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3 RD ASSIGNMENT wireless and mobile communication

Submitted by AKMAL KHAN
Submitted to Engr Rehan Ali khan
ROLL NO 17F-EE-036
SEMESTER 6 TH SCE B CLASS ROLL 36

PUBLIC SWITCHED TELEPHONE NETWORK (PSTN)

PSTN Technology which allows voice communication between two points through the usage of
appropriate equipment. Analog sound signals are translated into electrical signals after a
communication request is initiated. These electrical signals are converted back to analog sound
signals once received at the destination PSTN stand for public switch telephone network .the
general use of this system in 1800.for transmission use copper wire or coaxial cable .the copper
wire connect to user and exchange network all over the world and each country.

PSTN WORKING METHOD

THIS is world worldwide communication which consists of individual telephone network. The
telephone Connect each telephone on copper wire, fiber optic switching center cellular network
and satellite.. The individual subscriber lines are connected to a local exchange, which
communicates with exchanges as well as main and central exchanges. The lines within a local
exchange typically have the same area code. A user who wants to call a number outside the local
exchange has to add an area code. When the user want to call out country the user add country
code this is the method which public telephone network work.

Advance PSTN
In first time PSTN works on analog signal but after in 1900 the analog signal converts into
digital signal this is the one of the best advancement of public switch telephone network which
the voice and data transmit in to digital signal. In the advancement of 1960 the analog switch is
converting in to electronic switch which the speed of voice and data double in previous
communication system.

Advantage of PSTN
One of the best advantages of this communication 1960 it is bidirectional. Bidirectional mean the
incoming and outgoing data flow at the same channel.in this network allows a clear voice calls
communication.
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Disadvantage of PSTN
THE disadvantage of this communication is it designed for voice communication. The
transmission rate is slow compare to other digital wire communication. This is more expensive
communication. High cost .

Code division multiplexing

CDMA is abbreviated code division multiplexing .in this type of networking the multiple data
signal is transmits by common frequency band.at the same time CDMA provide each user there
specific frequency band.

CDMA is example of multiple accesses where a lot of transmitter can send data simultaneously
on a single communication channel.

Advantage of CDMA
HIGH CAPACITY
CDMA gives high capacity because it shares the same local wireless signal with thousand data
consumer. It has up to 100 times the capacity compared to earlier analog cellular technologies
and up to five times that of Global System for Mobile communication, or GSM-based, services.

Strong security
The problem security of code division multiplexing is much more secure compare to gsm
technology .in code division multiplexing the signal not trace easily like GSM and other
transmitting networks because a code division multiplexing provide a narrow bandwidth and
good frequency hopping.

MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUT PUT (MIMO)

This is the advance technology of wireless communication in which multiple input and multiple
output are used both the source (transmitter) and (receiver). The antennas at each end of the
communications circuit are combined to minimize errors and optimize data speed.This
technology now introduced into many wireless communications systems including 4G and 5G to
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improve the signal performance and increase the data speed. In the modern technology MIMO is
able to utilize the multiple path propagation that exists to provide improvements in signal
performance.

Long term evolution (LTE)

Lte stand for Long Term Evolution. Long term evolution is a 4G wireless communications
which developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GP) that's designed to provide up
to double speeds of 3G networks for mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, netbooks,
notebooks and wireless hotspots.

Advantage of LTE
The first main advantage of LTE is it decreases the traffic communications while sending data.
LTE also allows more users to use the same frequency in a cell, which resulting in increment of
Mobile Broadband users. The third advantage is LTE offers faster data rate transfer which in
higher download and upload rate, When the rates is increase, it will also reduce the problem of
lagging in internet connection.

DIS ADVANTAGE OF LTE

, there are some disadvantages of Long Term Evolution. This Technology required of
additional antennas at network base stations for data transmission. The additional antenna
increases the cost for the users to buy new cell phones to make use of new network
infrastructure. The start cost of service provider also high in order to upgrade the equipment and
there some new highly cost equipment need to be installed too. This is more costly equipment for
any service provider to launch LTE.

DATA RATE OF LTE

IN theoretical LTE is up link is 100Mbit per second and the downlink is 50 Mbit per second but
the frequency channel is 20Mhz.if you increase the data rate use multiple input and multiple
output(MIMO) and install additional antenna which increase the speed of data and provide good
performance.
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Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a technique for which transmit a large amounts
of digital data over a radio wave. This technology works by splitting the radio signal into
multiple smaller sub-signals that are then transmitted simultaneously at different frequencies to
the receiver.in short OFDM is a method encoding digital data on a multiple carrier frequencies.

DATA OF OFDM
The sending format of data over a radio channel is to send it serially, one bit after another. This
relies on a single channel and any interference on that single frequency can disrupt the whole
transmission.. The OFDM transmit data in parallel form to various carriers within the overall
OFDM signal. After split into a number of parallel "substreams" the overall data rate is that of
the original stream, but that of each of the substreams is much lower, and the symbols are spaced
further apart in time.

Advantage of ofdm
Ofdm is a multiplexing is commonly implemented communications protocols because it provides
several advantages over the traditional FDM approach to communications channels. More
specifically, OFDM systems allow for better spectral efficiency reduced inter symbol
interference (ISI), and resilience to multi-path distortion. In short orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing is an important technology because many developing communications standards
require the high multi-path advantages that are possible.