L d

88.69 Tf -
10687.145 = -1881 Tf *47025
9. lost = -

again
Cmmmltf Tim)= -
-

CHzoMHo(Tf Timo )
-

1969.69 Tf = 57717.145
=

10.98×90 5) (17-120.5)=-14.18×450
-
)(Tf -25 )
Lee YE
ftp. -

11 B days to the test

A student sets up a calorimeter with 450. grams of water at
25.0 C. A hot piece of metal (c= 0.98 J/gC) of mass 90.5
grams and a temperature of 120.5C is dropped into the
insulated container. What is the final temperature?
a. 20.7 C
✗ 0
b. 29.3 C c. 32.3 C d. 72.8 C
×

To gravimetrically analyze the silver content of a piece of

jewelry made from an alloy of Ag and Cu, a student
dissolves a small preweighed sample in HNO3(aq). Ag+
(aq) and Cu2+(aq) ions form in the solution. Which of the
following should be the next step in the analytical process? Agenda:
a. Centrifuging the solution to isolate the heavier ions 1. Notes: Applications of thermo
b. Evaporating the solution to recover the dissolved (Gibbs Energy & Entropy)
nitrates
c. Adding enough base solution to bring the pH up to 7.0
0
d. Adding a solution containing an anion that forms an HL: Practice
insoluble salt with only one of the metal ions

Which gas shown in the diagram at right has a greater

molar mass assuming they are at the same temperature?
A. A B. B
C. Both are the same D. Cannot be determined
 →
-

logltlt]
•
log 1101-1-3
-

1-120=>-1-1++01-1
-

Hw :[ Ht][ OH ]
-

p p =P
Tt endo .
Entropy: Typically defined as the amount of disorder in a
system - in chemistry we think of this as the amount of dispersal
of the particles.

Entropy of the universe is always increasing as a naturally

occurring process.

Examples: Bedrooms and puddles.

Entropy and Enthalpy allow us to predict whether reactions will be
"thermodynamically favorable".
Reactions that are favorable proceed to equilibrium without any
external intervention. Note: This does not mean that reactions
have to occur quickly.

Because energy (enthalpy) impacts a reaction's ability to

progress naturally (absorbing vs releasing) as does entropy
(increases in entropy occur naturally) these two things are
important.

Gibbs Free Energy "G" - will allow us to describe if something

is favorable or not. (measured in Joules)

There are several ways we can find G or Go but in any case...

IF G < 0 it IS thermodynamically favored f)
IF G > 0 it is NOT thermodynamically favored ( t )
 Two Ways to Solve for G...
1. This equation (again!)

]
Ca soy 21-120 "" 242°

[(1×-1320.30)+21-228.591]
'
+

☐↳ ""
-
1795.70

1-18.22
hJ/m ol
=

thermodynamicallyunfavorable
The Other Way To Solve G (this is probably a bit more common).

d t t ↳ entropy
gibbs enthalpy temp

Let's make some predictions based on this equation - keeping

in mind that a - G is "favorable".

Enthalpy: Endothermic VS Exothermic

f f f ""

[ ] favorable
( $) + DH :
energy DH
less :
energy
-

has to be lost
during to lose
favor
.

absorbed .
rxn energy .

Entropy: Increasing the entropy VS Decreasing the Entropy

f t

]
more DS = t
DS = -
""
"
favorable
favor more disorder less disorder
more dispersed less dispersed

DG -
- H -
TS
C- )
-

TH )
always favorable
=

never favorable ( t) i (t ) -
TI )
-
Notes:
1. A deep(ish) level of understanding here will mean you don't have to
memorize the table....

2. If you get a conceptual question... make up some numbers and try

plugging it in to see what happens.
 ☐s= -

H(g)+Cl(g)→HCl(g)
The formation of  HCl(g) from its atoms is represented by the equation above. Which of the following best explains why
the reaction is thermodynamically favored?
→
-
Db

✗
✗
- ✗

0
+
,

- favored -
DO

✗ -

É
✗
A brief detour back to unit 7.... (7-14)

When we talk about whether substances dissolve or not- the

dissolution can be viewed through enthalpy and entropy.
 The particle diagram shown above represents the
dissolution of CuCl(s) assuming an equilibrium
concentration for Cu+ ions of about 4×10−4M in a
saturated solution at 25°C . The equilibrium being
represented is shown in the following chemical
equation.

CuCl(s)⇄Cu+(aq)+Cl−(aq)

E-
Reactions that are favorable- but
too slow to make products at a
measurable rate are under "kinetic
control" meaning they generally
have a very large Ea.

Remember (again) that the rate

HAS NO IMPACT on favorability.

¥É
"

a-