analysis The solution of this problem requires a trial-and-error approach since the determination of the Rayleigh number and
thus the Nusselt number depends on the surface temperature which is unknown.
(a) Vertical PCB . We start the solution process by “guessing” the surface temperature to be 45C for the evaluation of the
properties and h. We will check the accuracy of this guess later and repeat the calculations if necessary. The characteristic
length in this case is the height of the PCB, Lc  L  0.2 m. Then,

g (Ts  T ) L3 (9.81 m/s 2 )(0.003273K -1 )(45  20 K )(0.2 m) 3

Ra  Pr  (0.7275)  1.756  10 7
2 (1.631 10 5 m 2 /s ) 2
 2 2
   
   
   7 1/ 6 
 0.387Ra 1/ 6
  0.387(1.756  10 ) 
Nu  0.825  8 / 27 
 0.825  8 / 27 
 36.78
   0.492  9 / 16      0.492  9 / 16  
 1       1     
   Pr       0.7275   

k 0.02607 W/m.C
h Nu  (36.78)  4.794 W/m 2 .C
L 0.2 m
As  (0.15 m)(0.2 m)  0.03 m 2
Heat loss by both natural convection and radiation heat can be expressed as

Q  hAs (Ts  T )  As  (Ts 4  Tsurr 4 )


8 W  (4.794 W/m 2 .C)(0.03 m 2 )(Ts  20)C  (0.8)(0.03 m 2 )(5.67 10 8 ) (Ts  273) 4  (20  273 K) 4 
Its solution is Ts  46.6C
which is sufficiently close to the assumed value of 45C for the evaluation of the properties and h.
(b) Horizontal, hot surface facing up Again we assume the surface temperature to be 45  C and use the properties
evaluated above. The characteristic length in this case is
As (0.20 m)(0.15 m)
Lc    0.0429 m.
p 2(0.2 m  0.15 m)

g (Ts  T ) L3c (9.81 m/s 2 )(0.003273K -1 )(45  20 K )(0.0429 m) 3

Then Ra  Pr  (0.7275)  1.728 10 5
 2
(1.631 10 5 m 2 /s ) 2

Nu  0.54Ra1 / 4  0.54(1.728105 )1 / 4  11.01

k 0.02607 W/m.C
h Nu  (11.01)  6.696 W/m 2 .C
Lc 0.0429 m
Heat loss by both natural convection and radiation heat can be expressed as

Q  hAs (Ts  T )  As  (Ts 4  Tsurr 4 )

8 W  (6.696 W/m 2 .C)(0.03 m 2 )(Ts  20)C  (0.8)(0.03 m 2 )(5.67 10 8 )[(Ts  273) 4  (20  273 K) 4 ]
Its solution is Ts  42.6C
which is sufficiently close to the assumed value of 45C in the evaluation of the properties and h.
(c) Horizontal, hot surface facing down Again we assume the surface temperature to be 45C and use the properties
evaluated above. The characteristic length in this case is, from part (b), Lc = 0.0429 m. Then,
g (Ts  T ) L3c (9.81 m/s 2 )(0.003273K -1 )(45  20 K )(0.0429 m) 3
Ra  Pr  5
(0.7275)  1.728 10 5
 2
(1.631 10 2
m /s ) 2

Nu 0.27Ra1/4 0.27(1.728 105 )1/4 5.505

k 0.02607 W/m.C
h Nu  (5.505)  3.3.345 W/m 2 .C
Lc 0.0429 m
Considering both natural convection and radiation heat loses
Q  hAs (Ts  T )  As (Ts 4  Tsurr 4 )
8 W  (3.345 W/m 2 .C)(0.03 m 2 )(Ts  20)C  (0.8)(0.03 m 2 )(5.67  10 8 )[(Ts  273) 4  (20  273 K) 4 ]
Its solution is Ts  50.7C
which is sufficiently close to the assumed value. Therefore, there is no need to repeat the calculations.
Discussion The assumed film temperature of Tf = 32.5°C is an appropriate assumption, since the determined Ts = 46.6°C, Ts
= 42.6°C, and Ts = 50.7°C in parts a, b, and c, respectively would give film temperatures of Tf = 33.3°C, Tf = 31.3°C, and Tf =
35.4°C, respectively. Otherwise, Ts would have to be solved iteratively.
 2. Flue gases from an incinerator are released to atmosphere using a stack that is 0.6 m in
diameter and 10.0 m high. The outer surface of the stack is at 40° C and the surrounding air is
at 10° C. Determine the rate of heat transfer from the stack, assuming
a. there is no wind and,
b. the stack is exposed to 20 km/h winds.

Flue gases are released to atmosphere using a cylindrical stack. The rates of heat transfer from the stack with and without
wind cases are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 3 The local atmospheric
pressure is 1 atm.
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and the film temperature
of (Ts+T)/2 = (40+10)/2 = 25C are (Table A-15)
k  0.02551W/m.C
  1.562  10 5 m 2 /s
Air
Pr  0.7296 D = 0.6 m Ts = 40C
1 1 T = 10C
   0.003356 K -1
Tf (25  273)K
L = 10 m
Analysis (a) When there is no wind heat transfer is by natural
convection. The characteristic length in this case is the height of
the stack, Lc  L  10 m. Then,

g (Ts  T ) L3 (9.81 m/s 2 )(0.003356 K -1 )(40  10 K )(10 m) 3

Ra  Pr  (0.7296)  2.953 1012
 2
(1.562  10 5 m 2 /s ) 2
We can treat this vertical cylinder as a vertical plate since
35L 35(10) 35L
  0.246 < 0.6 and thus D 
Gr 1/ 4
(2.95310 12
/ 0.7296) 1/ 4
Gr 1 / 4
The Nusselt number is determined from

Nu  0.1Ra1 / 3  0.1(2.9531012 )1 / 3  1435 (from Table 9-1)

Then
k 0.02551W/m.C
h Nu  (1435)  3.660 W/m 2 .C
Lc 10 m
and

Q  hA(Ts  T )  (3.660 W/m 2 .C)(  0.6 10 m 2 )(40  10)C  2070 W

(b) When the stack is exposed to 20 km/h winds, the heat transfer will be by forced convection. We have flow of air over a
cylinder and the heat transfer rate is determined as follows:
VD (20 1000 / 3600 m/s)(0.6 m)
Re    213,400
 1.56210 5 m 2 /s
Nu  0.027 Re 0.805 Pr1 / 3  0.027(213,400) 0.805 (0.7296)1 / 3  473.9 (from Table 7-1)

k 0.02551W/m.C
h Nu  (473.9)  20.15 W/m 2 .C
D 0.6 m

Q  hA(Ts  T )  (20.15 W/m 2 .C)(  0.6 10 m 2 )(40  10)C  11,390 W

Discussion There is more than five-fold increase in heat transfer due to winds
 3. Flat-plate solar collectors are often tilted up
toward the sun in order to intercept a greater
amount of direct solar radiation. The tilt
angle from the horizontal also affects the
rate of heat loss from the collector. Consider
a 1.5-m-high and 3-m-wide solar collector
that is tilted at an angle θ from the
horizontal. The back side of the absorber is
heavily insulated. The absorber plate and the
glass cover, which are spaced 2.5 cm from
each other, are maintained at temperatures of
80°C and 40°C, respectively. Determine the
rate of heat loss from the absorber plate by
natural convection for θ = 0°, 30°, and 90°.

Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 3 Heat loss by radiation is
negligible. 4 The air pressure in the enclusure is 1 atm.
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and the average temperature of (T1+T2)/2 Absorber
= (80+40)/2 = 60C are (Table A-15)
Solar Plate,
k  0.02808 W/m.C radiation
  1.896  10 5 m 2 /s
Pr  0.7202
1 1 1.5 m
   0.003003K -1
Tf (60  273)K L = 2.5
Glass cm
Insulation
Analysis For   0 , we have horizontal rectangular enclosure. The characteristic 
length in this case is the distance between the two glasses Lc = L = 0.025 m Then, Cover,
g (T1  T2 ) L3 (9.81 m/s 2 )(0.003003K -1 )(80  40 K )(0.025 m) 3
Ra  Pr  (0.7202)  3.689  10 4
2 (1.896  10 5 m 2 /s ) 2

 
 1708  Ra 1 / 3 
Nu  1  1.441     1
 Ra   18 
 
 1708   (3.689 10 4 )1 / 3 
 1  1.441      1  3.223
 3.689 10 4   18 

As  H  W  (1.5 m)(3 m)  4.5 m 2

Then
T  T2 (80  40)C
Q  kNuAs 1  (0.02808 W/m.C)(3.223)(4.5 m 2 )  652 W
L 0.025 m
For   30 , we obtain
 
 1708   1708(sin 1.8 )1.6   (Ra cos  )1 / 3 
Nu  1  1.441   1    1
 Ra cos    Ra cos    18 

 
 
  1708sin(1.8  30)1.6   (3.689  10 4 ) cos(30) 
1/ 3
 1708
 1  1.441   1      1
 (3.689  10 ) cos(30)   (3.689  10 ) cos(30)   
4 4 18

 3.074
T  T2 (80  40)C
Q  kNuAs 1  (0.02808 W/m.C)(3.074)(4.5 m 2 )  621 W
L 0.025 m
For   90 , we have vertical rectangular enclosure. The Nusselt number for this geometry and orientation can be determined
from (Ra = 3.689104 - same as that for horizontal case)
0.3 0.3
H  1.5 m 
Nu  0.42Ra1 / 4 Pr 0.012    0.42(3.689  10 4 )1 / 4 (0.7202) 0.012    1.69
 L  0.025 m 
T  T2 (80  40)C
Q  kNuAs 1  (0.02808 W/m.C)(1.69)(4.5 m 2 )  344 W
L 0.025 m
Discussion Caution is advised for the vertical case since the condition H/L < 40 is not satisfied
 4. A spherical vessel with a 30.0-cm outside diameter is used as a reactor for a slow endothermic
reaction. The vessel is completely submerged in a large water-filled tank, held at a constant
temperature of 30° C. The outside surface temperature of the vessel is 20° C. Calculate the rate
of heat transfer in steady operation for the following cases:
a. the water in the tank is still,
b. the water in the tank is still (as in a part a), however, the buoyancy force caused by the
difference in water density is assumed to be negligible, and
c. the water in the tank is circulated at an average velocity of 20 cm/s.

A spherical vessel is completely submerged in a large water-filled tank. The rates of heat transfer from the vessel by natural
convection, conduction, and forced convection are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The surface temperature is
constant.
Properties The properties of water at the film Ts = 30C
temperature of (Ts+T)/2 = (30+20)/2 = 25C are Water
(Table A-9)
  997 kg/m 3 k  0.607 W/m.C T = 20C
D = 30 cm
  0.89110 3 kg/m  s    /   8.937 10 7 m 2 /s
Pr  6.14   0.247 10 3 K -1
Analysis (a) Heat transfer in this case will be by natural
convection. The characteristic length in this case is Lc = D = 0.3
m. Then,
g (Ts  T ) D 3 (9.81 m/s 2 )(0.247  10 3 K -1 )(30  20 K )(0.3 m) 3
Ra  Pr  (6.14)  5.029  10 9
 2
(8.937  10  7 m 2 /s ) 2

0.589Ra1 / 4 0.589(5.029109 )1 / 4
Nu  2   2  144.8
1  0.469 / Pr  9 / 16 4 / 9
1  0.469 / 6.14 
9 / 16 4 / 9

Then
k 0.607 W/m.C
h Nu  (144.8)  293.0 W/m 2 .C
D 0.3 m
As  D 2   (0.3 m) 2  0.2827 m 2
The rate of heat transfer is
Q nat. conv  hA(Ts  T )  (293.0 W/m 2 .C)(0.2827 m 2 )(30  20)C  828 W
(b) When buoyancy force is neglected, there will be no convection currents (since β = 0) and the heat transfer will be by
conduction. Then Rayleigh number becomes zero (Ra = 0). The Nusselt number in this case is
Nu = 2
Then
k 0.607 W/m.C
h Nu  (2)  4.047 W/m 2 .C
D 0.3 m
Q cond  hA(Ts  T )  (4.047 W/m 2 .C)(0.2827 m 2 )(30  20)C  11.4 W
(c) In this case, the heat transfer from the vessel is by forced convection. The properties of water at the free stream
temperature of 20C are (Table A-9)
  998 kg/m 3 k  0.598 W/m.C
3
   1.002  10 kg/m.s     /   1.004  10 -6 m 2 /s
 s , @ 30C  0.798 10 3 kg/m.s Pr  7.01
The Reynolds number is
VD (0.2 m/s)(0.3 m)
Re    59,760
 1.00410 6 m 2 /s
The Nusselt number is
  
1/ 4
hD  
Nu   2  0.4 Re 0.5  0.06 Re 2 / 3 Pr 0.4   

k  s 

 (7.01)
1/ 4
0.4  
3
 2  0.4(59,760) 0.5
 0.06(59,760) 2/3  1.002 10   439.1
 0.79810 3 
 
The heat transfer coefficient is
k 0.598 W/m.C
h Nu  (439.1)  875.3 W/m 2 .C
D 0.3 m
The rate of heat transfer is
Q forcedconv  hA(Ts  T )  (875.3 W/m 2 .C)(0.2827 m 2 )(30  20)C  2474 W
 5. Consider a 1.2-m-high and 2-m-wide double-pane window consisting of two 3-mm-thick
layers of glass (k = 0.78 W/m·K) separated by a 2.5-cm-wide airspace. Determine the steady
rate of heat transfer through this window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day
during which the room is maintained at 20° C while the temperature of the outdoors is 0° C.
Take the heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the window to be h1 = 10
W/m2·K and h2 = 25 W/m2·K, and disregard any heat transfer by radiation. Evaluate air
properties at a film temperature of 10° C and 1 atm pressure. Is this a good assumption?

A double-pane window consisting of two layers of glass separated by an air space is considered. The rate of heat transfer
through the window and the temperature of its inner surface are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 3 Radiation effects are
negligible. 4 The pressure of air inside the enclosure is 1 atm.
Properties We expect the average temperature of the air gap to be roughly
the average of the indoor and outdoor temperatures, and evaluate The
properties of air at 1 atm and the average temperature of (T1+T2)/2 = (20
+0)/2 = 10C are (Table A-15) Air
k  0.02439 W/m.C
  1.426  10 5 m 2 /s 20C 0C
Pr  0.7336 L=2.5 cm
1 1
   0.003534 K -1
Tf (10  273)K H = 1.2 m
Analysis We “guess” the temperature difference across the air
gap to be 15C = 15 K for use in the Ra relation. The
characteristic length in this case is the air gap thickness, Lc = L
= 0.025 m. Then,

g (T1  T2 ) L3 (9.81 m/s 2 )(0.003534 K -1 )(15 K )(0.025 m) 3

Ra  Pr  5
(0.7336)  2.931 10 4
 2
(1.426  10 2
m /s ) 2

Then the Nusselt number and the heat transfer coefficient are determined to be
0.3 0.3
H  1.2 m 
Nu  0.42Ra1 / 4 Pr 0.012    0.42(2.931 10 4 )1 / 4 (0.7336) 0.012    1.714
L  0.025 m 
k 0.02439 W/m.C
hair  Nu  (1.714)  1.672 W/m 2 .C
L 0.025 m
Then the rate of heat transfer through this double pane window is determined to be

As  H  W  (1.2 m)(2 m)  2.4 m 2

T,i  T,o T  Ts ,i
Q  
Rconv,i  Rcond , glasses  Rconv,air  Rconv,o 1 2t glass 1 1
  
hi As k glass As hair As ho As
20  0
  64.4 W
1 2(0.003) 1 1
  
(10)(2.4) (0.78)(2.4) (1.672)(2.4) (25)(2.4)
Check: The temperature drop across the air gap is determined from
Q 64.4 W
Q  hAs T  T    16.0C
hAs (1.672 W/m 2 .C)(2.4 m 2 )
which is very close to the assumed value of 15C used in the evaluation of the Ra number.